• JERUSALEM• I wept until my tears were dry• I prayed until the candles flickered• I knelt until the floor creaked• I asked about Mohammed and Christ• Oh Jerusalem, the fragrance of prophets• The shortest path between earth and sky• Oh Jerusalem, the citadel of laws• A beautiful child with fingers charred• and downcast eyes• You are the shady oasis passed by the

Prophet

• Your streets are melancholy• Your minarets are mourning• You, the young maiden dressed in black• Who rings the bells in the Nativity• On Saturday morning?• Who brings toys for the children• On Christmas eve?• Oh Jerusalem, the city of sorrow• A big tear wandering in the eye• Who will halt the aggression• On you, the pearl of religions?• Who will wash your bloody walls?• Who will safeguard the Bible?• Who will rescue the Quran?• Who will save Christ?• Who will save man?

• Oh Jerusalem my town• Oh Jerusalem my love• Tomorrow the lemon trees will blossom• And the olive trees will rejoice• Your eyes will dance• The migrant pigeons will return• To your sacred roofs• And your children will play again• And fathers and sons will meet• On your rosy hills• My town• The town of peace and olives

3000 BC : The Canaanites (an Arab people) were the earliest known inhabitants of Palestine. They became urbanized and lived in city-states, one

of which was Jericho . They developed an alphabet. Later, the Hebrews, a tribe from

Mesopotamia settled in the area. Palestine's 1) location at the center of routes linking three

continents made it the meeting place for religious and cultural influences from Egypt,

Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor. It was also the 2)natural battleground for the great powers

of the region and subject to domination by bordering empires beginning with Egypt in the

3d millennium BC.

2000 BC : Egyptian control and Canaanite independence were constantly challenged by invaders such as the Amorites, Hittites,

and Hurrians. These invaders, however, were defeated by the Egyptians and

absorbed by the Canaanites, who at that time may have numbered about 200,000 people. Under control of the Egyptians

and actually taken to Egypt as slaves, the Hebrews- led by Moses eventually escape

from Egypt seeking a return to their homeland as promised by the One God in

whom they believed.

• Under control of the Egyptians and actually taken to Egypt as slaves, the Hebrews- led by Moses eventually escape from Egypt seeking a return to their homeland as promised by the One God in whom they believed.

According to Genesis, 15:18 –“from the river ofEgypt to the greatriver, the riverEuphrates”

Biblical References to “Eretz Israel”

Jews a nomadic people till about 1250 BCE-start the conquest of Canaan

1230 BC : Joshua and the Hebrews conquered parts of Canaan. The

conquerors settled in the hill country, but they were unable to conquer all of the

territory.

1125 BC : The Israelites, a confederation of Hebrew tribes, finally defeated the

Canaanites but found the struggle with the Philistines more difficult . Philistines had established an independent state on the

southern coast and controlled the Canaanite town of Jerusalem.

1050 BC : Philistines with superiority in military organization and using iron weapons,

severely defeat the Israelites.

1000 BC : David, Israel's great king, finally defeated the

Philistines, and they eventually assimilated with the Canaanites . The unity of Israel enabled David to establish a large independent

state, with its capital at Jerusalem,

922 BC : Under David's son and successor, Solomon, Israel enjoyed peace and prosperity.

The First Temple (synagogue or house of worship) was established c. 950 BCE by King Solomon in Jerusalem, but at his death in 922 BC the kingdom was divided into Israel in the north and Judah in the south .

722-721 BC : When nearby empires resumed their expansion, the divided Israelites could no longer maintain their independence . Israel fell to Assyria.

586 BC : Judah was conquered by Babylonia, which destroyed Jerusalem and exiled most

of the Jews living there. Nebuchadnezzar entered Jerusalem. The Temple was sacked and set fire to, and razed to the ground. The Royal Palace and all the great houses were

destroyed, the population carried off in chains to Babylon. And they lamented on

their long march into exile.

539 BC : Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylonia and he permitted the Jews to return to Judea, a district of Palestine. Under Persian rule the Jews were allowed considerable autonomy. They rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem and codified the Mosaic law, the Torah, which became the code of social life and religious observance. The Jews were bound to a universal God.

333 BC : Persian domination of Palestine was replaced by Greek rule when Alexander the

Great of Macedonia took the region.

Alexander's successors, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria , continued to rule the

country . The Seleucids tried to impose Hellenistic (Greek) culture and religion on the

population.

141-63 BC : Jews revolted under the Maccabees (Mattathias & 5 sons and the miracle of 8 lights)

and set up an independent state.

132-35 BC : Jewish revolts erupted, numerous 1) Jews were killed, 2) many were sold into slavery,

and 3) the rest were not allowed to visit Jerusalem.

Judea is renamed by the Syrians: Syria Palaistina.

63 BC : Jerusalem was overrun by Rome. Herod is appointed King of Judea. A period of

great civil disorder followed with strife and riots against the Roman authorities.

37-4 BC : During the rule of King Herod, Jesus of Nazareth, was born. And years after, he began

his teaching mission. His attempts to call people back to the pure teachings of Abraham and

Moses were judged subversive (crucifixtion) by the authorities. He was tried and sentenced to

death.

• 0-36 CE-Birth and Death of Jesus under continuing Roman Rule

• 66 CE Jewish revolt • 2nd Temple destroyed (Western Wall still

standing)• Jews forbidden in Jerusalem Diaspora

2 main ethnic branches developAshkenazic (German) – of Central

and E. Europe –spoke Yiddish European beliefs

Sephardic (Mediterranean) - Spain, later Arab Countries.

70 AD : Titus of Rome attacked Jerusalem. The fiercely defended Temple eventually fell, and with it

the whole city. Seeking a complete and enduring victory,

Titus ordered the total destruction of the Temple. A new city named Aelia was built by the Romans on

the ruins of Jerusalem, and a temple dedicated to Jupitor raised

up.

• 135- Emperor Hadrian builds new pagan city on ruins of Jerusalem

313 AD : Palestine received special attention when the Roman emperor Constantine I legalized Christianity and conquered Jerusalem. His mother, Helena, visited Jerusalem, and Palestine, as the Holy Land, became a focus of Christian pilgrimage. A golden age of prosperity, security, and culture followed. Most of the population became Christianized

• 330-638-Palestine under Byzantine rule: Emperor Constantine: Christianity spreads

630-Death of Muhammad/spread of Islam

638: Arabs capture Jerusalem

661-750: Palestine administered from Damascus, Syria. Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa mosque constructed

Eager to be rid of their Byzantine overlords and aware of their shared

heritage with the Arabs, the descendants of Ishmael, as well as

the Muslims reputation for mercy and compassion in victory, the people of Jerusalem handed over the city after

a brief siege.

They made only one condition, that the terms of their surrender be negotiated directly with the Khalif 'Umar in person. 'Umar entered Jerusalem on foot. There was no bloodshed. There were no massacres. Those who wanted to leave were allowed to, with all their goods. Those who wanted to stay were guaranteed protection for their lives, their property and places of worship

After the bitter battles they had endured with the Persians, in which hundreds of lives were lost, the Christians of Jerusalem felt that they had earned possession of the Holy City with their life’s blood. But less than ten years after the battles between Byzantium and Persia at last came to an end, Caliph Umar’s armies arrived at the gates of Jerusalem. They had already subjugated much of the country, and victory over the Holy City therefore seemed assured. Patriarch Heraklios fled the country, taking the True Cross from Jerusalem with him.

When at last the Greek Orthodox Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem was forced to surrender in 638 A.D., Umar is believed to have traveled to Jerusalem personally in order to receive the surrender. Umar had become the second caliph following the death of Abu Bakr, making him one of the earliest successors of Mohammed himself. His procession into the city was a humble one: the caliph was clad in simple attire, leading a camel. His conquest of Jerusalem, once the city had surrendered, was marked by its lack of further killing and destruction. The Christian holy sites were one and all left intact.

When Umar asked Sophronius to guide him to the city’s holy places, the patriarch took the caliph to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Famously, Umar refrained from praying within the

church itself, as that would have transformed the church into a Muslim holy site. Instead Umar prayed outside in the streets of

Jerusalem. 

But the caliph was most curious to see the Temple of Solomon, of fabled magnificence. He was horrified to discover that the

Temple was in ruins, and the Temple Mount itself had become a rubbish heap in which the city garbage was regularly dumped.

It was at this moment that Temple Mount’s identity as a site holy to Islam began to take shape. Umar commanded his men to clear the rubbish from the platform. He then had a rough-

hewn wooden mosque built at the southern end of the platform.

The Arab conquest began essentially 1300 years of consecutive Muslim presence in

Jerusalem.

Palestine was holy to Muslims because the Prophet Muhammad had designated Jerusalem as the first qibla (the direction Muslims face when praying) and because

he was believed to have ascended to heaven from the the old city of

Jerusalem (al-Aqsa Mosque today) , where the Dome of the Rock was later built. Jerusalem became the third holiest city of

Islam.

Dome ofthe Rock/Al Quds

Al Aqsa Mosque

The Muslim rulers did not force their religion on the Palestinians, and more than a century passed before the majority converted to Islam. The remaining Christians and Jews were considered People of the Book. They were allowed autonomous control in their communities and guaranteed security and freedom of worship. Most Palestinians also adopted Arabic and Islamic culture.

Jerusalem

Spread of Islam

750 AD : The power shifted to the Abbasids (from present-day Iran) Palestine became neglected. It suffered unrest

and successive domination by Seljuks, Fatimids, and for a

short time by European Crusaders.

. It shared, however, in the glory of Muslim civilization, when the Muslim world enjoyed a golden age of science, art, philosophy, and literature. Muslims preserved Greek learning and broke new ground in several fields, all of which later contributed to the Renaissance in Europe.

Eventually Palestine came under the control of the Mamelukes.

1517 AD : The Ottoman Turks of Asia Minor defeated the Mamelukes, with few interruptions, ruled Palestine until the winter of 1917-18. The

country was divided into several districts (sanjaks), such as that of Jerusalem. The

administration of the districts was placed largely in the hands of Arab Palestinians, who were

descendants of the Canaanites. The Christian and Jewish communities, however, were allowed

a large measure of independence. Palestine shared in the glory of the Ottoman Empire

during the 16th century, but declined again when the empire began to decline in the 17th century.

The administration of the districts was placed largely in the hands of Arab

Palestinians, who were descendants of the Canaanites.

The Christian and Jewish communities, however, were allowed a large measure

of independence. Palestine shared in the glory of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century, but declined again when the empire began to decline in the 17th

century.

ZionismZionism

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

Zionism as a 19th century nationalist movement

• Rejection of Torah as “symbolic land” – as moveable land – Jewish people need territory like other nations.

Theodor Herzl (Poland) “Der Judenstaat” Jewish State as a result of increased pogroms etc… in E. Europe

1878-1903: First wave of Zionists (25,000) enter Palestine

1st Zionist Congress – Basel, Switzerland,

1897

1897 the first Zionist (people dedicated to returning Jewish people

to Isreal/Palestine) Congress held Basle, Switzerland, issued the Basle program on colonizing of Palestine

1845 Jewish presence in Palestine was 12,000. This number increased to

85,000 by 1914.

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

1904 the Fourth Zionist Congress decided to establish

a national home for Jews in Argentina.

1906 the Zionist congress decided the Jewish homeland

should be Palestine.

The Middle East in 1914

The Middle East in 1914

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

1914 With the outbreak of World War I, Britain promised the independence of Arab lands under Ottoman rule, including Palestine, in return for Arab support against Turkey which had entered the war on the side of Germany.

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn

Ali,Sharif of Mecca

Hussein ibn Ali,

Sharif of Mecca

1916 Britain and France signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement,

which divided the Arab region into zones of influence controlled by England and France. Lebanon

and Syria were assigned to France, Jordan, Iraq and

Palestine to Britain and Palestine was to be internationalized.

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

1917 The British government issued the Balfour Declaration on

November 2, in the form of a letter to a British Zionist leader from the

foreign secretary Arthur J. Balfour promising him the establishment of a national home for the Jewish

people in Palestine.

• Because no other peoples had ever established a national homeland in "Palestine" and since the Jews had done it 2,000 years before, the British "looked favorably" upon the creation of a Jewish National Homeland throughout ALL of Palestine, or because they needed the support of Jewish leaders in England and the US during WW1.

•  

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

1917-1918 Aided by the Arabs, the British captured Palestine

from the Ottoman Turks.

The Arabs revolted against the Turks because the British had

promised them the independence of their countries

after the war.

Britain, however, also made other, conflicting commitments in the secret Sykes-Picot agreement with France and Russia (1916), it promised to divide and rule the region with its allies.

In a third agreement, the Balfour Declaration of 1917, Britain promised the Jews a Jewish "national home" in Palestine .

1918 After WW I ended, more Jews began to migrate to Palestine, which was set aside as

a British mandate with the approval of the League of Nations in 1922.

Large-scale Jewish settlement and extensive Zionist agricultural and industrial enterprises in Palestine began during the British period,

which lasted until 1948.

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System First one

founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

1919 The Palestinians convened their first National Conference and expressed their opposition to the Balfour Declaration

The League of Nations Mandates

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!Prince Faisal “ruler” of

Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

1920 -The San Remo Conference granted Britain a mandate over Palestine. and two years later Palestine was effectively under

British administration. Sir Herbert Samuel, a declared Zionist, was sent as Britain's first

High Commissioner to Palestine.

1922 -The Council of the League of Nations issued a Mandate for Palestine.

1929- Large-scale attacks on Jews by Arabs rocked Jerusalem. Palestinians killed 133

Jews and suffered 116 deaths. Sparked by a dispute over use of the Western Wall of Al-

Aqsa Mosque ( this site is sacred to Muslims, but Jews claimed it is the remainder of the

first Jewish Temple)

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia

in 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil Becomes the New International

“Coin of the Realm!”

Oil Becomes the New International

“Coin of the Realm!” American oil

companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

In 1933, American oil

companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

In 1933, American oil

companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

The Middle East Between the Wars

The Middle East Between the Wars

• In 1923, the British divided the "Palestine" portion of the Ottoman Empire into two administrative districts.  Jews would be permitted only west of the Jordan river.  In effect, the British had "chopped off" 75% of the originally proposed “Palestine” to form an Arab nation called Trans-Jordan (meaning "across the Jordan River").

This territory east of the Jordan River was given to Emir Abdullah

from Hejaz (now Saudi Arabia) who was not even a "Palestinian!" This portion of Palestine was renamed Trans-Jordan. Trans-Jordan and

would again be renamed "Jordan" in 1946..

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

• The remaining 25% of Palestine (now WEST of the Jordan River) was to be the Jewish Palestinian

homeland. 

Encouraged and incited by growing Arab nationalism throughout the Middle East, the Arabs of that small remaining Palestinian territory west of the Jordan River launched attacks upon the Jewish Palestinians in an effort to drive them out.  Most terrifying were the Hebron massacres of 1929 and later during the 1936-39 "Arab Revolt." The British at first tried to maintain order but soon (due to the large oil deposits being discovered throughout the Arab Middle East) turned a blind eye. It became clear to the Jews in Palestine that they must fight the Arabs and force out the British if they wanted force out the British if they wanted a homeland.a homeland.

1929 Arab Riots 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]

Jewish

1919 1,806

1920 8,223

1921 8,294

1922 8,685

1923 8,175

1924 13,892

1925 34,386

1926 13,855

1927 3,034

1928 2,178

1929 5,249

1930 4,944

Immigration

1931 4,075

1932 12,533

1933 37,337

1934 45,267

1935 66,472

1936 29,595

1937 10,629

1938 14,675

1939 31,195

1940 10,643

1941 4,592

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 1 Jew for every 2 Arabs

In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 1 Jew for every 2 Arabs

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of their “country!”

1936 The Palestinians held a six-month General Strike to protest against the Jewish “confiscation” of land and Jewish immigration.

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

Additional Goal Added:Additional Goal Added:

1937 Peel Commission, headed by Lord Robert Peel, issued a report. Basically,

the commission concluded, the mandate in Palestine was unworkable There was no hope of any cooperative national entity there that included both

Arabs and Jews. The commission went on to recommend the partition of Palestine into a Jewish state, an

Arab state, and a neutral sacred-site state to be administered by Britain.

The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

1939 The British government published a White Paper restricting Jewish immigration and offering independence for Palestine within ten years. This was rejected by the Zionists, who then organized terrorist groups and launched a bloody campaign against the British and the Palestinians.

British White Paper of 1939

British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish

immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi HolocaustThe Nazi Holocaust

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet Aliyah Bet

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

1947 Great Britain decided to leave Palestine and called on the United Nations (UN) to make

recommendations. In response, the UN convened its first special session and on

November 29, 1947, it adopted a plan calling for partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab

states, with Jerusalem as an international zone under UN jurisdiction.

1947 Arab protests against partition erupted in violence, with attacks on Jewish settlements in

retaliation against the attacks of Jewish terrorist groups in Arab towns and villages and

massacres of hundred of unarmed Palestinians in there homes.

• Finally in 1947 the British had enough and turned the Palestine matter over to the United Nations.

•   The 1947 U.N. Resolution 181 partition plan was to divide the remaining 25% of Palestine into a Jewish Palestinian State and a SECOND Arab Palestinian State (Trans-Jordan being the first) based upon population concentrations. 

The Jewish population accepted... the Arab

population rejected. The Arabs still wanted all of

Palestine... both east AND west of the Jordan River.

.

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

15 May 1948 British decided to leave on this day, Jewish leaders established the Jewish state of

Israel. The same day, the armies of Egypt, Transjordan (now Jordan), Syria, Lebanon,

Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Iraq joined Palestinian and other Arab guerrillas in a full-scale war

against Israel (first Arab-Israeli War). The Arabs failed to prevent establishment of a Jewish

state, and the war ended with four UN-arranged armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt,

Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. The small Gaza Strip was left under Egyptian control, and the

West Bank was controlled by Jordan.

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

The Arabs failed to prevent establishment of a Jewish state, and the war ended with four UN-arranged armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. The small Gaza Strip was left under Egyptian control, and the West Bank was controlled by Jordan.

Of the more than 800,000 Arabs who lived in Israeli-held territory before 1948, only about 170,000 remained. The rest became refugees in the surrounding Arab countries, ending the Arab majority in the Jewish state

Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948

Israel is going to be forced to deal with the issue of a

homeland for the Palestinians for the next 60 + years

Israel is going to be forced to deal with the issue of a

homeland for the Palestinians for the next 60 + years

Armistice Signed, 1949Armistice Signed, 1949

.

1956 Refugee guerrilla bands and attacks by Arab military units were made, Egypt refused to permit Israeli ships to use the Suez Canal and blockaded the Straits of Tiran erupting

in the second Arab-Israeli War.

Great Britain and France joined the attack on the side of Israel because of their dispute with Egypt's president Gamal Abdel Nasser, who had nationalized the Suez Canal. Seizing

the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula within a few days. The fighting was halted by the UN after a few days, and a UN Emergency Force (UNEF) was sent to supervise the cease-

fire in the Canal zone. By the end of the year their forces withdrew from Egypt, but Israel refused to leave Gaza until

early 1957.

1965 The Palestine Liberation Organization was established.

Developments in Palestine/Israel 1948-1993

• 1949: War of Independence – Neighboring states attack Israel.

• After war, borders expanded – • ethnic cleansing of Arabs and Arab flight to

refugee camps• Establishment of the “Green Line” (Borders at

1948/49) • defeat of Arab armies

• Rest of Palestine grabbed by Jordan and Egypt• Arab Refugees to surrounding areas:

• Arab population mostly in Galilee • Creation of Palestinian nationalism in camps • 1965: Palestine Liberation Organization PLO

founded

Developments in Palestine/Israel 1948-1993

• 1956: Suez crisis: • Israel invades Egypt (with secret

support from Britain and France) to recapture nationalized Suez Canal

• “Six Day War” 1967 – Israel occupied West Bank, Gaza,Golan Heights, and Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula

•

1967 Nasser's insistence in 1967 that the UNEF leave Egypt, led Israel to attack Egypt, Jordan, and Syria simultaneously on 5th of June in what

became known as the Six Day War

The war ended six days later with an Israeli victory. Israel occupied Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, Arab

East Jerusalem, West Bank, Golan Heights.

After 1967 war, several guerrilla organizations within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) carried out guerrillas attacks on Israeli military targets, with

the stated objective of "redeeming Palestine."

West Bank –Jewish

Settlements

U.N. Resolution 242 – creation of Palestinian homeland on West Bank and Gaza 1967 – Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria

3 kinds – military (nahal), suburban Jerusalem and religious (Gush Emunim) Expanded dramatically after Likud in power 1977

1973 Egypt joined Syria in a war on Israel to regain the territories lost in 1967 this is known as the Yom Kippur War in Israel. The two Arab states struck unexpectedly on October 6. After crossing the Suez channel the Arab forces gain a lot of advanced positions in Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights and manage to defeat the Israeli forces for more then three weeks. Israeli forces with a massive U.S. economic and military assistance managed to stop the Arab forces after a three-week struggle. The Arab oil-producing states cut off petroleum exports to the United States and other Western nations in retaliation for their aid to Israel.

In an effort to encourage a peace settlement, U.S. secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, managed to work out military disengagements between Israel and Egypt in the Sinai and between Israel and Syria in the Golan Heights during 1974.

• 1974 Arab Summit The PLO is recognized as the “sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.”

1979 Camp David Agreements – return of Sinai to Egypt

Jimmy Carter- USMenachem Begin- IsraelAnwar Sadat- Egypt

1982 Israel launched an invasion of Lebanon aimed at wiping out the PLO presence there. By mid-August, after intensive fighting in and around Beirut, the PLO agreed to withdraw its guerrillas from the city. Israeli troops remained in southern Lebanon.

1987 Relations between Israel and the Palestinians entered a new phase with the intifada, a series of uprisings in the occupied territories that included demonstrations, strikes, and rock-throwing attacks on Israeli soldiers.

1988 The PNC meeting in Algiers declared the State of Palestine as outlined in the UN Partition Plan 181 and recognized the existence of Israel.

1990 Yasser Arafat addressed the UN Security Council In Geneva demanding UN emergency force to provide international protection for the Palestinian people to

safeguard their lives, properties and holy places.

1991 The first comprehensive peace talks between Israel and delegations representing the Palestinians and

neighboring Arab states

1993 Israel deported 415 Palestinian men to a buffer zone in southern Lebanon. The deported Palestinians were said by

Israeli authorities to be active members of the militant Islamic resistance movement Hammas.

1993 After secret negotiations based on the Oslo Accords PM Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yassar

Arafat signed an historic peace agreement. Israel agreed to allow for Palestinian self-rule, first in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank town of Jericho, and later in other

areas of the West Bank

Feb 1994 An American-born Jewish settler in Hebron, Baruch Goldstein, opened fire in al-Haran al-Ebrahime crowded mosque, killing 29 Muslims

and wounding 150 more.

May 1994 In Cairo - Egypt, Yassar Arafat, and Yitzhak Rabin, signed the final version of the

Declaration of Principles. Within 24 hours of the signing, Israeli military forces were scheduled to

leave the Gaza Strip and Jericho.

July 1994 Yassar Arafat returned to Palestine.

Oct 1994 The Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway, announced that the peace prize was

being awarded to Israel's Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Yitzhak

Rabin, and to Yasser Arafat.

.

Sept. 1995 Israeli and PLO officials meeting in Taba, Egypt, finalized agreement on the second stage of eventual Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian lands. Special arrangements were agreed upon for Hebron, where Israeli soldiers will remain to protect the 450 Jewish settlers living there.

Nov. 1995 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated in Tel Aviv by a right-wing extremist.

Jan. 1996 PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat elected President of the Palestinian National Authority.

June 1996 Right-wing Likud Party leader, Benjamin Netanyahu become the new Prime Minister of Israel.

Dec. 1996 Israeli authorities release plans to expand the Jewish settlements in Arab east

Jerusalem, which causes outrage among Palestinians.

Jan. 1997 Israel and the Palestinian Authority reached an agreement for an Israeli redeployment

from the West Bank city of Hebron.

Oct. 1997 Sheik Ahmed Yassin (61-year-old) founder of the militant Islamic group Hamas was released from Israeli prison, as part of a prisoner swap touched off by a failed Israeli assassination

attempt in Amman, the capital of Jordan.

Israeli Palestinian Socio-economics

• 1/5 of Israeli pop/ ½ of the poor• Most are Sunni Muslims, 10% are

Christian• 50% are under 15 years old• History of high education: currently 30

professors (out of 6000)• Inequality of state welfare• Increasingly unwelcome in Israeli army,

institutions

Palestinian Diaspora

1. Israeli Citizens: 1.2 million (1/5 Israeli Pop)

2. Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza: 2/3 million (under Israeli military control)

3. Palestinians in UN Refugee Camps in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon: 2.3 million

4. Rest of Middle East/US/etc.: 1.5-2 million

Palestinian Diaspora

1) Labor party: Zionists (David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, etc) Ashkenazic tradition – elites -Kibbutzim (socialist), want multi-ethnic state with Jewish dominant

2) Likud bloc: (Ariel Sharon) Mitzrahim (Sephardic tradition) – major immigration in 1960s from Arab states – pop. Change – larger families– won Knesset elections 1977 “hard liners”

3) Haredim (ultra-Orthodox) –Religious groups – dominant in Jerusalem – religious parties – balance of power in Knesset after early 1980s

Israeli Politics – 2 main parties and 1 ultra-religious tradition

Knesset is all splinters

Barak

Sharon

Current Status: 1995-2003

• 1995: Rabin (Labor/Peace) assassinated by Israeli

• 1996: Likud/Netanyahu come to power– Jewish Fundamentalists rise in power

• 1998: Clinton tries to reach peace accords between Netanyahu and Arafat (Wye River talks) very lukewarm

• 1999/2000: Talks between PM Barak and Arafat fail

• 2000: Sharon goes to Temple Mount, visits Al Aqsa mosque, establishes home in Arab part of Jerusalem with Israeli flag Second Intifada

• 2000/1: Barak resigns, Sharon comes to power.• 2002: Sharon launches ‘Operation Defensive

Shield” • 2003: “The Quartet” (UN, EU, US, Russia)

“Road Map” • 2003: Arafat turns over negotiating power to

Mahmoud Abbas, as Prime Minister

Things really heat up

PoliticalArchipelagoes On the WestBank2000

Hamas-the Arabic Palestinian terror army or Palestinian

freedom fighters?

Familiar terror uniforms.

If someone had stolen your home wouldn’t you fight back?

Bus bombers and sniper

These people are in disguise so that they, and their families, won’t be targeted by Israeli security forces.

Children as terrorists?Propaganda is rife from both sides.

Are children really being used as terrorists?- or is this Israel trying to make the Palestinians look immoral?

What do you think of this?

Women,and child, in support.

Muslim woman terrorist/freedom fighter.

This person was a doctor. She decided she had to fight- and consequently die- for Palestine.

Bus bombers

The idea is to blow up buses- and themselves- and disrupt Israel’s infrastucture. It attracts international attention to the Palestinian/Israeli problem.

The results-notice the bodies.

-frightened soldiers aren’t inclined to be kind and gentle.

This boy has wet himself he is so terrified. Soldiers have been known to break arms and legs to show their authority.

Soldiers are even fearful of children. What has the child got in the bags? Is he a terrorist?

Jewish crowds taunting a Muslim woman.

Here is one possible solution to the problem…….

• A wall.

The wall dividing Palestinian Arabs from Jews.

Is this a good solution do you think?

Are humans so unbending that we have to do this to the world?

New Concepts for Peace

• Post-Zionism: equalize power– Upgrade Palestinian power– Downgrade Jewish power

• (no longer automatic right of Israeli citizenship to diaspora• No Jewish work week

• Shared territories– N. Ireland Model

• Internationalization of Holy Sites• Limited Right of Return for Palestinians• Geographic Link between Gaza and West Bank

New Concept

s for Peace-

TABAPlan

Taba details