JCOMM Status & Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements

JCOMM Status &Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements

Jean-Louis FELLOUS (ESA/CNES)Co-president, JCOMMCEOS Executive Secretary

Eric Lindstrom (NASA)

The WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology

The JCOMM Vision

Integrated ocean observing system Integrated data managementState-of-the-art technologies and capabilitiesNew products and servicesUser responsiveness and interaction Involvement of all maritime countries

JCOMM Structure

Integrated Ocean Observing System

Ship observations Sea level

MooringsArgoDrifting buoy

ASAP

Satellites

there, and there, and everywhereeverywhere

Data stored here,Data stored here,

Data Management

Services

Maritime Safety

Waves and SurgesSea Ice information

Pollution Response

Oceanography

GCOS Essential Climate Variables

Variables that are both currently feasible for global implementation and have a high impact on UNFCCC requirements.

Three Domains Atmospheric (over land, sea and ice)

Surface Air temperature, Precipitation, Air pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed

and direction, Water vapor.Upper-air

Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Upper-air temperature (including MSU radiances), Wind speed and direction, Water vapor, Cloud properties.

Composition Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Other long-lived greenhouse gases , Aerosol

properties. Oceanic

Surface Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea state, Sea ice,

Current, Ocean color (for biological activity), Carbon dioxide partial pressure.Sub-surface

Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon, Ocean tracers, Phytoplankton. Terrestrial

River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lake levels, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation (fAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Biomass, Fire disturbance

12501250

8686

3939

22402240

1515

472472

7979

7979

2626

923923

44

458458

6767

7979

2626

458458

6767

370370

975975

8383

2727

15001500

99

458458

6969

12501250

9797

4242

30003000

4646

2020

659659

106106

12501250

119119

5151

30003000

6060

3131

155155

12501250

115115

4747

30003000

5454

5252

2828

882882

148148

12501250

104104

4545

30003000

4949

4141

2323

831831

126126

12501250

9191

3939

30003000

1717

493493

9191

20022002 20032003 20042004 2006200620052005 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010

Representative milestones including international contributionsRepresentative milestones including international contributions

Tide GaugesTide GaugesReal-time StationsReal-time StationsInitial GCOS SubsetInitial GCOS Subset

Surface Drifting BuoysSurface Drifting Buoys

Tropical Moored BuoysTropical Moored Buoys

Ships of OpportunityShips of Opportunity

Argo FloatsArgo Floats

Reference StationsReference Stations

Arctic SystemArctic System

Ocean Carbon NetworkOcean Carbon Network

Dedicated Ship TimeDedicated Ship Time

High resolution and frequentlyHigh resolution and frequentlyrepeated lines occupiedrepeated lines occupied

Number of floatsNumber of floats

Number of mooringsNumber of moorings

Number of buoysNumber of buoys

Days at sea Days at sea (NOAA contribution)(NOAA contribution)

Repeat Sections Completed,Repeat Sections Completed,One inventory per 10 yearsOne inventory per 10 years

Number of observatories, flux,Number of observatories, flux,and ocean transport stationsand ocean transport stations

Ice buoys, drifting andIce buoys, drifting andMoored stationsMoored stations

779779 787787

544544

3535 3737 4141

11

554859 817257Total System Total System 4040 4545

20022002 20032003 20042004 2006200620052005 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010

System % CompleteSystem % Complete

4242 4343

Base BudgetFY 07 President’s BudgetPlanning, Unfunded

2424131312121212

Multi-Year Phased Implementation Plan (NOAA), 100% Requirement

12501250

119119

5151

30003000

8989

3737

170170

12501250

119119

5151

30003000

7878

5454

3434

882882

160160

5454

882882

20112011 20122012

89

20112011 20122012

97 100

2121 2424 2424

JCOMM Evaluation Metrics

Observing System Status: 2006 - Q1Sea Surface Temperature

0.494

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

GPRA Goal

Requirement: 0.2°C - 0.5°C

Requirement: All boxes blue

Drifting Buoys + Moored Buoys + Weighted Ship Observations

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Requirement: 0.2°C - 0.5°C accuracy; 500km horizontal resolution; 25 samples per week (GOOS/GCOS, 1999)

Performance Measure: Reduce the error in global measurement of Sea Surface Temperature

Metric: Potential satellite bias error (degrees Celsius)

Drifting BuoysMoored BuoysShipsTotal

Goal:100% Global Coverage

100

80

60

40

20

0

2003 2005

Systems Approach to StandardSystems Approach to StandardMapping and ReportingMapping and Reporting

JCOMM Reporting

Visit http://www.jcommops.org/network_status

COP-10 Decision onResearch and Systematic Observation

“Invites Parties that support space agencies involved in global observations to request these agencies to provide a coordinated response to the needs expressed in the GCOS Implementation Plan”

CEOS was asked to present its response to SBSTA at COP 12 in November 2006

Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-based Products for Climate

Supplemental details to the satellite-based component of the “Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (GCOS-92)”

**************************************************

GCOS Secretariat

GCOS-107WMO/TD No. 1338

GCOS Implementation Plan“Satellite Supplement”

Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (1)

Essential Climate Variable

(a)Requirements re: past/current data

sets

(b)Requirements re:

future systems

(c)Requirements re:

calibration and validation

O.1 Sea Ice Consolidate existing sea ice

productsCombine with in

situ records

Continue existing series of

MW/Vis/IRCryoSat-2, Sent-3,

IceSat

Focus on ice thickness and drift

data sets with rigorous cal/val

O.2 Sea Level Reprocess altimetry data as

orbit, geoid & tides improve

Continue series of overlapping

Jason-class & plan two ERS-class missions

Ancillary validation system

as part of the missions

O.3 Sea Surface Temperature

Continue support to GHRSST pilot

projects

Sustain IR & MW sensors (extend

ATSR, TMI, AMSR…)

Need to sustain in situ observations




sets

(b)Requirements re:

future systems

(c)Requirements re:


O.4 Ocean Colour Ocean colour products freely

available through ftp/Web

Reprocess

Sustain ocean colour recordRisk of gap

beyond 2007

Improve in situ measurement network for

vicarious cal

O.5 Sea State Build a comprehensive unified record

Continue at least altimeter and SAR

Explore new techniques

Use existing buoys for calibration

O.6 Ocean reanalysis

Data availability to reanalysis centres

Partnership with reanalysis centres




sets

(b)Requirements re:

future systems

(c)Requirements re:


Emerging product (O.7): Sea Surface Salinity

N/A Support research missions (SMOS,

Aquarius)

Special in situ observing efforts

needed to evaluate sensor performance

OCEAN OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE HAVE SO FAR BEEN GATHERED MOSTLY THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL SATELLITES

TRANSITIONING FROM RESEARCH TO OPERATIONAL(i.e., « CROSSING THE VALLEY OF DEATH »)

REMAINS OUR FIRST CHALLENGE

Note: Surface Vector Wind is considered as an Atmospheric ECV

IPY

GODAE

ASAR/Envisat C-band

SAR for Sea Ice & Sea State

Planned/Pending approvalIn orbit Approved

PALSAR/ALOS L-band

RADARSAT-3

COSMO-SKYMED X-band

TERRASAR-X X-band

GMES S-1AMI/ERS

RADARSAT-2 C-bandRADARSAT-1 C-band

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

Mark R. Drinkwater

2

4 May, 2006

IPY

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Ocean Surface Topography


GODAE

OSTM/JASON -2

TOPEX/POSEIDON

JASON -1

RA-2/Envisat

Medium accuracy (SSH) from high -inclination orbit

High accuracy (SSH) from mid -inclination orbit

CRYOSAT -2/LRM

AltiKa/OceanSat-3

ICESAT

GFO

RA/ERS -2

SRAL/GMES S-3

Alt / NPOESS C3 - 05:30

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

ERS-2/RA

GODAE

ENVISAT/RA-2

TOPEX/Poseidon

Jason-1 Jason-2

ALTIKA

Sentinel-3

CRYOSAT-2

End of lifeIn orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval

Data gap?

Data gapERS-1

CNES/EUMETSAT/NASA/NOAA signedLetter of Agreement for Jason-2

GFO

“KNOWN” FUTURE ALTIMETRY MISSIONS“KNOWN” FUTURE ALTIMETRY MISSIONS

NPOESS

Jason-3?Data gap?

IPY

Mark R. Drinkwater

7

4 May, 2006

IPY

MSMR/Oceansat-1

Sea & Ice Surface Temperature

WINDSAT

VIIRS/NPOESS C2

MOS/IRS -P3

ADEOS -2

SLST/GMES S-3

SGLI/GCOM-C

**Geostationary sats: GOES, MSG important but not shown

CBERS -4CBERS-3CBERS-2BOptical

Microwave

VIIRS/NPOESS C1

In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval

AATSR/ENVISAT

MODIS & AMSR -E/EOS -Aqua

ATSR/ERS -2

HY-1B

FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY-1C

AVHRR/METOP am orbit

MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30

HY-1

CMIS/NPOESS C2

AMSR/GCOM-W

TMI/TRMM

VIIRS/NPP am

AVHRR/NOAA am orbit

AVHRR/NOAA pm orbit

GODAE

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

CBERS-2

Mark R. Drinkwater

8

4 May, 2006

IPY

In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval

AVHRR/NOAA am orbit

Ocean Colour

MODIS/EOS-Aqua

MODIS/EOS-Terra/10:30

MERIS/ENVISAT

ADEOS-2

VIIRS/NPP am

HY-1

SeaWiFS/SEASTARVIIRS/NPOESS C2

SGLI/GCOM-C

OCM/OCEANSAT -2

MOS/IRS-P3

PARASOL -POLDER

OCM/IRS-P4/OCEANSAT-1

HY-1B

FY-3A, B,.. (VIRR/MODI)FY-1DFY -1C

GMES S-3

AVNIR-2/ALOS

GODAE

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

VIIRS/NPOESS C1

Surface Vector Winds

AMI/ERS-2

Seawinds/QuikSCAT

WINDSAT

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

SeaWINDS/ADEOS-II

895 km 1700 km

500 km

1600 km

ASCAT/METOP – 3-satellite series

2 x 550 km w/ 768-km nadir gap

HY-2 series scatterometer

OceanSat-2 scatterometer


While CMIS has been cancelled, a less capable CMIS is planned

beginning with C-2 in 2016.

CMIS/NPOESS-C1X

86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14

Example - ECV Sea Level

T/P

JasonJason-1

ERS-2

Envisat

ERS-1

GFO

S-3

Jason-2

NPOESSAltika

Below threshold At threshold Above threshold

In orbit Approved Planned or pending approval

High accuracy

Reference orbit

Lower accuracy

Polar orbit

ECV Sea Level

X

Oceanic Domain ECV Status as of Mid-2006

Note: this color graph (and similar ones for Atmospheric and Terrestrial Domains) was withdrawn from CEOS Response to GCOS-IP

CEOS response to GCOS Satellite Requirements

CEOS Response to the GCOS Implementation Plan – September 2006

Satellite Observation of the Climate System

The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Plan (IP)

Developed by CEOS and submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) on behalf of

CEOS by the United States of America (USA) delegation

Visit http://www.ceos.org for the full report

Ocean Domain – Overall status

“Space-based ocean observations for climate are currently at a crossroads: unless additional urgent actions in response to relevant GCOS requirements are taken, only observations for the sea surface temperature ECV will be adequate in the next six years. The level of observation for all other ocean ECVs will be marginal (sea ice, sea state) or even inadequate (sea level, ocean colour) within and beyond that timeframe. It should be noted, however, that new research missions are planned that will provide the first-ever measurements of sea surface salinity, an emerging ECV.”

CEOS Contemplated Actions re: ECV Sea Level

Ocean Surface Topography “Virtual Constellation”Ocean Surface Topography “Virtual Constellation”

Sea Level: ensure continuity of high -accuracy altimetry measurements . A series of dedicated high -accuracy altimetry missions has been operated continuously since 1992 (Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon, then Jason -1), and complemented for geographical coverage by the polar -orbiting European Remote Sensing satellite ( ERS)-1, ERS-2, Envisat, and Geosat F/O; this continuity will be secured (though with little chance of overlap with Jason-1) with the planned launch of Jason -2 in mid-2008. Beyond this, however, there is currently no firm plan. The time series of dedicated high -accuracy altimetry missions must be continued beyond 2012 and complemented by other altimeter data from polar -orbiting platforms.

Action O-4: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and EUMETSAT will lead a CEOS study team to establish, by 2007, the basis for a future Ocean Surface Topography Constellation that satisfies the th reshold requirements for the sea level ECV (and those of the sea state ECV). This will include consideration of a future Jason -3 mission and requirements for new altimeter technologies to improve spatial resolution and extend observations in coastal regio ns (and over lakes and rivers for the lakes ECV). Action O-5: The Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) will cooperate on a new polar -orbiting altimeter aimed at filling a potential data gap beyond 2008. ESA and the European Union (EU) will lead planning for Sentinel -3 carrying an altimeter to complement spatial/temporal coverage of the sea level (and sea state) ECVs (and possibly sea ice extent and thickness, river, and lake level with the altimeter op erating in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode beyond 2012 ).

CEOS Contemplated Actions re: Ocean Reanalyzes

Reprocessing, Constellation StandardsReprocessing, Constellation Standards

Ocean Reanalysis : ensure the optimal utilis ation of data already collected for all ocean ECVs. For all ocean ECVs, reprocessing of past data sets must be undertaken at re gular intervals and their utilisation for ocean reanalysis must be facilit ated through framework agreements between CEOS agencies and reanalysis centres.

Action O-17: CEOS agencies will undertake planning for reprocessing past data to improve FCDRs and legacy databases ( e.g. , AVHRR Pathfinder, ATSR, Sea Level Pathfinder, and th e sea ice ECV) in close coordination and partnership with existing advisory groups and reanalysis centres. All Level 2 data products for use in reanalysis should be properly accompanied by estimates of their uncertainty. Action O-18: CEOS, through its Wor king Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) and in the context of developing standards for on -going missions and for the Constellations, will recommend best practices for pre -launch and onboard calibration of ocean sensors and for validation of space-based ocean observations with in situ sensors, including the establishment and maintenance of calibration and validation sites and networks. This will facilitate the combination of data from different sources and enable the establishment of global data sets and long-term series. Action O-19: CEOS agencies, in cooperation with other partners, will support planning for a follow-on to GODAE by 2007.

Official draft SBSTA Statement

“The SBSTA welcomed the report submitted by the United States of America on behalf of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) (FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.14), which describes the coordinated response by space agencies involved in global observations to the needs expressed in the GCOS implementation plan. The SBSTA invited the Parties that support space agencies to enable these agencies to implement, to the extent possible, the actions identified in the CEOS report and to continue responding in a coordinated manner through CEOS to the efforts to meet these needs. The SBSTA encouraged the GCOS and CEOS to continue their partnership for linking space-based capabilities with global climate observing requirements and encouraged Parties to improve access to space-based climate observations to all interested Parties.”

The Way Forward

In conclusion, CEOS recognizes that both satellite and in situ data are required to better monitor, characterize, and predict changes in the Earth system. While in situ measurements will remain essential and largely measure what cannot be measured from satellites, Earth-observation satellites are the only realistic means to obtain the necessary global coverage, and with well-calibrated measurements, will become the single most important contribution to global observations for climate.

JCOMM Status & Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements

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