Japan’s Experiences in Justice System ReformPopulation of Legal Practitioners 0 5,000 10,000...
Transcript of Japan’s Experiences in Justice System ReformPopulation of Legal Practitioners 0 5,000 10,000...
Focusing on the Current Legal Training System
and Lay-judge (Saiban-in) System
YAMASHITA, Terutoshi DIRECTOR UNAFEI
5 June 2015
Japan’s Experiences in Justice System Reform
INTRODUCTION
MOJ Red Brick Building (German style)
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1) Construction of a Justice System Responding to Public Expectations
2) How the Legal Profession Supporting the Justice System Should Be (Expansion of the Human Base)
3) Establishment of the Popular Base
Three Pillars of The Reform
J: Judges U: University (Academics) P: Prosecutors N: Notary A: Private Attorneys
Rough Images of Legal Profession
JAPAN
U A J・P
NP
Common Law Countries
A・P・U → J
Indo-China Countries
J P A U
NP
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Private Attorney Prosecutor
QUALIFICATIONS
National Bar Exam
Legal Trainee
Degree at Law School Current Reform
(S.C. submits nomination list to Cabinet)
(2 – 3 years)
(One year for practical training)
(Apply to the MOJ)
(Apply to Supreme Court)
(S.C. consults with the nomination committee of lower court judges)
Assistant Judge
Judge (10 years)
(appointed by the Cabinet)
(appointed by the Cabinet)
Applicants 9,200 Take Exam. 8,000
Success 1,800 Pass 1st Exam. 5,000
2014
(+160/350)
(1992 –2013) 105)
2014.7 (35,000)
(1,800+790)
(2,900) 4
Population of Legal Practitioners
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Judge Prosecutor Attorney
33,682
2,912
1,822
19,523
1,453
2,333
From the quarterly magazine “RULE OF LAW” No.174 (2014.July)
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23,309 38,416
Rate (1) 13.0 7.2 6.9 7.8 6.8 5.2
Rate(2) 7.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.5
5.0 4.1 3.3
4.5 3.7 2.9
※ Statistics by MEXT
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Applicants 72,800 41,756 40,341 45,207 39,555 29,714 24,014 22,927 18,446 13,924
Examinees 40,810 30,310 29,592 31,080 31,181 25,863 21,319 20,497 16,519 12,389
4.9
4.3
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
(number) 80,000
(Rate)
Law Schools Applicants, Examinees and Competitive Rates
(1) (2)
NOTES: A candidate can apply to and take more than one Entrance Examination. (1) “Applicants” means the number of submitting application (2) “Examinees” means the number of taking Entrance Examination
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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
5,590 5,825 5,825 5,825 5,795 5,765 4,909 4,571 4,484 4,261
5,767 5,544 5,784 5,713 5,397 4,844 4,122 3,620 3,150 2,698
※ MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Quotas
Admitted
0
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
(Number of Students) 7,000
Law School Quotas and Successful Candidates
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‘89 ’90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ’94 ‘95 ’96 ‘97 ’98 ’99 ‘00 ‘01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ‘05 ’06 ‘07 ’08 ‘09 ’10 ’11 ’12 ‘13 ‘14
Previous Exam.
Present Exam.
Pass rate of Old Exam.
Pass rate of New Exam.
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
(Number of
(persons)
(1) Applicants (2) Examinees Successful Candidates Pass Rate to (1) Pass Rate to (2)9
National Bar Examination (since 2006) Successful Candidates and Pass Rate
平成21年5月21日~平成27年4月30日まで
那覇
97
TOTAL 9,67950 44
94
鹿児島
121
宮崎
60
佐賀
62
長崎
54
102 109
高知 徳島
福岡
482
大分
77熊本
松山 高松
広島 岡山
211 158
21 24 神戸
山口
52
松江 鳥取
97
371 奈良
75
金沢
50
和歌山
78
京都
204
大阪
1134
名古屋
588
福井
45
津
大津
100
岐阜
137
富山
33
東京
1141
甲府
74
108
千葉
990
523
静岡
209 横浜
前橋
136
200さいたま
502
118
福島新潟
87
水戸長野
宇都宮
163
旭川
40
釧路
56
山形
秋田
35
盛岡
33
札幌
228
函館
37
88
青森
58
仙台
123
From Supreme Court Statistics
Acquittal Rates as of February 2015
7,464 persons
42 persons 0.56%
Contested Cases 42
3,222 1.3%
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Lay Judge System Cases Prosecuted
(May 2009~April 2014)
2,217, 24%
1,957, 21%
868, 9%
807, 9%
763, 8%
685, 7%
650, 7%
401, 4% 236, 3% 178, 2%
577, 6%
Lay Judge Trials by Crime
Statistics by Crime for Lay Judge Trials (as of February 2015)
Total (newly received) 9,274 Ratio Robbery causing injury 2,217 23.9% Homicide 1,957 22.1% Arson on Houses 868 9.4% Death caused by bodily injury 807 8.7%
Violation of Methamphetamine Act 763 8.2%
Rape causing injury 685 7.4% Forcible indecency causing death or injury 650 7.0%
Rape on the occasion of Robbery 401 4.3%
Robbery resulting in death 236 2.5% Uttering counterfeit currency 178 1.9% Others 577 6.2%
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A Candidates for Lay Judge 691,468
B Candidates dismissed/excused during the first selection process 197,508
C Candidates who received notification to attend 493.960
D Candidates excused based on written questionnaire 209,715
E Candidates expected to attend 285,425
F Candidates appeared 216,631
G Lay Judges (Alternates included) 56,681
H Average length of trial (including non-trial days) 6.9 days
I Average times of trial (excluding non-trial days) 4.3 times
J Average length of deliberation 594.1 minutes
K Number of defendants(Judgment rendered) 7,464
L Number of defendants in contested cases 3,222
M Capital sentences 23
N Acquittals 42
Percentage of Attendance F / A×100=31.3 % F / E×100=75.9 %
Statistics of Lay Judge
System
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Acquittal Rate
N / K×100=0.56 %
N / L×100=1.3%
Recent Discussions on Reform A Provisions for DVD recording of suspects’ interviews during the investigation stage B Agreements between prosecutors and suspects/defendants and immunity from criminal liability
C Expansion of wire-tapping as an investigative method
D Points considered in the decision of release on bail
E Expanding legal advice by private attorneys
F Promoting and enhancing the discovery of evidence
G Measures to protect victims and witnesses
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Mt. Fuji