January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS1 Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush...
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Transcript of January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS1 Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush...
![Page 1: January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS1 Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 9, 2004.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f325503460f94c4df7f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 1
Intro to Particle and Nuclear
Physics and the Long Island Gold
Rush
Steven ManlyUniv. of Rochester
REU seminarJune 9, 2004
[email protected]://hertz.pas.rochester.edu/smanly/
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 2
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 3
Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 4
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 5
What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
How do they interact?
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 6
The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles
Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
e-
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 7
Force Source Range StrengthGravitation mass infinite 10-39
Electromagnetism Electriccharge
infinite 10-2
Strong nuclear Colorcharge
10-15 m 1
Weak nuclear Weakcharge
10-18 m 10-5
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 8
quarks leptonsGauge bosons
u c t
d s b
e
e
W, Z, , g, Gg
Hadrons
Baryons qqq qq mesons
p = uud
n = udd
K = us or us
= ud or ud
Strong interaction
nuclei
e
atomsElectromagnetic
interaction
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 9
Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD
Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge
q q
distance
energy density, temperature
rela
tive
stre
ngth
asymptotic freedom
qq qq
confinement
q qqq
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 10
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
No direct observation of quarks: confinement
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 11
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
Deep inelastic scattering: There are quarks.
From D.H. Perkins, Intro. to High Energy Physics
nucleon
parton
P
Px
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 12
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
ee
qqhadronseeR
)(
P. Burrows, SLAC-PUB7434, 1997
R. Marshall, Z. Phys. C43 (1989) 595
Need the “color” degree of freedom
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 13
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
Event shapes
e+e- Zo qq e+e- Zo qqg
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 14
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
Measure the coupling
P. Burrows, SLAC-PUB7434, 1997
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 15
Strong interaction is part of our heritage
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 16
Chiral symmetry breaking: the “other” source of mass
qq qq
q
QCD vacuum
Quark condensate
A naïve view …
Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which makes them much
heavier than the constituent quark masses.
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 17
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 18
Relativistic heavy ions
•Two concentric superconducting magnet rings, 3.8 km circum.
•A-A (up to Au), p-A, p-p collisions, eventual polarized protons
•Funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy $616 million
•Construction began Jan. 1991, first collisions June 2000
•Annual operating cost $100 million
•AGS: fixed target, 4.8 GeV/nucleon pair
•SPS: fixed target, 17 GeV/nucleon pair
•RHIC: collider, 200 GeV/nucleon pair
•LHC: collider, 5.4 TeV/nucleon pair
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 19
The view from above
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 20STAR
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 21
Au-Au collision in the STAR detector
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 22
Isometric of PHENIX Detector
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 23
Brahms experiment
From F.Videbœk
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 24
The PHOBOS Detector (2001)
Ring Counters
Time of Flight
Spectrometer
• 4 Multiplicity Array
- Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters• Mid-rapidity Spectrometer• TOF wall for high-momentum PID• Triggering
- Scintillator Paddles Counters- Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC)
Vertex
Octagon
ZDC
z
yx
Paddle Trigger Counter
Cerenkov
1m
137000 silicon pad readout channels
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 25
Central Part of the Detector
(not to scale)
0.5m
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 26
Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 27
The goals Establish/characterize the expected QCD deconfinement phase transition
quarks+gluons hadrons
Establish/characterize changes in the QCD vacuum at high energies: chiral symmetry restoration and/or disoriented chiral condensates
Understand the nuclear eqn. of state at high energy density
Polarized proton physics
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 28
Beamline
Terminology: angles
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 29
Beamline
Terminology: anglesPseudorapidity = = Lorentz invariant
angle with repect to the beampipe
0
+1
+2
+3
-1
-2
-3
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 30
Terminology: angles = azimuthal angle about the beampipe
Beamline
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 31
“Spectators”
Zero-degreeCalorimeter
“Spectators”
Paddle Counter
peripheral collisions central collisions
Nch
Npart
6%
Terminology: centrality
Thanks to P. Steinberg for constructing much of this slide
“Participants”
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 32
Signatures/observables
Energy density or number of participants
Measured value
Strange particle enhancement and particle yields
Temperature
J/ and ’ production/suppression
Vector meson masses and widths
identical particle quantum correlations
DCC - isospin fluctuations
Flow of particles/energy (azimuthal asymmetries)
jet quenching
Each variable has different experimental systematics and model dependences on extraction and interpretation
MUST CORRELATE VARIABLES
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 33
RHIC operation
12 June, 2000: 1st Collisions @ s = 56 AGeV
24 June, 2000: 1st Collisions @ s = 130 AGeV
July 2001: 1st Collisions @ s = 200 AGeV
Dec. 23, 2002: 1st d-Au collisions @ s = 200 AGeV
Dec. 2004: Au-Au Collisions @ s = 200 AGeV
Run 1
Run 2Run 3
Peak Au-Au luminosity = 5x1026 cm-2s-1
Design Au-Au luminosity = 2x1026 cm-2s-1
Ave luminosity for last week of ‘02 run = 0.4x1026 cm-2s-1
Run 2:
Run 4
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 34
PHOBOS Data on dN/din Au+Auvs Centrality and s
dN
/d
19.6 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeVPreliminary
PHOBOS PHOBOS PHOBOS
Typical systematic band (90%C.L.)
Basic systematics of particle production
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 35
“Flow” = patterns in the energy, momentum, or particle density distributions that we use to ferret out clues as to the nature of the collision/matter
Reaction plane
x
z
y M. Kaneta
To what extent is the initial geometric
asymmetry mapped into the final state?
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 36
Collision region is an extruded football/rugby ball shape
CentralPeripheral
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 37
(reaction plane)
Flow quantifiedFlow quantified
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R) + ... )
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 38
(reaction plane)
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R) + ... )
Directed flow
Flow quantifiedFlow quantified
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 39
(reaction plane)
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R) + ... )
Elliptic flow
Flow quantifiedFlow quantified
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 40
(reaction plane)
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R) + ... )
Higher terms
Flow quantifiedFlow quantified
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 41
b (reaction plane)
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 42
Flow as an experimental probeFlow as an experimental probe
Sensitive to interaction length/cross section/degree of thermalization
Sensitive to very early times and particle velocities since asymmetry is self-quenching
Probes longitudinal uniformity
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 43
Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
(PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal)
Hydrodynamic limit
STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402
PHOBOS preliminary
Hydrodynamic limit
STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402
PHOBOS preliminary
Thanks to M. Kaneta
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 44
Flow vs Pt and Hydro describes low pt vs.
particle mass, fails at high pt and high-
T. Hirano
(consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 45
Spectra
0.2<y<1.4
The fun starts when one
compares this to pp spectra
STAR results, shown at QM02
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 46
– Production of high pT particles dominated by hard scattering
– High pT yield prop. to Ncoll
(binary collision scaling)
– Compare to pp spectra scaled up by Ncoll
– Violation of Ncoll scaling
– Jet quenching?
Comparing Au+Au and pp Spectra_
_
Au+Au
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 47
Suppression in Hadron Spectra
Shown by T. Peltzmann at QM02
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 48
Jet-quenching: hard parton interacts with medium, which softens the momentum spectrum in A-A relative to pp
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 49
Peripheral Au+Au data vs. pp+flow
STAR, David Hartke - shown at QM02
Count tracks around very high pT particle
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 50
Central Au+Au data vs. pp+flow
STAR, David Hartke - shown at QM02
Away side jet disappears!!
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 51
Jet-quenching also gives break in flow vs. pT
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 52
Initial state vs. final state effects
Jet-quenching is a final state effect - “Weisaker-Williams” color field of parton interacting with colored medium. Energy loss is medium-size dependent (radiated wavelengths less than source size)
Initial state effect - saturation models color glass condensate (recent review: Iancu, Leonidov, McLerran, hep-ph/0202270)
can also qualitatively explain some features of the data
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 53
d-Au data
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 54
Molnar and Voloshin, nucl-th/0302014
Partonic energy loss alone leads drop at very large pT and does not account for meson/baryon differences
Quark coalescence vs. fragmentationQuark coalescence vs. fragmentation
nucl-ex/0306007nucl-ex/0305013
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 55
Xhangbu Xu, Quark Matter 2004
QuarkQuark coalescence-NCQ scalingcoalescence-NCQ scaling
’s affected by resonance decays? Dong, Esumi, Sorensen, N.Xu, Z,Xu, nucl-th/0403030
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 56
Showed you too much - I apologize
Showed you too little - I apologize
What are the lessons?
RHIC/experiments running very well
Up till now …
characterization and refinement of models
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 57
Hot, dense, opaque medium is formed
Energy density above lattice predictions for deconfined state
Local thermal equilibrium achieved
Full 3-d structure away from mid-rapidity not yet understood
Interesting signals being pursued … jet-quenching?
QM2004: It probably is a duck!
Remains to be seen if systematic study and pursuit of the surprises leads to anything beyond the duck!
Future = statistics (J/+ more), vary species/energies, LHC
Is it a duck?
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 58
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January 30, 2004UR PAS GRTS 59