Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI1. Hubble is now observing galaxies 97% of the way back to the Big Bang,...

Dan Coe - STScI 1Jan 24, 2013

Hubble Science Briefing

CLASHCluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble

Hubble Uses Gravitational Lensing to Discover Most Distant Galaxies

Dan CoeSpace Telescope Science Institute

Dan Coe - STScI 2

Hubble is now observing galaxies97% of the way back to the Big Bang,

during the first 500 million years

Jan 24, 2013

Dan Coe - STScI 3

Previous searches for galaxies in the first 500 Myr came up short.Only one candidate was found where six were expected.

This suggested a dramatic buildup in galaxy numbers.

Jan 24, 2013

adapted from Bouwens12see also Oesch12

BIG BANGtimeTODAY (13.7)


adapted from Bouwens12see also Oesch12

TODAY (13.7) BIG BANGtime

(log

suns

/ ye

ar /

cubi

c m

egap

arse

c)

(billions .of years)

galaxies build upthen

run out

of gas

Previous searches for galaxies in the first 500 Myr came up short.Only one candidate was found where six were expected.

This suggested a dramatic buildup in galaxy numbers.

Dan Coe - STScI 5

Such dramatic evolution could havesurprising implications

• Did galaxies only just start forming then?(Unlikely based on stellar masses observed later)

Jan 24, 2013

Dan Coe - STScI 6

Such dramatic evolution could havesurprising implications

• Not enough faint galaxies to reionize the universe (stripping electrons from atoms)?

Jan 24, 2013

Robertson10

time

May require a more exotic energy source such as dark matter self-annihilation

+

-

+

-

+

-

Atoms, theycome together

Atoms, theyfall apart

We are allmade of stars

– paraphrasing song lyrics by Moby

Reionization

-

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Two complementary programs have now identified five candidate galaxies

in the first 500 million years

• UDF Ultra Deep Field (now even deeper!)

• “CLASH” – using gravitational lensing from “cosmic telescopes” to magnify the distant universe

Jan 24, 2013

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The Hubble Space Telescope,now in its 23rd year of operation,

is more powerful and advanced than ever

Servicing Mission 4 (2009)

Jan 24, 2013

May 2009

Improved imaging at near-ultraviolet and near-infrared wavelengths

The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) was installed during Servicing Mission 4 (center white panel)

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Hubble now has four operational imagers / spectrographs

• Two primary cameras:– Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)– Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)

• Two spectrographs:– Space Telescope Imaging

Spectrograph (STIS)– Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)

Jan 24, 2013

J. HechtLaserFocusWorld

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Hubble Multi-Cycle Treasury Program

• To help realize Hubble’s full potential• First ever call for multi-year proposals• 39 programs were proposed, 3 were approved

– Combined 5 months of Hubble observing time, carried out over 3 years: Fall 2010 – Fall 2013

– PHAT: stars– CANDELS: galaxies– CLASH: galaxy clusters

Jan 24, 2013


PHATPanchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury Survey

PI: Julianne Dalcanton

stars

region being observed with Hubble


PHATPanchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury Survey

PI: Julianne Dalcanton

PHAT progress as of Nov 2012;Hubble will image 414 contiguous fields upon completion

stars

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CANDELSCosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey

PIs: Sandra Faber & Harry Ferguson

Jan 24, 2013

galaxies

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PI: Marc Postman

Jan 24, 2013

galaxyclusters

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PI: Marc Postman

Two primary goals of CLASH are to use gravitational lensing to:

– Reveal dark matter, the “scaffolding” of structure formation

– Magnify galaxies in the distant universe

Jan 24, 2013

galaxyclusters

Observing 25 galaxy clusters including MACS0416-24 (background)

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Gravitational lensing in action

Jan 24, 2013

Animation: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1106a/ – NASA, ESA & L. Calçada

Dan Coe - STScI 17

Gravitational lensing in action

Jan 24, 2013

Animation: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1106a/ – NASA, ESA & L. Calçada

Light follows the curved space to uslike golf balls along

a putting green

Cluster mass bends space according to Einstein’s

Relativity


Strong gravitational lensing producesmultiple magnified images of distant galaxies

Abell 383 – NASA, ESA, J. Richard, J. P. Kneib; M. Postman

distant galaxy observed when the universe was 900 million years old


Gravitational Lensing


Wine Glass Lensing

Phil Marshall


Abell 1689 – D. Coe

Most of the mass is dark matter


Most of the mass is dark matteras revealed by gravitational lensing

Abell 1689 – D. Coe


DarkMatter

23%

DarkEnergy

72% Known 5%

Stars 2%

Neutrinos 1%

Heavy Elements 0.1%

Gas15%

DarkMatter

82%

MatterEverything

Dark matter makes up most of the stuff in the universe


Dark Matter FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

Is that like black holes?Black holes make up some of the dark matter,

but not much

Is Pluto a planet?Sorry, not anymore.

Yes, we are redoing all the horoscopes.

Dark matter may be made of particles we’ve yet to discover


Dark Matter FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

Is that like black holes?Black holes make up some of the dark matter,

but not much

Is Pluto a planet?Sorry, not anymore.

And yes, we are redoing all the horoscopes.*

Dark matter may simply be made of particles we’ve yet to discover (the “next Higgs”)

*We don’t actually do the horoscopes


Zolt LevayMACS 1206-08



A river runs through it


Zolt LevayMACS 0647+70


Zolt LevayMACS 0647+70

Multiple images of strongly lensed

galaxiesAdi Zitrin

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Three strongly lensed images of MACS0647-JD:a candidate for the most distant galaxy yet known

Jan 24, 2013

may have highest “redshift”yet observedz ≈ 11


Galaxy redshifts are primarily due toexpansion of space, not Doppler shift

Earthdistant galaxy

Emitted blue light…

Expanding universestretches lightto longer wavelengths …stretched to green…

…then red (or even infrared) when observedESO animation: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/redshiftv/

Redshift (z) =stretch factorminus one

time

Dan Coe - STScI 33

Wavelength

Observed Lyman break reveals redshiftof a distant galaxy

Jan 24, 2013

ObservedFlux

0.1216(1+z) μm

+

-

redshifted Lyman break

These energetic photonsget absorbed as theyionize / excite atoms

redshifted galaxy light

Ultraviolet light with wavelengths lower than

Lyman-alpha (0.1216 μm) never reaches us

Lyman-alpha forest /Gunn-Peterson trough

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MACS0647-JD appears to be at redshift 11,its light traveling 13.3 billion years to reach us.

During that time, the universe has expanded in size by a factor of 12,redshifting the Lyman break from 0.1216μm to 1.46μm.

Jan 24, 2013

Visible light Infrared lightUltraviolet light

Hubble filters J-bandunprecedented number of


6σ

7σ

6σ 10σ

15σ

12σ

J-band

MACS0647-JD only appears in the two reddest Hubble filters

JD = “J-band dropout”

Visible light Infrared light


MACS0647-JD is not visible in Spitzer images at longer wavelengths

This is good.Bright detections would have suggested a red less-distant galaxy as opposed to a blue more-distant galaxy.

The current Spitzer images are relatively shallow.By observing deeper, we can hope to detect MACS0647-JD and measure its age and dust content (pollution level).

Hubble Spitzer


Redshifted or just red

(old / dusty)?

Starburst

Elliptical

Spiral

AgeGalaxies do come in different colors, but the observed

colors of MACS0647-JD

can only be explained by a very

distant galaxy

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MACS1149-JDz ≈ 9.6 (490 Myr)

Wei Zheng et al.Nature 489, 406

Jan 24, 2013

Another candidatein the first 500 Myr

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Ultra Deep Field 2012

• 2004 – ACS (optical) + NICMOS (infrared)• 2009 – WFC3/IR (better infrared)

– released in 2012 as “ eXtreme Deep Field ”• 2012 – WFC3/IR over twice as deep

Jan 24, 2013

R. Ellis

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Ultra Deep Field 2012

7 candidates for galaxies observed in

first 570 million years,including a new

candidate for most distant galaxy known

Jan 24, 2013


Revised to z ≈ 11.9 by R. Ellisbased on F140W non-detection,

though they caution it may be a less distantextreme emission line galaxy

Another candidate for most distant galaxy known

UDF12-3954-6284 z = 11.9+0.3

-0.5 (370 Myr after big bang)

F105W F140W F160Wonly detected in the reddest Hubble filter

Originally identified in 2011 by R. Bouwens who estimated z = 10.3 ± 0.8 (450 Myr)

R. Ellisadded in 2012:

Dan Coe - STScI 42

So what is the most distant galaxy yet known?

Jan 24, 2013

“Mr. Hubble says that trophies are for people with self-esteem issues.”

Dan Coe - STScI 43

Most distant galaxy candidates discovered to dateRedshift(68% CL)

age of universe

object F160W AB magnitude

Flux (nJy) reference field /survey

11.9 +0.3-0.5 370 Myr UDF12-3954-6284 29.3 ± 0.2 7 Ellis13,

Bouwens11UDF12

10.8 ± 0.3 420 Myr MACS0647-JD 25.9, 26.1, 27.3 162 - 42 Coe13 CLASH

9.6 ± 0.2 490 Myr MACS1149-JD 25.7 ± 0.07 194 Zheng12 CLASH

9.5 +0.4-0.8 500 Myr UDF12-4106-7304 29.7 ± 0.3 5 Ellis13 UDF12

9.5 +0.4-0.7 500 Myr UDF12-4265-7049 29.7 ± 0.4 5 Ellis13 UDF12

9.2 +0.4-0.6 520 Myr MACS1115-JD 26.2 ± 0.2 115 Bouwens13 CLASH

9.0 +0.3-0.8 540 Myr MACS1720-JD 26.9 ± 0.3 66 Bouwens13 CLASH

Jan 24, 2013

Redshift age of universe

object AB magnitude reference

7.215 (spec-z) 720 Myr SXDF-NB1006-2 24.6 narrow band Shibuya12

7.213 (spec-z) 720 Myr GN-108036 25.5 Y (1μm) Ono12

Highest redshifts spectroscopically confirmed

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UDF + CLASH provide our first views of first 500 million years,but more observations are required to constrain cosmic evolution

Jan 24, 2013Ellis et al.

Cosmic star formation rate density

500 400800 6001Gyr Myr after big bang1.5Gyr

Jan 24, 2013 Dan Coe - STScI 45

Lensing is more efficient atdiscovering the most distant galaxies

blank field

lensed

Bright Faint

Time required with Hubble

Log galaxiesper

Hubble image

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Simone Kay

“Blank” Field Lensed

To lens or not to lens?

Jan 24, 2013

Magnified:more efficient,detailed study

Unobstructed view:luminositiesmore certain

We can map out thelensing dark matter

well but not perfectly

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ACS

We have decided to do both! Hubble will observe lensed and “blank” fields simultaneously in parallel.

WFC3/IR

cluster core

“blank” field

Jan 24, 2013

Dan Coe - STScI 48

ACS

Swap cameras 6 months later / earlier

WFC3/IR

“blank” field

cluster core

Jan 24, 2013


The Frontier Fields: first 4 of 6 selectedMACS0717+37

Pandora’s ClusterAbell 2744

Abell 370

MACS0416-24

http://www.stsci.edu/hst/campaigns/frontier-fields/

Hubble will obtain the first ever deep lensed IR images,while simultaneously observing more “blank”deep fields in parallel

nearly 2 monthson Hubbleover 3 years:Fall 2013 – Fall 2016

observations of final 2 cluster-field pairs subject to approval

dark mattergas

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The Frontier Fields will help address questions about the early universe

• Do we find the numbers of galaxies we expect, or do we observe more dramatic evolution?

• Were there enough galaxies to reionize the early universe?

• Can we detect any pristine galaxies yet to be enriched by supernova explosions?

Jan 24, 2013

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Hubble cannot observe the first 300 million years.The James Webb Space Telescope is required

to observe and study the first galaxies.

Jan 24, 2013

Hubble’s limit:300 million

years = redshift 13

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CLASH and the UDF are performing frontier science, discovering galaxy candidates in the first 500 Myr

with Hubble and Spitzer

• The Hubble Frontier Fields will build upon these efforts, improving the galaxy census300 – 500 Myr after the big bang

• The James Webb Space Telescope is required to observe the first galaxies at earlier times

Jan 24, 2013

Dan Coe - STScI

Thank you

Jan 24, 2013

Jan 24, 2013Dan Coe - STScI1. Hubble is now observing galaxies 97% of the way back to the Big Bang,...

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