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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
New Opportunities for Hadron Physics with the Planned PANDA Detector
• Overview of the PANDA Physics Program
• The PANDA Detector
• Selected Simulation Results– Charmonium: EM decays– Charmonium: Open charm decays– Charmonium in nuclear matter
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
What Do We Want To Know?
• Are there other forms of hadrons?e.g. Hybrids qqg or Glueballs gg
• Why are hadrons so much heavier than their constituents?
p-A interactions
• Why don‘t we observe isolated quarks?Q-Q potential in the charmonium system
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Don’t We See Isolated Quarks?
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Charmonium – the Positronium of QCD
3D2
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
c(3590)
c(2980)
hc(3525)
(3097)
(3686)
(3770)
(4040)
0(3415)
1(3510) 2(3556)
3D1
3D3
1D2
3P2(~ 3940)
3P1(~ 3880)
3P0(~ 3800)
(~ 3800)
1 fm
C C
~ 600 meV -1000
-3000
-5000
-700011S
0
13S1
21S0 23S
121P
1 23P2
23P1
23P0
031S
0 31D
2 33D2
33D1
33D2
Ionisationsenergie33S
1
e+ e-0.1 nm
Binding energy [meV]
Mass [MeV]
DDThreshold
8·10-4 eV
10-4 eV
• Positronium • Charmonium
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Antiprotons?
• e+e- annihilation via virtual photon: only states with Jpc = 1--
• In pp annihilation all mesons can be formed
• Resolution of the mass and width is only limited by the beam momentum resolution
Measured rate
Beam
Resonance cross
section
CM Energy
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
High Resolution
• Crystal Ball: typical resolution ~ 10 MeV
• Fermilab: 240 keV
p/p < 10-4 needed
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Questions c (11S0) (Simu results)
experimental error on M > 1 MeV hard to understand in simple quark models
c’ (21S0)
Crystal Ball result way offstudy of hadronic decays
hc(1P1)
Spin dependence of QQ potentialCompare to triplet P-StatesLQCD NRQCD
9
)(5)(3)( 210 MMMM cog
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Questions States above the DD threshold
Higher vector states not confirmed (3S), (4S) Expected location of 1st radial excitation of P wave statesExpected location of narrow D wave states Only (3770) seenSensitive to long range Spin-dependent potential
(Simu results)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Why Are Hadrons So Heavy?
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Hadron Masses
Protons = (uud) ?2Mu + Md ~ 15 MeV/c2
Mp = 938 MeV/c2
(P.Kienle)
no low mass hadrons (except , K, )
spontaneously broken chiral symmetry
0qq
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Hadron Production in the Nuclear Medium
c d_
d du
c_ d
repulsive
attractive
D-
D+d du
d du
d du
d du
d du
Quark atom
Mass of particles may change in dense matter( ) : 40
( ) : 200
s u
c d
K su m m
D cd m m
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J/ Absorption in Nuclei
J/ absorption cross section in nuclear matter p + A J/ + (A-1)
(Simu results)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Comparison of p-A Reactions to A-A
Much lower momentum for heavy producedparticles (2 GeV for “free”)
(Effects are smaller at high momentum)
Well defined nuclear environment (T and )
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
The Experimental Facility
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HESR
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
HESR: High Energy Storage Ring
Beam Momentum 1.5 - 15 GeV/c
High Intensity Mode:Luminosity 2x1032 cm-2s-1 (2x107Hz)p/p (st. cooling) ~10-4
High Resolution Mode:Luminosity 2x1031 cm-2s-1 p/p (e- cooling) ~10-5
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
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Central Tracking Detectors• Straw-Tubes• Mini-Drift-Chambers
• MVD: (Si) 5 layers
• ~ 9 Mio pixelsAndrei Sokolov HK39.5
Thursday 15:00
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
PID
(DIRC@BaBar)
• ToF • Muon Detectors • DIRC
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Charm
pp DD
DK
„no backgroundevents added“
Mass Resolution
~ 10 MeV/c2
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Vertex Distributions GEANT4
D meson signal DPM background
Transverse
signal DPM background
Scale up by x10!0.15 < Vz < 5 mm
Longitudinal
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
DD Missing Mass
signal DPM background
N.B. different x scale| Mmiss 2|< 0.001 GeV2 (tight cut)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Charm
As an example of the Pbar P (3770) DD AnalysisPlot MDD – MD – MD + 2x1869MeV
raw S/B ~ 10-7
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Detection of Rare Neutral ChannelsAs an example: cBackground:
c 1:50:500
Comparison with E835(PLB 566,45)
PANDA
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Dimuon Spectrum in p+Cu• Beam momentum “on resonance” • Full background simulations
(result scaled up)• Muons from J/ have high Pt• J/ has low Pt (coplanar)
J/
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Summary
• GSI will explore the intensity frontier
• High luminosity cooled p from 1-15 GeV/c
• Wide physics program including
• Charmonium spectroscopy
• pbar-A reactions
• Search for glueballs and charm hybrids
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
In part supported by:GSIBMBF 06GI144DFG
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Target• A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics,• A pellet target is conceived:
1016 atoms/cm2 for D=20-40m
1 mm
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Electromagnetic CalorimeterDetector material PbWO4
Photo sensors Avalanche Photo Diodes
Crystal size 35 x 35 x 150 mm3 (i.e. 1.5 x 1.5 RM2 x 17 X0)
Energy resolution 1.54 % / E[GeV] + 0.3 %
Time resolution 130 ps (N.B. with PMT!)
Total number of crystals 7150
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Tracking Resolution
J/ K+K- (J) = 35 MeV/c2
() = 3.8 MeV/c2
Example reaction: pp J/ (s = 4.4 GeV/c2)
Single track resolution
Invariant mass resolution
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Staged Construction
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Pbar-Nucleus InteractionsThe interaction of charmed mesonswith the baryonic environment strongly effects production rates near threshold
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Strange Baryons in Nuclear FieldsHypernuclei open a 3rd dimension (strangeness) in the nuclear chart
-
3 GeV/c
K+KTrigger
_
secondary target
p
• Double-hypernuclei: very little data
• Baryon-baryon interactions: -N only short ranged (no 1 exchange due to isospin) impossible in scattering reactions
-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Probe large separations with highly excited qq states_
Charmonium Spectroscopy
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
The GSI Future Project
• Heavy Ion Physics: hot and dense nuclear matter
• Nuclear Structure: paths of nucleo-synthesis
• Ion and laser induced Plasma: very high energy densities• Atomic physics: QED, strong EM fields, Ion-Matter interactions• Physics with Antiprotons properties of the strong force
Project approved Feb 2003
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Questions
• The c(11S0)
• The c(21S0)
• The hc(1P1)
• States above the DD threshold
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Proton Form Factors at large Q2
At high values of momentum transfer |Q2| the system should be describable by perturbative QCD. Due to dimensional scaling, the FF should vary as Q4.
222 lns
s
CG
p
M
q2>0
q2<0
The time like FF remains about a factor 2 above the space like. These differences should vanish in pQCD, thus the asymptotic behavior has not yet been reached at these large values of |q2|. (HESR up to s ~ 25 GeV2)
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Mixing With Mesonic States
Width: could be narrow (5-50 MeV) since
DD suppressed for some states
O+- DD,D*D*,DsDs (CP-Inv.)
(QQg) (Qq)L=0+(Qq)L=0 (Dynamic Selection Rule)
If DD forbidden, then the preferred decay is
(ccg) (cc) + X , e.g. 1-+
Ex
oti
c lig
ht
Ex
oti
c cc
1 - - 1 - +
0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0M e V / c2
10 - 2
1
1 0 2
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Spontaneous Breaking of Chiral Symmetry
Although the QCD Lagrangian is symmetric, the ground state need not be. (e.g. Fe below TCurie )
Example:
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Exotic Hadrons
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Glueballs
gg
g
RG
GR
BGGRRB
C. Morningstar PRD60, 034509 (1999)Self interaction between gluons
Construction of color-neutral hadrons with gluons possible
exotic glueballs don‘t mix with mesons (qq)
0--, 0+-, 1-+, 2+-, 3-+,...
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
RBRB
Prediction in QCD:
Collective gluon excitation
(Gluons contribute to quantum numbers)
Ground state: JPC = 1-+ (spin exotic)
Charm Hybrids ccg
distance between quarks
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Partial Wave Analysis
Partial wave analysis as important tool
Example of 1-+ (CB@LEAR)pd X(1-+)++p, X
Strength ~ qq States !
Signal in production but not in formation is interesting !
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Quark Condensate
The QCD vacuum is not empty 0qq
Hadron masses are generated by the strong interaction with <qq> (also with gluon condensate)
The density of the quark condensate will change as a function of temperature and density in nuclei.
This should lead to modifications of the hadron’s spectral properties.
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Hadrons in the Nuclear Medium
Spectral functions
W.Peters et al., Nucl. Phys. A632, 109 (1998).S.Klimt et al., Nucl. Phys. A515, 429 (1990).
<qq>
Reduction of <qq>
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms
Pionic capture is possible with the appropriate choice of kinematics:
d+n 3He + -
These results indicate a mass shift of ~25 MeV for pions at normal nuclear matter density.
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
J.Schaffner-Bielich et al., Nucl. Phys. A (1997) 325.
Kaons in Nuclear Matter
Kaon and anti-kaon masses should no longer be degenerate in nuclear matter.
Expected signal: increased K- production compared to K+.
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Measured K- Cross Section
[1] A.Sibirtsev et al., Z.Phys. A358 (1997) 101.[2] F.Laue et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 1640.[3] C.Quentmeier et al., Phys Lett B 515 (2001) 276.
KaoS
dramatic enhancement of the K- production probability
Comparison of proton-proton data with heavy ion data[2]:
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Open Charm in Nuclei
The interaction of charmed mesons with the baryonic environment strongly effects production rates near threshold
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
cc Production in Nuclear Matter
The mass of charmonium states is not expected to change much.
However, a drop of the DD mass leads to a widening of the ccstates.
’ will have too high momentum, most decay outside. but wider tails
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James Ritman Univ. Giessen
Charmonium in NucleiDue to the increased width, the dileptons from charmonium states below the free DD threshold are strongly suppressed.
Golubeva et al. Eur.Phys.J. A17 (2003) 275-284