AnnualAppliedAn4neutrino …hanohano/post/AAP2012/AAP...Segmented"detectors:"CORMORAD,"...

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A brief overview of the 8 th Annual Applied An4neutrino Physics Workshop – and next steps University of Hawaii, Manoa EastWest Center October 5 2012

Transcript of AnnualAppliedAn4neutrino …hanohano/post/AAP2012/AAP...Segmented"detectors:"CORMORAD,"...

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A  brief  overview  of  the  8th  Annual  Applied  An4neutrino  Physics  Workshop  –  and  next  

steps      

University  of  Hawaii,  Manoa  East-­‐West  Center    October  5  2012  

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Principles  of  detec4on  Work  horse  -­‐  Inverse  Beta  Decay  this    community’s  proper  focus  

Dark  Horse  –  coherent  sca5er    detec7on  may  lead  to    10-­‐100-­‐fold  reduc4on    in  detector  size    Slight  problem:  it  has  never  been  measured  aOer  30    years  of  fiRul  aSempts    by  many  people    numerous  groups  now    pursuing  this    

Very  Dark  Horse  –  Inverse  Beta  Decay  on  3He    Nubar  +  3He  à  e+  +  tri4um  

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Dealing  with  the  IAEA  

•  We  now  have  a  formal  IAEA  statement  of  interest    in  select  topics  

•  And  an  informal  mechanism  for  interac4ng  with  IAEA  (the  Ad  Hoc  Working  group)  

•  Technologies:  Above-­‐ground  detec4on,  improved  spectra,  ease  of  deployment  –  all  being  pursued  by  groups  worldwide  

•  Missions:  Plutonium  disposi4on,  shipper-­‐receiver  difference,    long  range  monitoring  

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How  do  the  latest  reactor  experiments  affect  an4neutrino-­‐based  nonprolifera4on  ?    

Now:  Theta-­‐13  experiments  have  this  year  provided  us  with  the  most  precisely  measured  mixing    angle,  and:  

ü improved  nonprolifera4on  monitoring  technology,  precise  measurements  of  reactor  spectra,  and  improved  predic4ons  of  spectra  

Next:  The  reactor  anomaly  (and  other  evidence)  allow  for  a  new  sterile  neutrino  leading  to:  ü improved  nonprolifera4on  monitoring  technology,  precise  measurements  of  reactor  spectra,  and  possibly  improved  predic4ons  of  spectra  

θ13  =  8.9°±    0.9°  

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Many  experimental  efforts  explicitly  devoted  to  nonprolifera4on  are  making  steady  progress    ..  

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Segmented  detectors:  CORMORAD,  PANDA,  US  Li  detector,  T2K-­‐like  elements  

Helps  reduce  shielding  (dominates  system  size)  Helps  reduce  overburden  (increases  flexibilty  of  deployment)  Some  results  so  far  from  deployed  detectors  •  Segmenta4on  does  appear  to  improve  background  

rejec4on  –  all  deployed  experiments  •  But  the  signal  efficiency  may  be  too  low  (US  jury  is  s4ll  out)  

•  Reactor-­‐related  backgrounds  are  a  significant  concern  depending  on  the  configura4on  (CORMORAD  experience)    -­‐  and  some  mysteries  about  the  precise  source  of  these  

•  More  recently:  use  T2K  plas4c  cells  to  create  a  segmented  array  work  ongoing,  ques4ons  about  light  collec4on  efficiency  

Plastic scintillator read out by Y-11 fibre

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Homogenous  detectors  and  demonstra4ons  in  countries  under  safeguards  

•  NUCIFER  –    below-­‐ground,  well  engineered  detector  in  a  high  background  environment  –  first  data  taken  this  year  

   •  KASKA  –  above-­‐ground  –    several  innova4ons  

–  PSD  in  buffer,  PSD  in  shield,  first  demo  against  a  research  reactor  (140  MWt)    –  Current  signal/background  is  1/45  –  beSer  

shield  and  bg  rejec4on  in  a  proposed  itera4on  

•  CANDU  (US-­‐Canada)    -­‐  below-­‐ground,  evolu4onary  from  SONGS,  first  

demo  against  a  CANDU    

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All  near-­‐field  technology  developments  -­‐    

Community  has  heeded  IAEA  2008  expressions  of  technology  interest      Each  itera4on  has  brought  improvement  in  the  signal  to  background  – Some  deployments  indicate  the  need  for  modest  shielding  for  above-­‐ground  deployments    

– We  s7ll  await  defini7ve  evidence  for  unshielded  or  above-­‐ground  detec7on  (2013  ?)  

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Direc4onality  using  inverse  beta  

The  neutron  carries  the  momentum    informa7on    But  the  emi5ed  neutron  energy  is  low  10-­‐100  keV  and  hard  to  measure    Best  bet  so  far:  look  at  the  net  displacement  of  the  neutron  with  respect  to  the    Positron  posi7on    Chooz  has  done  this  and  reconstructed  the  angle  of  incident  an7enutrinos  to  ~20  degrees  (1  sigma)    Recently  –  new  a5empt  to  measure    direc7onality  in  the  Double  Chooz    experiment  –  Erica  Caden  talk    6  degree  reconstructed  half-­‐aperture  cone          

Direc7onality  has  considerable  interest  for    nonprolifera7on  –  hidden  reactors,  ranging,  tracking  mul7ple  reactors    

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The  mini-­‐Time  Cube  –  fine  segmented  design  with  10-­‐100  ps  4ming  

•  Goal:  precise  reconstruc4on  of  par4cle  trajectories/direc4ons  using  4ming    

•   detailed  simula4ons  show  the  power  of  4ming  reconstruc4on  once  the  detector  is  fully  instrumented  

-­‐  Takes  advantage  of  ongoing  PMT  and  electronics  R&D        -­‐  Gemng  the  neutron  first  or  early    scaSer  is  s4ll  a  problem  (for  everyone)      -­‐  Scalability  to  very  large  sizes  would  be  challenging  

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Modeling  the  poten4al  of  big  detectors  

•  What  can  big  detectors  do  ?  SNIF  and  UH/IHI/NGA  studies  -­‐  mul4ple  150  kT  scale  detectors  can  triangulate  to  hidden  100-­‐300  MWt    reactors  at  ~200  km  standoff  

•  Good  treatment  of    backgrounds  –  extrapolated  from  KL/Borexino  

•  Only  Liquid  Scin4llator  detectors  modeled  so  far  

•  Challenge  to  modelers  –  what  does  it  take  to    exclude  the  existence  of    10-­‐50  MWt    reactors    ?    

•  10  MWt  is  a  natural  target  à  3  kg  of  Pu  per  year  

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WATCHMAN:  Use  a  gadolinium-­‐doped  water  detector  to  detect  an4neutrinos  at  ~    1  kilometer  standoff  from  a  100  MWt  US  research  reactor  ,  or  further  from  a  GWt  reactor    

Poten4al  big  detectors  

12  

Kiloton  scale    detector  

Research  or  power  reactor  //  0.1  -­‐  10  km  standoff  

30-­‐200  meters  overburden  

Key  point  of  this  demonstra4on:  We  consider  Gd  water  the  most  straighRorward  path  to    the  largest  scale  detectors  that  are  needed  for  true  remote  monitoring      

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Japan  has  plans  to  build  a  big  water  based  detector  –  will  it  be  sensi4ve  to  an4neutrinos  ?  

-­‐  HyperKamiokande        •  560,000  ton  mul4purpose  water  detector  

being  planned  by  Japan    •  Time  scale:  ~12  years  •  Interest  in  U.S.  science  community  in  

par4cipa4on  will  lead  to  further  R&D  in  this  area  

•  Gd  an  op4on  but  not  guaranteed    

WATCHMAN  demonstra4on  would  give  strong  confidence  for  exercising  the  Gd  op4on    Geoan4neutrino  science  is  a  poten4al  ally    

EGADS-­‐    200  ton  deeply  buried  detector    to  evaluate  Gd-­‐doped  an4neutrino  detec4on  

•   backgrounds  •   materials  •   energy  thresholds    

This  detector  volume  is  too    small  for  direct  demonstra4on  of  sensi4vity  

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New  Materials  (Minfang  Yeh)    •  Gd-­‐LAB  a  high  quality  baseline  scin4llator    

now  demonstrated  in  RENO  and  Daya  Bay    -­‐  10,000  photons/MeV,  high  flashpoint,  dopable    

•  Water  based  liquid  scin4llator  –  improve  light  output  rela4ve  to  water  Cerenkov  –  must  have  a  Gd  dopant  for  big  an4neutrino  detectors  

•  Near  term  studies  of  water  based  liquid  scin4llator  by  UH  student  Josh  Murillo  to  directly  measure  gamma-­‐ray  spectra    

•  For  the  biggest  detectors,  circula4on  and  purifica4on  in  the  presence  of  the  Gd-­‐scin4llator  remains  to  be  solved..  

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Rate  based  measurements  provide  informa4on  about  fissile  content  –  in  conjunc4on  with  extra  

informa4on  

Need  either:    •  the  thermal  power    •  Or,  a  previous  cycle  that  you  trust  

•  Or  a  rela4ve  measurement  that  may  weaken  but  does  not  remove  sensi4vity  to  changes  in  fissile  content    

Anna  Hayes  simula4on  

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Spectral  analyses  and  improved  simula7ons  can  help  reduce  dependence  on  operator  in  making  es7mates  of  reactor  Pu  

content  

Ongoing  efforts  in  the  US  and  Japan  at  using  state  of  the  art  codes  for  safeguards  es7mates  IAEA  wants  this  whether  an7neutrino  detectors  are  involved  or  not    

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Spectroscopy  –  David,  Patrick,  Anna    Many  compe4ng  correc4ons  to  the  predicted  

an4neutrino  spectrum  

•  Finite  size  of  the  decaying  neutron  •  Atomic  electron  screening  (small)    •  Finite  size  of  nuclear  charge  •  QED  correc4ons  •  Weak  magne4sm  –  forbidden  transi4ons  make  a  big  contribu4on  to  total  

spectrum,  and  are  not  well  characterized    

•  New  spectral  predic4on  shows  an  increase  rela4ve  to  previously  predicted  spectrum  (Schreckenbach)  –  rough  agreement  in  new  predic4on  between  Huber  and  Mueller/Lhuillier/Lasserre    …  and  Hayes  

•  Anna:  the  overall  complexity  of  the  errors    make  you  wonder  if  some  error  contribu4on  has  been  missed  or  mishandled    

ILL inversion

simple !"shape

our result1101.2663

2 3 4 5 6 7 8"0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

E# !MeV"

#$"$

ILL$%$

ILL

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How  does  this  affect  applied  an4neutrino  physics  ?    •  Uncertain4es  in  predicted/

measured  spectra  have  a  big  impact  on  the  search  for  neutrino  oscilla4ons  –  and  connect  to  problems  in  other  experiments  (Chris4na’s  talk)  

•  They  have  a  more  modest  impact  on  our  ability  to  extract  informa4on  on  plutonium  content  in  the  core  –  (70-­‐100  kg  sensi4vity  à  50-­‐25  kg  sensi4vity)  –  and  we  may  be  able  to  use  a  high  sta4s4cs  measurement  at  a  par4cular  reactor  as  a  template,  with  no  predic4on    

•  The  have  no  impact  on  the  poten4al  for  remote  monitoring  and  discovery/exclusion  of    distant  reactors    

Correla4ons  between  errors  among    fissioning  isotopes  tend  to  reduce  their  influence  on  fissile  mass  es4ma4on    Even  current  spectroscopic  capability    is  beneficial  in  reducing  dependence    on  operator  inputs  

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Overall  

•  It’s  exci4ng  to  see  a  this  new  discipline  con4nue  to  mature    –  Applied  An4neutrino  Physics  

•  Historical  and  con4nued  excellent  connec4ons  to  world-­‐class  physics  experiments    

•  Progress  con4nues,  but  will  be  slow,  toward  gemng  an4neutrino  detectors  used  for  nonprolifera4on    

•  Con4nued  coordina4on  among  researchers  can  help  make  this  adop4on  happen  sooner  

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Where  to  next  ?    

Canada,  AECL  host  -­‐  Pt  Lepreau  deployment  -­‐  Country  under  safeguards  -­‐  Strong  local  interest    and  neutrino  physics  community  

India    INO  experiment  A  great  place  for  a  nonprolifera4on  workshop    

China    New  underground  lab,  Daya  Bay  expt.    A  great  place  for  a  nonprolifera4on  workshop    

Chile  ANDES  underground  lab  A  great  place  for  a  nonprolifera4on  workshop