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JOURNAL OF

INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY PEER REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA

A CONSTITUENT UNIT OF DATTA MEGHE INSTUTUT E OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (DU)

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Official Publication of

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,

Hospital & Research Centre

Salod (H), Wardha– 442 004,

Maharashtra (India)

January – March, 2014 Volume 2, Number 1 ISSN - 2320 - 4419

Tridax procumbens

Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014

January – March, 2014 Volume 2, Number 1 ISSN - 2320 - 4419

Journal of Indian system of Medicine

©All rights are reserved

Publication date : March 10 , 2014

ISSN No. (Print) : ISSN-2320-4419

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(A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of

Research in Ayurveda) is publication of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved

College, Hospital & Research Centre, DMIMS (DU) , Wardha

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th

Note:

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editorial staff in their work of examining papers received for publication is assisted in an honorary capacity by

distinguished scholors working in various field and parts of India as adjudicators.


JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY Peer reviewed International Journal on research in Ayurveda

PATRONS

Hon. Shri Datta Meghe

Dilip Gode

Sagar Meghe

Rajiv Borle

Ravi Meghe,

Prakash Behere

Lalit Waghmare

Vice-Chancellor DMIMS-DU

Treasurer, DMIMS

Registrar, DMIMS-DU

Personnel & Planning, DMIMS

Director, R & D, DMIMS-DU

Dean Interdiscliplinary Sciences, DMIMS-DU

Vedprakash Mishra

Sameer Meghe

S.S.Patel

Abhuday Meghe

Shyam Bhutada

Arvind Bhake

Chief Advisor, DMIMS-DU

Secretary, DMIMS

Chief Coordinator, DMIMS

O.S.D, DMIMS

Dean, MGACHRC

Chief Editor, JDMIMS

ADVISORY BOARD

Chief EditorKSR Prasad (technoayurveda)

Associate EditorsBharat Chouragade, Srihari S

Editorial Advisory Board

Kuldeepraj Kohli

Chandola H.M.

Ram Harsh Singh

Ramesh Babu Devalla

Nisteshwar K

Joshi V.K.

Vanita Murlikumar

Amitabh Pande

Ashutosh Kulkarni

Prasanna Rao N

Nath S.K.

Abhay Gaidhane

Zaheer Quazi

Date of Release: 10-03-2014

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Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014

Kayachikitsa

Panchakarma

Prasuthi & Streeroga

Shalya & Salakya

Kaumarabhrutya

Roga Nidana

Pharmacology

Madhavi Mahajan, MS

Rao SR, Telangana

Kishore Kumar R, Karnataka

Srinivasulu M, Telangana

Morandi, Italy

Jaiswal SK, MS

Sivaramudu , Karnataka

Eswara Sarma, M.P, Kerala

Manjari Dwivedi, UP

Priyanka Gupta, MS

Swamy G.K., AP

Saranagpani S, AP

Varshney S.C, MS

Dhiman KS, Gujarat

V.L.N.Sastry, AP

Palekar PP, MS

Sreedhar Rao, Karnataka

Chapadgaonkar S, MS

Ila Tanna, MS

Manish Deshmukh, MS

Rajasekharan. S, Kerala

Prakhya

Shaeera

Basic Principles

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya

Dravyaguna & Agadtantra

Swasthavritha

Giridhar Kanthi, Karnataka

Sudhir Kandekar, MS

Pradnya Dandekar, MS

Priti Desai, MS

Khedikar SG

Sreedhar Tirunagiri, AP

Vidyanath R, AP

PHC Murthy, AP

Gopi Krishna M., Karnataka

Bharat Rathi, MS

Prajapati P, Gujarat

Venkata N Joshi, London, UK

Sastry JLN, New Delhi

Paramkusha Rao M, AP

Chandrashekhar K, UP

AP

Abhay Patkar, MS

Venkateshwarlu G., Karnataka

P.V.V. Prasad,

REVIEWER'S BOARD

JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEOfficial publication of the

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved college Hospital & Research Centre

A Constituent College of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)

Editor's Note:

Guest Editorial:

Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda1-2

Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda3-5

( ) -UnnoticedMedicinal plant by Ayurveda

6-22

Management of Geriatric Eye disorders withAyurvedic Measures

23-28

Preliminary standardization of -prepared by two different methods ofextraction

29-34

Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on

35-38

Applied with special reference toHealth Problems of BPO employees

39-42

SRP Kethamakka

O P Gupta

Jayanti Veda Tridax procumbens

SRP Kethamakka, Meena SD

Minal Hande

Vasavalehya

Venkateshwarlu G, ShanthaTR, Kishore KR,Shubhashree MN, R.G.Reddy, Sridhar B.N

Panaviraladi KsharaBharat Rathi

Swasthavritta

Archana R. Belge

Cover story:

Review Article

Original Article

Pharmaceutical study of43-45

Bilateral variation of divisions ofthe sciatic nerve - a case study

46-49

Practical application of50-52

A unique and holistic concept of Ayurveda tounderstand human body:“

53-55

Conceptual Study of Chronic Poisoning withSpecial Reference to

56-58

Practical Handbook of andby Bharat J. Rathi

59-59

60-60

RasasindooraVanmala Bapurao Wakode

Giridhar M Kanthi,

KsheeradhumaBelavadi S.N, Prashanth A.S

purushoeyam loka samitam”

DooshivishaLaxmikant S. Paymalle

RasashastraBhaishajya KalpanaAnil Kumar A

Case Reports

Short Communications

Ashutosh kumar Pathak, Awasthi H.H.

Book Review

Announcements

Akhil H S, Jithesh C,Pradeep G Akki, Archana Radhakrishnan,Jisha R John

Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014I

Contents

Cover Page : flowerTridax procumbens

Journal of IndianSystem of Medicine

Editor's Note

Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda

SRP Kethamakka

How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka, Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp.1-2

Is century's old human need serving health

profession Ayurveda undergoing rescission at

present? Yes! It is. The lack of knowledge of research

methodology and clinical practice without following

the basic concepts of Ayurveda has lead to decreased

growth rate of this Indian system of medicine. The

glory of Ayurveda lies in its holistic approach and

methodology of metaphysical base scientific attitude.

Present day approaches are disposing the predestined

Ayurveda methods. Today researcher wishes to

express his orientations towards making impression

to modern scientific community, but without

strengthening theAyurvedic foundations.

Ayurveda defined the objectives of life and

how to attain it. The concept of health is so wide that it

includes altogether the healthy state of mind, soul and

body ( ). The triads (3-

) of life in description include a triad of

organization and categorization also. At this juncture

a doubt arises regarding the Quality of Health Care

services in fulfilling the objective of life and concept

of health.

The definition of Quality Health Care from

different resources includes, where low error rate

patient safety and patient-centered procedures /

outcomes with timely management and evidence-

influenced decisions or actions includes making

consistent planning and delivery of treatments. Six

very similar characteristics or desired outcomes have

been identified by both the IOM and the WHO. The

WHO suggests that health care must be:

delivering health care that is

adherent to an evidence base and results in

Satwa, Atma & Shareera

Sthambha

1. Effective-

improved health outcomes for individuals

and communities, based on need;

- delivering health care in a manner

which maximizes resource use and avoids

waste;

- delivering health care that is

timely, geographically reasonable, and

provided in a setting where skills and

resources are appropriate to medical need;

delivering

health care which takes into account the

preferences and aspirations of individual

service users and the cultures of their

communities;

delivering health care which

does not vary in quality because of personal

characteristics such as gender, race,

ethnicity, geographical location, or

socioeconomic status;

delivering health care which

minimizes risks and harm to service users.

The IOM (Institute of Medicine) lists these six

dimensions:

—avoid injury to patients from the

care that is intended to help them

—reduce waits and harmful

delays

—provide services based on

scientific knowledge to all who could

benefit and refrain from providing services

to those not likely to benefit (avoiding

overuse and under use, respectively)

—

2. Efficient

3. Accessible

4. Acceptable/patient-centered-

5. Equitable-

6. Safe-

1. Safety

2. Timeliness

3. Effectiveness

4. Efficiency avoid waste to improve

Head, Panchakarma, MGACH&RC, Salod (H), Wardha, (MS), [email protected]

1Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014


SRP Kethamakka, Editor's Note, Remodeling the pillars of Ayurveda, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 1-2

efficiency.

5. Equitability

6. Patient centeredness

—provide care that does not

vary in quality because of personal

characteristics such as gender, ethnicity,

geographical location, and socioeconomic

status

—provide care that is

respectful of and responsive to individual

patient preferences, needs, and values

Where inAyurveda defines Health as - the state of

equilibrium of three ( and ),

tissue materials, digestive fire, proper evacuation of

waste materials (feces, urine and sweat), balanced

mental state, senses, and soul (spirit). is

responsible for locomotion and perceptions,

maintain the body temperature (BMR) and enzymatic

reactions and the is responsible for build and

cellular level integrity through fluid maintenance.

ISO 9000's (quality management system)

definition of quality is “degree to which a set of

inherent characteristics fulfils requirement”. In

relation to healthcare, the IOM back in 1998 defines

quality as “The degree to which health services for

individuals and populations increase the likelihood of

desired health outcomes and are consistent with

current professional knowledge”.

The day is promising for the Ayurveda, which is

based on strong fundamental concepts. Our ancestors

have undertaken centuries of observations to record

the facts for health up thrust. The chosen base for

which is even though strong still needs extra support

Dosha Vata, Pitta Kapha

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

for remodeling and establishment of the science for

present circumstances. There by remodeling the

pillars of Ayurveda inevitability. These new

supports are - Quality, safety and efficacy. These are

to be maintained by all the four quadrants of

(Physician, Patient, Attendant, medicine) of

Ayurveda for three- .

is an essential and distinguishing

attribute of something or someone.

is the state of being certain that

adverse effects will not be caused by some

agent under defined conditions.

is the capacity or power to produce

a desired effect.

The medicines that are produced in mass by

mushroomed pharmacies in Ayurveda are unable to

establish the claims either because of non-practice of

text told vegetation methods or with the problems of

procurement. On the other hand non availability of

disease combating protocols and fewer skills in

Ayurveda foundations are pulling the physician to

the bottom line and transformation in to an

alternative practitioner. The improvement in quality,

safety and efficacy of Ayurveda medicine, Physician

skills and attendant nursing staff is the top priority.

We have to accept our weakness and thrive for

establishing as the best is necessary. It is possible in

Ayurveda with new remodeled pillars (Quality,

safety and efficacy) support.

Chikitsa

Sthambha

�

�

�

Quality

Safety

Efficacy

2 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 1, January-March, 2014

Guest Editorial

Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda

O P Gupta

How to cite the article: Gupta O P, Concept of Heart diseases in Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp.3-5

Cardiovascular diseases account for far greater

morbidity and mortality all over the world than any

other ailment. The Coronary artery disease (CAD) is

ranked number one killer, The global burden of

disease study reported almost 25% out of total deaths

(2.3 million) due to cardiovascular diseases [1]. It is

predicted that by 2020 there would be a 111%

increase in cardiovascular deaths in India [2]. The

cause of this increase is said to the epidemiological

transition [3].

Ayurveda is a rich heritage and a vast scientific

system. The Ancient scholars like Charaka (1500

BC), Sushruta (300-400 AD) and Vagbhata (500AD)

have compiled the art and science of Ayurveda

practiced at their times. They were in a position to

explain Anatomical, Physiological, Pathological and

Emergency medical Care with special reference to

conservation of heart.

The oldest scripture i.e. Rigveda mentioned the

basis of Ayurveda is dependent on the theories of

and

pivot on which the science

ofAyurveda revolves [4].

is a dynamic or vital force which causes

senses to perform their functions, holds together all

the elements of the body, assisting adhesion of the

particles and is cause of speech, sound and touch

perception [10]. prepares the material to be

absorbed and metabolized at macro and micro levels

i.e. it manifests itself in different forms viz. chemical

activities like digestion and assimilation and it

generates the heat. on the other hand

participates in various secretions of the body, be it

Triguna, Pancha Mahabhuta, Tridosha, Trimala

Sapta Dhatu;

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

forming the

from mucous membranes and other tissues and

preserves their functions [5]. It generates strength of

the limbs, growth, courage and vitality [11].

Diseases are classified in Ayurveda as

Adventitious Physical

Mental and Natural .

Diseases due to the derangement of and

result from improper food and mode of living

which corroborate with modern medicine. The heart

diseases in Ayurveda can be classified as following

[6].

1.

Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease

Congenital Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease due to vitiation

Cardiovascular Disease due to (a) Trauma (b)

Poisoning

Cardiovascular Disease due to Environmental or

seasonal variations

Cardiovascular Disease due to Infectious diseases

e.g. Endocarditis, etc

Cardiovascular Disease due to Natural ageing

process

Psychological factors leading to Cardiovascular

Disease like hypertension

Cardiovascular Disease due to Idiopathic or

Agantuk ( ), Sharirika ( ),

Manasika ( ) Swabhavik ( )

Vata, Pitta

Kapha

Doshic Vata,

Pitta, Kapha, Sannipatika

Adibalapravrutta:

2. Janmabalapravrutta:

3. Doshabala pravrutta:

4. Sanghatabalapravrutta:

5. Kalabalapravrutta:

6. Upasargaja:

7. Swabhavabalakruta:

8.Adhyatmika:

9. Daivabalakruta:

Emeritus Professor, Department of Medicine, MGIMS, Sewagram (MS), ([email protected])

JISM1340N Received for publication: February 14, 2013;Accepted: September 10, 2013



Gupta O P: Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda, pp 3-5

unknown cause, due to bad deeds of previous lives

How are affected due to vitiated

is well described in Ayurveda- The three

layer of heart are derived from different -

endocardium from and , myocardium

from and pericardium from . Probable

diseases of these three layers of heart due to

involvement of can be explained based on their

. [Table 1]

The Vitiated in coronary arteries may

present as angina pectoris, as inflammation of

and as hardening of arteries due to

atherosclerosis, calcification, plaque formation and

obstruction [7]. Hypertension is described in relation

to as and variety. In

hypertension, the blood pressure fluctuates and

rises with nervous tension. Patients may have

insomnia and irregularity of pulse. They are prone to

get nervous system disorder like encephalopathy, or

stroke. The patients with hypertension have

flushed faces, violent headache, photophobia,

irritability, anger and nose bleed, where as those of

hypertension are generally obese, have

persistent hypertension, edema, high end lipid levels

in blood.

The imparts movements in

and is driving force for electrical activity i.e.

impulse generation and transmission from SA node to

Purkinje fibers and to bring about the mechanical

activity. The vitiation of may be responsible

for tachyarrhythmias / brady-arrhythmias and heart

Dhatus

Tridoshas

Dhatus

Rasa Rakta

Mamsa Meda

Dosha

Vikruta Karmas

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

Doshas Vataja, Pittaja Kaphaja

Vataja

Pittaja

Kaphaja

Vyanvata Rasa

Dhatu

Vyanvata

Table 1 : Probable diseases caused by vitiationDoshic

arteritis

blocks.

Variety of symptoms experienced by the

patients have been described in Ayurvedic literature

( ) [6], like stiffness in cardiac region

( ), stabbing pain in cardiac region

( ), heaviness in heart (

, weakness of heart (

), Cutting pain in heart

( ), pericardial

discomfort (

, pain and discomfort in

heart region (

), feeling emptiness of heart ( ),

pericardial suppression ( ), heaviness of

the heart ), burning sensation ( ),

fluttering of the heart or palpitation (

), Tachycardia ( ), Precordial

twitching + tachycardia ( ) etc. Modern

medicine relates cardiac disease to changed lifestyle,

sedentary habits, type of food, smoking,

hypertension, hyper-lipidemia, increased waist-hip

ratio, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism and stress

resulting in athero-sclerosis, plaque formation in the

coronary arteries and ultimately clogging. This leads

to ischemic damage to cardiac muscle and

subsequently the cardiac dysfunction.

Ayurveda puts forth -

Over eating, heavy and fatty meals, worries,

sedentary habits and over indulgence in sleep are the

causes of cardiac diseases due to . The person

desiring to be protected from the adverse effects

upon his heart, coronary blood vessels, and the

contents thereof should particularly avoid all that

causes of mental affliction [12].

Besides above mentioned causes various

other causes are mentioned in Ayurveda includes

Excessive consumption of food having heavy, dry,

frozen, bitter and astringent qualities; Excessive

physical exertion; Excessive purgation and enema;

Anxiety; Fear; Mental stress; and Side effect of

wrong medication; Suppression of natural urges;

External Injury. Ayurveda views atherosclerosis as

degeneration of the blood vessels caused by

Rugviniscaya

Hradayayama

Hradaya dirana Hradaya

Gaurava) Hradaya Kshobha,

Hradaya Klama

Hradayapatna, Hradayasphotna

Hradaya Pidana, Hradayatoda,

Hrdgraha, Hrdruk, Hrdshula

Hrdadayaruja, Hrdayavyadha,

Hrtpida Hrdsamyata

Hrdstambha

Hrtstyana Hrdadaha

Hradya

Nirmathana Hrdvega

Hrtkamp

Kapha

vR;knue~ x#fLuuX/ka] fpUrue ps”Vue~A

funzk lq[ka pkE;f/kde~ dQ g`nzksxdkj.ke~AA

Layers of

Heart

Diseases

caused by

Vata

Diseases

caused by

Pitta

Diseases

caused by

Kapha

Endocardium

Valvularabnormal-lities

BacterialEndocarditis

Endocardialfibro-elastosis

Myo-cardium

Atrophy /fibrosis anddilatation ofheart

Myo-carditis

Hypertrophy due tostoragedisorders

Pericardium Pericardialconstrictions

Pericarditis Pericardialeffusion


increased in the blood vessels, which make them

hard, thin, and rough. Deposits of lipids and calcium

represent increase in (water & earth element)

in the degenerated vessels resulting in irregular

thickening of blood vessels. Ayurveda therefore

concludes that cardiac disease is caused by an increase

of and vitiation of in the blood vessels.

In a recent study [7] of 300 subjects who

underwent angiography were diagnosed to be

suffering from CAD, it is reported that majority of

them belonged to and i.e.

(62.3%), (17%),

(15.7%) and only 5%. That suggests

individuals with and are more

prone to develop such a disease. It was also noted that

hypertension was highest in group (48.1%)

comparing the others ( - 36, 2%,

27.5%. and 26.7% the same group had strong

correlation with diabetes, hyper-lipidemia and insulin

resistance.

Ayurveda diagnosis thus depends upon

knowing the of individual along with clinical

feature and examination of pulse. The gadgets in

modern medicine are the best available tools

electrocardiograph, CT / MR angiography as non

invasive procedures and coronary angiography, Blood

tests for CK-MB and troponin which indicate damage

to the myocardium.

The first randomized Heart Trial due to lifestyle

causes by Ornish et. Al. in USA [8] and in India by

Manchanda et. al., & Satish Gupta et. al. [9] were

demonstrating usefulness of yoga and allied life-

pattern changes in reversing atherosclerosis in

patients with mild to moderate coronary artery

disease.

Despite spectacular advancement in the

knowledge, technology and devices the morbidity and

mortality in CAD remains high. Moreover after

angioplasty and even coronary bypass surgery, the

chances of recurrence remain high. There should be

integration of modern medicine; with concepts of

Vata

Kapha

Vata Kapha

Vata Kapha Prakriti

Vatakapha Vatapitta Kaphapitta

Kapha

Vata Kapha Prakrit

Vatakapha

Vatapitta Kaphapitta

Kapha

Prakriti

heart diseases and its management mentioned in

Ayurveda in order to protect the heart

.

[1] Beaglehole R, Global cardiovascular disease

prevention: time to get serious: Lancet:

2001:358:661-63

[2] Reddy KS Cardiovascular diseases in India;

WHO stat Q; 1993:46:101-7

[3] Gupta R, Gupta A: Ayurveda, Cholesterol and

coronary heart disease: S Asian J of Preventive

Cardiology: 2002: 6: 32

[4] Rig.Veda I ,35,5

[5] The system of Ayurveda; 1929: By Shiv Sharma,

Bombay, Khemraj Shrikrisnadas, Shri Vekateshwar

steam press

[6] Vorstermans J: A study of cardiovascular

diseases in Ayurveda with special emphasis on the

role of Ayurveda as a complimentary medicine in

selected cardiovascular diseases; 2007 :

http://www.ayurvedawellbeing.co.nz/pdf/ResearchP

aper- 071128.pdf

[7] ICMR-Scientific basis for Ayurvedic Therapies:

2003 Ed Mishra LC; London, Boca

Raton (ISBN 0-8493-1366-X –alk paper)

[8] Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billing J, et al: Intensive

lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart

disease. JAMA: 1998: 280: 2001-07

[9] Manchanda SC, Narang R, Reddy KS, et al

Retardation of coronary athero sclerosis with yoga

lifestyle intervention. J Assoc Physicians India:

2000: 48: 687-94

[10] Sharma RK, Bhagawan das ed., Charaka

Samhita, sutra, 6 ed, 2000, Chowkhambha Sanskrit

series, 12/8, pp 267

[11] Ibid, 12/11-12, pp268

[12] Ibid,, 30/13, pp 428

References :

f=/kkrq 'keZ ogra 'kqHkLifr&&&

losZ”kkap o'kk/khuka okrfiRr'ys”ek.k ,o ewyeA

th

and improve the

quality of life

Gupta O P: Concept of Heart Disease in Ayurveda, pp 3-5


ReviewArticle

Cover Story

Jayanti Veda Tridax procumbens( ) -

Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda

SRP Kethamakka , Meena S Deogade1 2

How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka, Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 6-22

Abstract:

Key words:

Indian Traditional / folklore Medicine is source of many herbs which are not included in Ayurveda

material medica. As potential to develop new compounds and chemotherapeutic agents are found

through in vitro and vivo studies, it is right time to include new herbs in to Ayurveda pharmacopeias.

is one such multifaceted weed available throughout the continent which can be used as a

substitute for many herbs. The prime focus of scientific Ayurveda is to strengthen the herbal treasure

house through Ayurvedic concept based researches. The present endeavor embarks on analyzing the

updated information of identification, phyto-anatomy, phyto-chemical study, toxicity and

therapeutics, to fortify the knowledge of rich traditional folkore practices followed since years to the

well being of mankind.

Kotobukigiku, Coat Buttons Plant

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax, Jayantiveda, Kshudra-Shevantika,

Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM) is an

important source of potentially useful new

compounds for the development of chemotherapeutic

agents. Nature has been a source of medicinal agents

for thousands of years and an impressive number of

modern drugs have been isolated from natural

resources [1]. It has been estimated that herbal

medicines serve about 80% of the world's population

health need for millions of people in the rural areas of

developing countries and more than 65% of the global

population use traditional medicine for basic health

care [2]. WHO estimated that approximately one

fourth of the 500 million prescriptions written in US

each year contain a mention of leafy plant extracts or

active ingredients obtained from or modeled on plant

substances [3]. According to one estimate 20,000 to

35,000 species of plants are used as medicines,

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and neutraceuticals by

different ethnic groups the entire world over [4].

It is necessary to convert ethno-medicine practices

into organized system either following through

scientific extractive evaluations and /or on Ayurveda

systemic approaches. In recent, herbal medicines and

extracts have gained renewed interest for several

reasons; affordability, low pricing, no side effects,

solutions for chronic diseases and disorders, time

tested remedies (folklore), preventive approaches,

etc. [5]. The present review is aimed to notice

biological and medicinal activity of and

introducing such unnoticed herbs for inclusion in

Ayurveda Materia-medica which helps in serving the

ailing mankind

L. is a common

medicinal herb called in Sanskrit [6]

belonging to family . It is best known as a

widespread weed coat buttons plant, wild daisy and

pest plant and Kotobukigiku in Japanese [7]. The

Tridax

.

Tridax procumbens

Jayanti Veda

Asteraceae

Distribution:

1 2Head, Panchakarma, , Reader, Dravyaguna, MGACH&RC, Wardha, (MS),

JISM1403H Received for publication: January 19, 2014;Accepted: February 11, 2014

[email protected]



SRP Kethamakka , Meena SD, Jayanti veda (Tridax procumbens) - Unnoticed Medicinal plant by Ayurveda,pp-6-221

plant is native of tropical America and naturalized in

tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and India [22].

is present throughout India (Andhra Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh [13])

and is employed as indigenous folklore medicine for

variety of ailments. It is widely distributed throughout

Indo Pak region [11, 12].

is a hardy, perennial [14], with week

straggling, hispid, procumbent herb with woody base

sometime rooting at the node, up to 60 cm high or

about 12-24cm long with few leaves 6-8cm long and

very long slender solitary peduncles a foot or more in

length. The leaves are short, hairy and arrow shaped

[17].

It's Leaf is simple, opposite, exstipulate,

ovate-lanceolate 2 to7 cm and lamina pinnatisect,

sometimes three lobed, acute with two types of

flowers such as ray-florets, disk-florets and Basal

placentation, and these flowers are small, long

peduncled heads; achenes 1.5 - 2.5 mm long x 0.5 – 1

mm in diameter and densely ascending pubescent;

persistent; bristles of disc achenes alternately longer

and shorter, 3.5 – 6 mm in length with inflorescence

capitulum. It has daisy-like yellow centered white or

yellow flowers with three toothed ray floret; [18, 19]

and it produces a hard achene cypsela [21] fruit that is

covered with stiff hairs [20]. Its widespread

distribution and importance as a weed are due to its

spreading stems and abundant seed production [22].

The leaf section shows single layered upper

epidermis consisting of polygonal tabular cells about

40-70 m by 15 to 30 m with a single layer of

cylindrical palisade cells about 18 to 30 m wide and

60 to 70 m long, spongy parenchyma 2-4 layered,

cells polyhedral or isodiametric in shape. The root

section shows composed of thin walled tangentially

elongated cells. Cortex composed of oval to

polygonal parenchymatous cell. Simple pitted vessels

are present. The stele is surrounded by a single layer of

pericycle and has xylem and phloem arranged in a

Tridax

Tridax

-

Description:

Microscopic study

μ μ

μ

μ

circle, alternating in position so that each lies on a

different radius. The stem section shows cortex

consisting of 1-2 layers of collenchyma and 6-7

layers of parenchyma. Endodermis is indistinct.

Powder microscopy of the plant showed fibers of

175 m length, and collenchyma cells of 70-115 m

diameter, glandular trichomes of stem are present,

latex cells are seen in the stem, root cortex cells of

diameter 80-120 m are present, spiral vessels are

present in the leaf, unicellular covering trichomes of

length 200 m [55].

Various methods are followed to draw the

extracts of using a soxhlet extractor from

Juice of fresh leaves dried leaves powder, air dried

whole plant is pulverized and extracts are prepared

for 72 hours and the yield found to be 6% W/V at

room temperature [25-32]. Standard solutions were

prepared in methanol for alkaloids and tannins, and

methylene chloride for phytosterols. The linearity of

the dependence of response on concentration was

verified by regression analysis [33]. The extraction

commonly carried out according to Tram method

[34], and of oil with AOAC method 999.02 [35], and

the analysis of sterols was carried out according to

AOAC method 994.10 [36]. This involved

extraction of the lipid fraction from homogenized

sample material, followed by alkaline hydrolysis

(saponification) extraction of the non-saponifiables,

clean-up of the extract, derivatisation of the sterols,

and separation and quantification of the sterol

derivatives by gas chromatography (GC) using a

capillary column [37].

The powder compound obtained from

extract of leaves was administered orally at

different doses by dissolving it in Normal saline [29,

30]. The other method is, 2% acacia suspension was

prepared by suspending 2 gram of accurately

weighed powder in 100 ml of 0.9% saline. 20

ml of vehicle was taken separately to which 2 gram

of dried extract was added and sonicated, this

μ μ

μ

μ

Extraction Procedure:

Preparation of extract dose

Tridax

,

Tridax

Tridax



produce suspension of 100 mg/ml strength. Both

ethanolic extract (TPEE) and

ethyl acetate extract (TPEAE)

suspension were prepared in such manner [38].

:

The Phyoto-chemical investigation reports

the isolation of lipid constituents, sterols, flavonoids,

and polysaccharide; and bergenin derivatives from

[39, 40]. Some of the reported chemical

constituents present in the aerial parts of the plant are

phytosterols; beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol,

campesterol [41] and a characteristic triterpene; beta-

amyrin [42]. The plant yielded interesting compounds

like luteolin, -amyrin, -amyron, lupeol, tria

contanol, fucosterol, campasterol, stigma sterol,

besides arachidic acid, lauric acid, palmatic acid,

flavones and glycosides [43, 44]. The flower yields

steroidal saponin, characterized as b-sitosterol 3-O-b-

D-xylopyranoside, which has been isolated from the

flowers of [45]. The amount of total phenolics

was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in

milligram per gram dry plant extract using the

expression; C = c x V/m [46]

The proximate profile shows that the plant is

rich in sodium, potassium and calcium [47]. Leaf of

mainly contains crude proteins of 26%, 17% of

crude fiber, soluble carbohydrates 39%, and calcium

oxide 5%. Luteolin, glucoluteolin, quercetin and

isoquercetin have been reported from its flowers.

Whereas the fumaric acid, flsitosterol and tannin has

also been reported in the plant [48]. Flower extract has

even b-Sitosterol-3-O-b-Dxylopyranoside [49].

have a high phenolic content of 12 mg/g GAE

(gallic acid equivalent) [50]. Oleanolic acid was

obtained in good amounts and found to be a potential

anti-diabetic agent when tested against aglucosidase

[51]. The presence of flavonoid quercitin is confirmed

in the plant since the HPLC and HPTLC studies of the

ethanolic extract of the whole plant and that of

standard quercitin match each other [52].

isolations are observed with methyl 14

oxoacagaecunoate, methyl 14-oxononacosanoate, 3-

Tridax procumbens

Tridax procumbens

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Phytochemistry

β β

methyl-non adecylben-zene, heptacosanyl

cyclohexane carboxylate, 1-(2,2, dimethyl-3-

hydroxypropyl ) i sobu ty l ph tha la te , 12-

hydroxyte t racosa-15-one , 32-methy l -30-

ozotetraatriacont-31-en-1-ol along with -amyrin, -

amyrone, fucosterol and sitosterol, arachidic,

behenic, lauric, linoeic, linolenic, myristic, palmitic

and stearic acids ]53].

Twenty-three known flavonoids were

detected, consisting mainly of apigenin (29.00%),

quercetin (21.67%), kaempferol (11.20%), (-)-

epicatechin (6.38%), naringenin (4.82%), (+)-

catechin (3.28%), biochanin (3.21%), robinetin

(3.13%), diadzein (2.57%), and nobiletin (2.07%).

Compared to test control, the treatment dose

dependently significantly lowered ( <0.05) alkaline

phosphatase (54 .91-100 .52%), aspar ta te

transaminase (37.74-64.79%), and alanine

transaminase (32.96-57.82%) activities [54].

The “Staire case” method LD was

determined in rats and mice by oral and intra-

peritoneal route. The initial dosing of was

2000 mg/kg p.o. and 800 mg/kg i.p. in both the

species [56]. In acute toxicity studies with a dose of

250 mg/kg of dried extract on mice were observed for

motor reflexes for 48 h. and the study carried out for a

period of 15 days. In chronic toxicity studies in two

groups extract of 250 mg/kg was

administered daily for a period of 15 days. No

mortality was observed and the behavioral pattern

was unaffected [57].

The Ethno pharmacological and traditional

use of plants often results in the discovery of new

biologically active molecules [58]. Plants have a long

history of use in the treatment of many diseases like

cancer, etc [59]. Research is being spotlighted on

plants and their phytochemicals [61] and 74% of the

plant- derived medicines have a modern indication

that correlates with their traditional, cultural and

sometimes ancient uses [62]. Hence, traditional

β β

P

Tridax

Tridax at

Toxicity Studies

Folk & Pharmacology Practices

50



medicine is an important source for the development

of novel chemotherapeutic agents which are less toxic

and more economic [63].

In village side it is a best medicine to stop

hemorrhage from cuts and bruises as anticoagulant

[8]. It is used as an ornamental or fodder plant, and its

leaves are cooked as vegetables [23, 24]. In Nigeria

[9], is traditionally used in the treatment of

fever, typhoid fever, cough, asthma, epilepsy and

diarrhea [10]. In the West Africa sub-region and

tropical zone of the world, Traditional medical

practitioners and the native peoples of these areas use

the leaves of the as a remedy against

conjunctivitis [60]. Traditionally, is used for

the treatment of bronchial catarrh, malaria, stomach

ache, diarrhoea, epilepsy, diabetes, high blood

pressure, hemorrhage, liver problems, and as a hair

tonic [64, 65, 66, 67, 68].

[69] possesses s ign i f ican t

pharmacological practices like - Wound healing [70],

anti-inflammatory [71-74], Analgesic [99],

Immunomodulatory [75,76, 77], Anti-oxidant

[78,79], Anti-hyperglycemic [80] Anti-diabetic

activity [81,82,171] hypotensive effect [83, 84],

Hepatoprotective [85-87], Anti hepatotoxic [88], etc.

The researches on its efficacy over liver injury [89]

and Lung metastasis [90] are noticeable. Its action is

found as Anti-arthritic [91], Anti fungal [92],

antibacterial action [93], Antimicrobial [94] also. The

exhibits antimicrobial activity against both

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [95] and

also found as Antileishmanial [96]. It is parasite [97]

killer and also works as insect repellent [98]. It is also

used as bio-adsorbent for chromium (VI) is one of the

highly toxic ions released into the environment

through leather processing and chrome plating

industries [99].

successfully inhibited the growth of

and

[100]. Its leaves are also used for bronchial catarrh,

dysentery, diarrhoea and also used as preventive

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tr idax

Tridax

Tridax

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia Proteus

vulgaris , Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus

measure for hair falling / promoting hair growth [102,

124, 125] noticed in 1991 [101].

The cardiovascular effects of aqueous leaf

extract (on rat) decreases the mean

arterial blood pressure and the higher dose leads to

significant reduction in heart rate where as lower dose

did not cause any changes in the same [120].

have antiplasmodial activity against

chloroquine-resistant parasites with

aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The RBC protection

started at a concentration of 100 g/ml [121]. In

another study with essential oils of steam distillation

from leaves found for its topical repellency effects

against malarial parasite in

mosquito cages [122, 123].

The n-hexane extract of the flowers showed

activity against Escherichia coli. A whole aerial part

was active against Mycobacterium smegmatis,

Escherichia coli, Salmonella group C and Salmonella

paratyphi. None of the tested extracts was active

against the yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida

tropicalis and Rhodotorula rubra; or the fungi:

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and

Trichophyton rubrum [130].

This plant was also used as a good

bioadsorbent for the removal of highly toxic ions of

Cr (VI) from industrial wastewater. Hence

recommended for bio-remediation [126]. This plant

was also used for bronchial catarrh, dysentery,

diarrhoea and in the West Africa and for a remedy

against conjunctivitis [127, 128, 129].

The studies of Ikewuchi on the elemental

composition [107], Salahdeen on high blood pressure

and heart rate on rats [108], Ravikumar on liver

antioxidant defense system during lipo-

polysaccharide-induced hepatitis [109], weight

reducing activity [110], and analgesic activity [111],

and the protective effects of aqueous extract of the

leaves against cholesterol and salt loading (in Wistar

albino rats) [112, 113] is remarkable. It possesses

antiseptic, insecticidal, parasiticidal properties and

has marked depressant action on respiration [114,

Sprague-Dawley

Tridax

P. falciparum

Anopheles stephensi

Tridax

μ



115, 116, 117] along with nutrient/ nutraceutical

potential of the leaves [118, 119].

Some specific studies have shown that the -

pinene, along with -pinene and other terpenes are

cytotoxic on cancer cells [103]. The - and -pinenes

were strongly reported for its cytotoxic activity on

several cell lines like breast cancer and leukemic cell

lines and anti Prostate Cancer activities [104]. As the

essential oil of has revealed to have -pinene,

-pinene l-phellandrene and Sabinene as their major

bioactive compounds as identified and studies

reveled that its preventive/ chemotherapeutic effect

on experimentally induced lung cancer development.

The essential oil of was found to have 14

compounds and out of which four compounds namely

-pinene (C10H16) -pinene (C10H16) phellandrene

(C10H16) and Sabinene (C10H16) were found to be

the major compounds used for cancer treatment

[105].

The essential oil of showed a high

cytotoxicity of cancer cell death within 24 hrs for 50

g which shows the potency of essential oil on killing

B16F-10 cells in vitro. From the in vivo drug toxicity

study it is clear that the even in its highest

dosage did not show any lethal effect/ abnormality on

C57BL/6 mice, and have taken 50 g as the minimal

dose for the anti-cancer studies. It can be concluded

that the synergistic effects of essential oil of on

chemoprevention of lung cancer development in

B16F- 10 injected mice makes them potentially

valuable drug for cancer treatment [106].

Aqueous extract of the leaves of is an

effective agent in the treatment and prevention of

carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic cytotoxicity.

The data suggest that the daily oral consumption of

the extract was prophylactic to carbon tetrachloride

poisoning. This confirms the use of in

traditional health care for the treatment of liver

problems [131] also.

Human mycoses, especially in immuno-

�

�

Anti-Cancer

Anti-fungal

β

α

α β

α

β

α β

μ

μ

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

compromised patients are not always successfully

treated due to the ineffectiveness or toxicity of the

available antifungal drugs. Minimum inhibitory

concentrations (MIC), minimum fungicidal

concentrations (MFC) and total activity were

evaluated for determination of antifungal potential

of each active extract. Excellent antifungal potential

was recorded for free flavonoid of stem (IZ 12 mm,

AI 1.2, with same MIC and MFC 0.156 mg/ml),

bound flavonoid of stem (IZ 10 mm,AI 1, MIC 0.312

and MFC 0.625 mg/ml) and flower (IZ 10.2 mm, AI

1.02, with same MIC and MFC 0.312 mg/ml) against

. Study indicated that can be used as a

source of formulations of antifungal drug for

treatment of diseases caused by [132].

Plants with antimicrobial potential has

become the need of today's research [133] and

hundreds of plant species have been tested for

antimicrobial properties, the vast majority have not

been adequately evaluated [134]. The traditional

medicinal plants are emerging as potential sources of

new antimicrobial agents [135] and several workers

have reported antibacterial activities of local plants

[136, 137, 138]. The development and spread of

multi drug resistant super bugs especially in the

hospital environment, continues to be a burning

global issue due to the indiscriminate and irrational

use of antibiotics [139]. The antimicrobial potential

of this herb is tested with methanolic extract was

found to be more effective than water extract against

all bacteria. Author suggests that -amyrin found in

the leaves of this plant could be responsible for its

antimicrobial activity [140].

Various studies on the anti-bacterial activity

of revealed that the plant extract was effective

on

as well as

for fungus and

[141-147]

Antioxidants prevent the damage done to

A. niger Tridax

A. niger

Tridax

Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus

vulgaris, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus,

Aspergillus niger Candida albicans

�

�

Anti-bacterial

Antioxidant

β



cells by free radicals-molecules that are released

during the normal metabolic process of oxidation.

Some of these free radicals include reactive oxygen

free radicals species (ROS), reactive hydroxyl

radicals (OH.), the superoxide anion radical (O .),

hydrogen peroxides (H O ) and peroxyl (ROO.)

which generates metabolic products that attack lipids

in cell membranes or DNA and associated with

several types of biological damage [148]. Numerous

reports indicate variations in the levels of

antioxidants in the diabetic patients [149, 150].

Studies around the world have identified many new

plant constituents with antioxidant activity, among

these are the polyphenols [151]. The results of the

DPPH radical scavenging activity of against

test sample and standard (gallic and ascorbic acids

(Fluka)) shows that possesses very high

percentage antioxidant activity, 96.70% at a

concentration of 250μg/ml. It shows a reductive

potential of 0.89 nm. extracts may have

hydrogen donors thus scavenging the free radical

DPPH, with highAA% of 96.70% at 250μg/ml which

was observed to be higher than even those of the

standards (ascorbic and gallic acids) at a

concentration of 250 g/ml used [152].

plants are rich sources of natural

antioxidant. has a percentage

antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was

observed to be higher than those of gallic (92.92%)

and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as standards [172].

The clinically useful drugs against pain and

inflammation exhibit many adverse effects; this leads

to considerable interest in search of safer drug for

these conditions [153]. The study of plants that have

been traditionally used as pain killers should still be

seen as a fruitful and logical research strategy, in the

search for new analgesic drugs [154, 155]. has

shown significant anti-inflammatory action

influencing exudates, leucocyte migration, rat paw

edema and granuloma. The anti-inflammatory action

of may possibly be due to corticotrophic

2

2 2

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

T. procumbens

Tridax

Tridax

μ

� Anti-inflammatory (exudates)

influence as evident from increase in weight. This

adrenal corticotrophic effect might be indirectly

inhibiting the inflammation by secretion of

endogenous cortical hormones. The model of

leucocyte migration has been used as this is an

essential step in the development of inflammation

[156]. The leucocyte migration and exudate studies

done at the end of six hours [157, 158] inhibit the

accumulation of exudate and leucocyte migration

between 3 to 6 hrs after carrageenin [159], but there

is disagreement about the steroidal activity [160].

The higher doses have been used as lower doses do

not affect leucocyte migration. The results of

are comparable to NSAIAS in all respects. A study

reveals that none of the drugs tested potentiated

either exudates volume or leucocyte migration. It is

suggested that leucocyte migration will detect

weaker anti-inflammatory activity and recommend

as a good model for rapid screening [161]. It has

been reported that prostaglandins are involved in

causing gastric ulcers. A study is expressive that

does not cause ulcer indicating less

involvement of prostaglandins in anti-inflammatory

effect [162]. Formalin induced persistent pain

(Biphasic pain), Acetic acid induced writhing test

(Peripheral pain) and CFA induced hyper analgesia

in rat (Inflammatory pain) were tested with

against standard (Diclofenac Sodium).

The measurement of mechanical hyperalgesia was

done at 30, 60 and 120 min. 400mpk in

Normal Saline vehicle, Kg/10mL on Rats as dose

volume for Biphasic pain exhibits 95±09 % of

reversal. The same quantification of extract

relives peripheral pain 78±07 % Reversal and

inflammatory pain with 27±8 % Reversal. The %

reversal =100 – (AVG response of test drug/ AVG

response of vehicle*100). Oral administration of

extract of significantly reduced

mechanical hyper analgesia in CFAinjected rats. As

this anti nociceptive property of the extract may be

attributed to the presence of flavonoids and

phytosterol which are present in the plant However,

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

procumbens

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax procumbens

-



the isolated flavanoid such as procumbentin and

quercetin and sterols such as sitosterol may show

more pronounced analgesic activity compared to the

extract, particularly in the formalin – induced pain

model, acetic acid induced writhing and in the

inflammatory pain model [163].

The effects of an indigenous drug, on

developing granulation tissue in rats were studied at 4

day intervals up to 32 days of wounding. Lysyl

oxidase activity, protein content, specific activity, and

breaking strength were all increased in drug-treated

animals as compared to controls. A fall in the lysyl

oxidase activity was observed in drug-treated animals

after day 8. The drug may be having a dual role: one a

stimulatory (direct) effect in the initial phase of

wound healing and the other a depressant (indirect)

effect in the later stage [164]. antagonized anti-

epithelization and tensile strength depressing effect of

dexamethasone (a known healing suppressant agent)

without affecting anti-contraction and anti-

granulation action of dexamethasone [165]. The

effect of various extracts (whole plant extract,

aqueous extract, butanol extract and ether fraction) of

this plant has been studied in dead space wound

model [166]. The authors have reported that whole

plant extract has the greatest pro-healing activity with

increase in tensile strength and lysyl oxidase activity

among the various extracts in both normal and

immuno-compromised (steroid treated) rats in dead

space wound model. The plant increased not only

lysyl oxidase but also, protein and nucleic acid

content in the granulation tissue, probably as a result

of increase in glycosamino glycan content [167].

Kshudra-shevantika ( ) in human show not

much significant ulcer healing against standard drug

Jatyadi taila [179].

at 250 and 500 mg/kg has displayed

significant anti-arthritic activity comparable with that

of indomethacin. The ethanolic whole plant extract of

exerts an anti-arthritic activity by significantly

β

�

�

Wound healing

Anti-arthritic

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

altering the pathogenesis during FCA -induced

arthritis in female SD rats without exerting any side

effects [170].

ethanolic extract showed better

results than ethyl acetate extract at 300mg/kg

comparatively; as ethanolic extract showed

significant (P<0.001– 0.05) whereas ethyl

acetate extract was less significant (P<0.05)

comparing with various groups by One way ANOVA

followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. The

Rheumatoid factor was found negative in animals of

all groups of Rat adjuvant polyarthritis. The

migration of leucocytes into the inflamed area is

significantly suppressed by ethanolic extract

when compared to standard drug (Diclofenac

sodium, Cyclophosphamide), as seen from the

significant reduction in the total WBC count [168].

Earlier findings suggest that absorption of 14C-

glucose and 14C-leucine in rat's intestine was

reduced in the case of inflamed rats [169].

Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the

world; Diabetes is 5 in top 10, of the most significant

diseases in the developed world and is still gaining

significance [171]. The practical usage of juices of

various plants achieved the lowering of blood

glucose by 10-20% [173]. Alloxan [174, 175]

induced Experimental studies revels that the aqueous

and alcoholic extracts from leaves (200

mg/kg) orally administered for 7 days produced a

significant decrease in the blood glucose level.

Petroleum extract exhibits very weak anti-diabetic

activity [176]. can impart not only by

hypoglycemic effects but also by improving lipid

metabolism, antioxidant status, and capillary

function [177] in diabetics. The profile of

malondialdehyde and antioxidant vitamins in the test

rats clearly indicate cardio-protective potential and

protects against oxidative stress in ocular tissues and

support its use in traditional health care practices for

the management of diabetes mellitus [178].

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

Tridax

� Anti-diabetic

th


Discussion:

Conclusion:

References :

Tridax procumbens

Tridax

Tridax

Bhringraj

Bhringaraj

Tridax

Tridax

Jayanti

Veda

leaves have been

traditionally and now experimentally used worldwide

for its versatile therapeutic properties.

At the backdrop of increasing importance of

herbal alkaloid usage in medical practice it is

necessary to identify the active alkaloids of folk use

plants for its therapeutic values. The , a weed

spread all over, being time tested and passed through

various in vivo and vitro studies, it could not make its

place in either Ayurveda or Alkaloid therapeutics. It is

far for the understanding of the common Ayurveda

practitioners' wisdom to include the local weeds in to

daily practice and the planners are under the crutches

of hypocrisy. It is found that is dispensed as

“ ”, (adulteration) which is well known

Ayurvedic medicine for liver disorders [15, 16]. It is

because of the scarcity of or not imparted

importance to .

For many,Ayurveda principles are hard nut to

crack and a simple chemical evaluation is the better

way to adopt. Thus, following the extracting methods

of alkaloid and testing on animals, which are against

to the holistic approach is being practiced at present.

, which is wildly used in folklore medicine, has

established its therapeutic uses with innumerable

studies of in vitro and vivo which recommends itself

to be placed in Ayurveda Dravyaguna and Pharmacy.

However, future researches based on Ayurveda

concept are to be initiated to potentiate the

. Ayurveda herbal treasure house is to be

expanded with new herbal species identified from

folk practice as there is restrictions or extinction of

known herbs.

[1] Ankita Jain et.al, Tridax Procumbens (L.): AWeed

With Immense Medicinal Importance: A Review,

International Journal of Pharma & Bio Sciences; Jan-

Mar 2012, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp.544.

[2] General Guidelines for Methodologies on

Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine.

World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

2001, 1.

[3] C.P. Malik, Medicinal Uses, Chemical

Constituents And Micro Propagation Of Three

Potential Medicinal Plants, Int. J. of Life Science &

Pharma Resaecrh, Vol 2/Issue 3/Jul-Sept 2012, pp L-

58.

[4] Trivedi, PC. Herbal medicine: traditional

practices (Ed); Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur. 2006;

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57-76.

[6] Chitra Pai1, Ujjwala Kulkarni, Manjusha Borde,

Sowmya Murali, P. Mrudula1 and Yashwant

Deshmukh, Antibacterial Activity of Tridax

procumbens with Special Reference to Nosocomial

Pathogens, British Journal of Pharmaceutical

Research, 2011, 1(4): 164-173,

[7] Saxena VK, Albert S. -Sitosterol-3-O- -D-

xylopyranoside from the fl owers of Tridax

procumbens Linn. J Chem Sci. 2005; 117:263–266.

[8] Ali M, et.al, Phytochemical communication a

new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax

procumbens, Fitoterapia, (2001), 72:313-315.

[9] J. D. Habila1, I. A. Bello, A. A. Dzikwi, H. Musa

and N. Abubakar, Total phenolics and antioxidant

activity of Tridax procumbens Linn., African Journal

of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 4(3), March

2010, pp. 123-126,

[10] MannA,Abdulkadir NU, Muhammad G (2003).

Medicinal and Economic Plants of Nupe Land. Juber

Evans Books and Publication pp. 78.

[11] Durgacharan AB, Suresh GK, Rahul SA.

Antidiabetic activity of leaf extract of Tridax

procumbense. Int J Green Pharm 2008; 2:126 128.

[12] Ikewuchi Jude C, Ikewuchi Catherine C, Igboh

Ngozi M. Chemical Profile of Tridax procumbense

Linn. Pakistan J Nutrition 2009; ]8:548 550.




Β β

-

-




Pharma Research, Vol 2/Issue 3/Jul-Sept 2012, pp L-

67

[14] Chauhan BS et al, Ecology of Two Troublesome

Asteraceae Species of Rainfed Rice: Siam Weed

(Chromolaena odorata) and Coat Buttons (Tridax

procumbens) Johnson. Weed Science, 2008; 56:

567–573.

[15] Pathak AK, Saraf S, and Dixit VK: Hepato

protective activity of Tridax procumbens L. Part I.

Fitoterapia 1991; 62: 307-313.

[16] Bhagwat DA, Killedar SG, Adnaik RS, Intnl. J.

Green Pharma, 2008, 2, 126.

[17] Jahangir M. Chemical and biological studies on

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Tridax procumbens


Assistant professor, Department of Shalakya Tantra, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital & Research center,Salod, Wardha. ([email protected])JISM1358H Received for publication: December 24, 2013; Accepted: January 13, 2014

ReviewArticle

Management of Geriatric Eye disorders

with Ayurvedic Measures

Hande Minal

How to cite the article Hande Minal, Management of

Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 23-28

Abstract:

Key Words: e p

The deterioration of vision in elderly people is a major health problem. Like every part of our body, our

eyes change as we grow older.Aging of the eyes affects all ocular structures. By the age 50, one in every three has

some vision impairing eye disease. Common Geriatric eye problems are Cataract, Glaucoma, Age related

Macular degeneration (AMD), Diabetic Retinopathy, Dry eye syndrome, Ptosis, Entropion, Ectropion, Floaters,

Blepharospasm etc. The prevalence rate of each of these ocular conditions increases with age. Three fourth of all

blindness and vision impairment are either preventable or treatable. The biggest challenge with Geriatric eye

problem is that in most of the cases the condition cannot be attributed to a single cause. Ayurveda has the

interventions those enhance physiological processes that influence metabolic and immunological status, (like

) & such interventions are significant in the context of Geriatric care. Subsequent eye

diseases were reviewed fromAyurvedic and biomedical literature and corresponding preventive strategies were

searched. The review elaborates over the concept of geriatric eye disorders and their management through

therapy , of eye and procedures. It would be

appropriate to consider these time tested ancient measures on scientific parameters so thatAyurveda can help the

sufferings in a better way.

Geriatric ye roblems, vision impairment, Ayurvedic measures

Chyavanprasha,Triphala

Dincharya, Rituchary, Rasayana , Yoga Kriyakalpas Panchakarma

Introduction

The deterioration of vision in the elderly is a

major health care problem. Approximately one

person in the three has some form of vision reducing

eye disease by the age 65. [1, 2]

Functional abilities, independence (Driving

& cooking), and qualities of life issues (Reading,

watching TV, seeing grandchildren) & mental health

are of great concern to Geriatricians and their

patients. [3] Elderly people generally wish to live

independently as long as possible which requires

them to be able to engage in self-care and other day

today activities. Vision impairment is associated with

a decreased ability to perform activities of daily living

and an increased risk for depression. [4]

Often the treatment is as simple as

prescribing spectacles (as in Pressbyopia) or

operation (as in case of cataract). Three fourth of all

blindness and vision impairment are either

preventable or treatable. [5, 6]

Most of the eye ailments occurring in today's

era are unfortunately lifestyle related. Long hours of

work, travel, irregular food habits, entertainment like

television and computers including smoking &

drinking habit play their role in early stages i.e.

young adults (between 30- 45 years of age). These

causes lead to degenerative and regenerative

diseases of the eye like early Pressbyopic changes



Hande Minal, Geriatric Eye disorders with Ayurvedic Measures, J-ISM V2-N1, pp 23-28

(before 40 years), Age related macular degeneration,

Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, early cataract

formation, dry eye syndrome and many others.[7,8]

Even though numbers of treatment

modalities are available, unfortunately the results of

most of these have been disappointing. [9] Success of

treatment has been measured in terms of only arrest of

vision loss rather than gain in vision. [9] Which

suggests that the existing measures and technologies

are not enough to solve these problems.

Ayurveda on the other hand has interventions

those enhance physiological process and

immunological status i.e. health promoting agents.

is a method to slow down the aging process

in the human being during degenerative phase of one's

life. [10]

One of the basic human rights is the right to

see. We have to ensure that no citizen goes to blind

needlessly or being blind does not remain so, if by

reasonable development of skill and resources, sight

can be prevented from deteriorating or if already lost,

can be restored.

Science of Ayurvedic Ophthalmology goes

hand in hand with this policy.

There are four major age related eye diseases

mainly-

Age related Macular degeneration (AMD),

Glaucoma, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy

It is a leading cause of blindness in patients

over the age of 50 years. Macular degeneration is

usually of older adults that results in a loss of vision in

the center of the visual field because of damage to the

retina. At least10% of people aged between 65 and 75

will have lost some central vision due to AMD. [7] In

those older than 75 years, 30% will be affected to

some degree. The usual symptoms are- Blurred

vision, Central scotomas (shadows or missing areas of

vision in the center of visual field), Distorted vision

(i.e. metamorphopsia) – A grid of straight lines

appears wavy, Color confusions, Slow recovery of

visual function after exposure to bright light. [11, 12]

Rasayana

MATERIAL& METHODS

National Policy-

Age related Macular degeneration

(AMD)-

AMD occurs in dry (90% of cases) and wet

(10 % cases) forms. Dry AMD begins with small,

discrete, slightly elevated yellow deposits called

drusen in the macula at the posterior pole of both

fundi. [Fig-1]

Dry macular degeneration

In case of wet AMD due to abnormal new blood

vessels formation, there will be sudden haemorrhage

& loss of vision. Modern treatment modalities

available are laser photocoagulation, photodynamic

therapy, injections (for wet AMD) and formulations

of antioxidant and zinc (for dryAMD). [13,14]

According to Ayurveda , macular

degeneration is (dry AMD), (wet AMD)

predominant . So

concentrating on head and eye is necessary. For this

by oil,

etc. are beneficial. Medicine for each

of these procedures should be selected very carefully

according to the body constitution of the patient, age,

mental status of the patient. [15-17]

In wet AMD, it is very important to start the

treatment immediately otherwise persistent oedema

will make irreversible damage in retina.

and drugs are

suitable for this. Some drugs for eye

diseases are ,

(Three myrobalans),

, and

).[18,19]

The treatment procedure should be mainly

Fig-1

Vata Pitta

Vata Shamanchiki tsa

Brimhananasyam, Sirobasti, Sirodhara

Netratarpana

Pittashamana, Chakshushya Rasayan

Rasayan

Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculata)

Triphala Satavari (Asparagus

racemosus) Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Amalaki (Emblica officinalis


Ksheerdhara, Netrasekam, Bidalakam etc.[20,21]

it is a group of disorders which

causes glaucomatous optic nerve damage that lead to

direct vision loss as a result of increased intraocular

pressure. The most prevalent form of glaucoma is

Primary open angle glaucoma.[22]

Primary open angle glaucoma- 'Silent thief of

sight', most of the patients will be unaware of the

development of the disease. In early stages, there will

be no visual symptoms. Mild headaches, heaviness,

feeling of fullness in the eyes, decrease in distant

vision & visual field especially peripheral. [Fig-2] and

increased optic disc cupping [Fig-3] are the main

symptoms

: Decrease in distant vision &

visual field in Glaucoma

: Fundus photograph demonstrates

glaucomatous optic disc cupping and pallor

Glaucoma-

Fig-2

Fig-3

Primary angle closure glaucoma- onset is sudden. In

most of cases redness of eye, congestion of vessels,

severe pain, photophobia, headache are the main

symptoms.[22]

According to , glaucoma is best correlated

with a condition known as and is of four

basic type i.e. . [23]

Generally speaking regulates retinal nerve

function whereas nourishes the eye and

acts to drain it in context with .Ayurvedic

management of glaucoma consists of four modalities

diet regulations, treatment, oral

medicines, & meditation.

The rejuvenating medicines of ( )

give strength to the optic nerve & hence restore the

vision within limitations. Diet for prevention & cure

of glaucoma should be rich in vitamins & minerals

which include zinc, copper, antioxidant, vitamin C,

B, E, A & Selenium.[24,25] procedure

like

are of great help in

glaucoma.[26] In oral medications daily use of

in early stages of

glaucoma is very useful

etc. can be given to the patients.

[26, 27] & meditation are always beneficial &

have played a vital role in curing every eye disease. It

helps by reducing stress to reduce & prevent IOP.[24]

Apart from this Acharya Vaghbhata described para-

surgical measures like &

.[28]

it is the significant

cause of vision morbidity in the elderly population.

The prevalence of DR rises with increasing duration

of Diabetes. However significant DR may be

observed in the elderly at the time of diagnosis or

during the first few years of diabetes. It is to be

remembered that even though blood sugar level is

within normal limits, there are chances of developing

DR in a diabetic patient. Signs & symptoms: - Blurred

vision & gradual vision loss, floaters, photophobia,

scotomas in vision.[29]

Stages of DR- Non proliferative, Proliferative DR

[Fig-4] [30,31]

Ayurveda

Adhimantha

Vataj, Pittaj, Kaphaj, Raktaj

Vata

Kapha Pitta

Adhimantha

Panchakarma

Yoga

Ayurveda Rasayana

Panchakarma

Thalam, Sirodhara, Nasyam, Virechana,

Netradhara, Anjana

Triphala Churna, Haritaki Churna,

. Mahatriphala Ghrita,

Punarnawadi Kwath

Yoga

Dahan Karma

Jalaukacharan

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)-



Fig-4 :

Cataract-

Proliferative Diabetic retinopathy

According to , the course of DR can be

classified into three stages

I n i t i a l s t a g e o f d o m i n a n c e

) - The line of treatment

etc. are more preferable

in this stage than ophthalmic application as there will

be no considerable ophthalmic symptoms.

Stage of dominance- There will be

considerable visual problems. The patient may

experience blurring of vision, sudden decrease in

vision, metamorphosia, photophobia etc

should be the line of treatment.

, etc. are

preferable. herbs not only reverse the blood

clots formed in retina & vitreous but also strengthen

the metabolic function so that further chances of blood

leakage can be minimized.All things are possible only

if there is strict control of blood sugar.

Stage of predominance or stage of

complication- the treatment varies according to

particular complication. For example if it is

detachment predominant should be considered,

if there is neovascularisation, should be

considered more. The treatment should vary

accordingly.[32,33]

It is the most commonly seen disease of old

age responsible for highest percentage of blindness

worldwide. Symptoms of cataract: - hazy vision [Fig-

5], photophobia, watering of eyes.[34]

Ayurveda

K a p h a

(Netrabhishyanda Sirodhara,

Nasyam, Gandusham, Kaval

Pitta

. Pitta

Shaman Sirodhara,

Netrasekam, Bidalaka Aschotanam,

Ayurvedic

Tridosha

Vata

Pitta

�

�

�

Fig-5 :

Fig-6 :

Pressbyopia-

Vision in cataract

Cataract in is thought to be due to

vitiation of all three i.e. .

believes that cataract can reversed if it is

diagnosed in initial stage. treatment

modalities like , &

oral medications like drugs

slow down or arrest the progression of cataract from

immature to mature stage[Fig-6].[35]

Mature cataract

Other Geriatric eye disorders are Pressbyopia, Dry

eye syndrome, Entropion, Ectropion, Ptosis, Floaters,

Blepharospasam etc.

It is a very common vision

disorder that occurs & worsens as the person grows

old. Pressbyopia results in the inability to focus up the

close objects. This can be corrected with refraction

simply.[36]

Because of our lifestyle changes, more use of

computers, watching TV and lack of exercise, the

eye's natural lens hardens and as a result, the eye is not

Ayurveda

Doshas Vata, Pitta, Kapha

Ayurveda

Ayurvedic

Virechana, Anjana, Aschotanam

Chakshushya rasayan



able to focus light directly on to the retina. But we

care about eyes, light yoga exercise, eye exercise, diet

regulations, doing like

regularly & some intake

drugs, we can arrest the lens hardening earlier (before

40-45 age) and also prevent further degenerative

process of the eye.[37]

Vision is the priceless gift from God, blessing

us to enjoy the beauty of this world. Eye , being the

most delicate organ in human body, need special care

and geriatric age is the phase of life that require more

and more attention to enjoy functional abilities,

independence, qualities of life and mental health.[3]

One of the basic human rights is the right to

see. We have to ensure that no citizen goes to blind

needlessly or being blind does not remain so. Science

of Ayurvedic Ophthalmology goes hand in hand with

this policy.

The diseases that affect geriatric eye sight

include Age related Macular degeneration (AMD),

Glaucoma, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy,

Pressbyopia, Dry eye syndrome, Entropion,

Ectropion, Ptosis, Floaters, Blepharospasam etc. but

treated in time with skill of experience, the sight can

be protected, at least minimize the deterioration.

Ayurveda procedures provide effective

treatment; with regards to etc

which have to be conducted under utmost medical or

aseptic conditions, to prevent untoward effects.

for eye,

, Diet regulations,

& provides significant benefits

which can slow down or arrest the aging process of

eyes in the human being during degenerative phase of

life.

The drugs used in modern medicine in the

management of Geriatric eye disorders have its own

limitation and the success rate of surgery (Glaucoma,

Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinal detachment) is very

low. For which the Indian system of medicine has a lot

to offer in the treatment of Age related Macular

degeneration (AMD), Glaucoma, Cataract, and

Netrakriyakalpas Tarpana,

Netradhawan Netrarasayan

Akshitarpana, Anjana,

Rasayana Karma Netrakriyakalpas,

Ritucharya, Dinacharya

Panchakarma Yoga

DISCUSSION :

CONCLUSION :

Diabetic Retinopathy.

A variety of systemic and local procedures were

practiced for these conditions. But today perhaps

they are absolutely of limited practice, Hence it

would be appropriate to try these time tested ancient

measures on scientific parameters so that Ayurveda

can help the sufferings in a better way.

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[2] David A, Quillen, Common Causes of Vision Loss in

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[29] A.K.Khurana, Diseases of the retina. Comprehensive

Ophthalmology 4, New Delhi: New age international

limited, publisher; 2007: 259-260.



6.


approach. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999: 479-

91.

[32] Datta ShastriAmbika, SushrutSamhita, 12. Varanasi:

Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2001: p 40-48.

[33] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata roga, Textbook of

Shalakya tantra. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;

2012: 555.

[34] A.K.Khurana, Diseases of the lens. Comprehensive

Ophthalmology, New Delhi: New age international


[35] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata roga, Textbook of

Shalakya tantra. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;

2012: 578.

[36] A.K.Khurana, Optics and refraction. Comprehensive

Ophthalmology, New Delhi: New age international


[37] Uday Shankar, Drishtigata Roga, Textbook of

Shalakya tantra. 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;

2012: 611-614.



1 2, 3 & 4

6

Research Officer (Scientist-3), Research Officer,

Asstt.Director I/c, National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute,

Bangalore, JISM1328N Received for publication: June 19, 2013; Accepted: December 21, 2013

Research Officer (Scientist-3), RRA Podar Ayurveda

Cancer Research Institute, Worli, Mumbai.

5

Original Article

Preliminary standardization of Vasavaleha

prepared by two different methods of extraction

Venkateshwarlu G , Shantha TR , Kishore KR , Shubhashree MN , Reddy RG , Sridhar BN1 2 3 4 5 6

How to cite the article: Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Preliminary standardization of Vasavalehaprepared by two different methods of extraction, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 29-34

Abstract

Key words

Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design. carries high reputation for providing

early thoughts relating to theories and techniques of different aspects of pharmaceuticals sciences. The present

study deals with the physic-chemical analysis of prepared by two different methods of extraction

i.e., the direct squeezing method [ ] and the method. Hence in order to observe, compare and

interpret the changes that might occur during the different methods of preparation, this study was planned

incorporating the physicochemical analysis & TLC. Non reducing sugars were found more in

prepared by extraction method than the method. Successive extraction with ethyl alcohol has

shown that method yielded more organic constituents. TLC has revealed that there were two

additional Rf values observed in method using the Benxene: Ethyl acetate (6:1) as compared to the rest

seen in method. The results provide preliminary hints towards phytochemical mechanism involved in

traditional method of preparation.

– , Physico-chemical studies

Ayurveda

Vasavalehya

Swarasa Putapaka

Vasavalehya

Swarasa Putapaka

Putapaka

Putapaka

Swarasa

Vasaka Adathoda vasica, Putapaka, Vasavalehya,

Introduction

Vasaka Adhatoda vasica

A. vasica,

Vasavalehya

Vasaka

Vasaka

[ (Nees)] possesses

wide spectrum of medicinal activities [1]. It is an

ingredient of many Ayurvedic polyherbal

formulations used in the management of respiratory

ailments including cough, bronchitis [2], and asthma

[3]. It has effective mucolytic and expectorant

properties [4]. Vasicine and vasicinone are the two

major alkaloids of known to possess

interesting biological activities including respiratory,

stimulant, bronchodilator, and hypotensive activities

[3]. The principles quite akin to current day

pharmaceutical processes have been compre-

hensively described in treatise of Ayurveda known as

Bhaishajya Kalpana [4]. is a semisolid

polyherbal medicinal formulation prepared mainly

with the sap from the leaves of with the

addition of sugar candy. There are two methods of

obtaining sap, first method is to directly

express the crushed leaves (known as

method) and second method is subjecting a bolus of

crushed fresh leaf to heat followed by expressing the

sap (known as method). In Ayurveda,

prepared using sap obtained as

per first method is indicated in respiratory disorders,

whereas that prepared using sap obtained as

per second method is indicated in bleeding disorders

[5]. The differential indication is the moot research

question of this study. The changes in

physicochemical and thin layer chromatography

parameters might give useful hints in deciphering the

mechanisms involved in changes occurring in the

sap obtained with and without heat

application used in the preparation of .

Physicochemical evaluation of the two

samples of prepared by different

methods prescribed inAyurveda- (fresh

Swarasa

Putapaka

Vasavaleha Vasaka

Vasaka

Vasaka

Vasavaleha

Vasavalehya

Swarasa

Aim and Objective



Venkateshwarlu G et.al. Extraction standardization of Vasavaleha, pp 29-34

expressed sap) and method (sap extraction

after heat application) and to compare the changes in

the physicochemical parameters of above samples.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics

in Ayurveda is explained in terms of certain attributes

of an ingredient used as medicine or food. The

description in brief are as follows; [tastes viz.,

(sweet), (sour) (saline),

(pungent) and (astringent)].

[properties (effect it has on the body after ingestion

and assimilation including the nature of its interaction

with digestive juices), viz., (light for

digestion), guru (heavy for digestion).

(dryness) and so on]. [potencies (release or

conservation of energy during digestion and

metabolism) viz., (releases energy

during digestion and metabolism) and

(conserves energy during digestion and metabolism)].

[post digestive effect on metabolism viz.,

(sweet), (sour), (pungent)].

Based on these the probable action of a drug or food

can be predicted and understood in terms of action on

a ( or ) known as

. is systemic action

or is specific action on a

particular disease. has (bitter),

(astringent) with . It is

and in with

action. It is indicated in

, [6, 7]. The antitussive activity

of is similar to codeine against coughing

induced by irritant aerosols [8] possess a wide

spectrum of medicinal properties including positive

effects on inflammatory diseases [5]. also has

(Pungent) is in

with attaining

. It has action [5], thereby

has a synergistic effect along with in the

treatment of . It is an expectorant, useful

in asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory ailments.

leaves were procured from the Survey

of Medicinal Plants Unit (SMPU), NationalAyurveda

Dietetics Research Institute, Bangalore (NADRI-B).

After cleansing them of physical impurities the sap

Putapaka

Rasa

Madhura Amla Lavana Katu

Kashaya Guna

Laghu

Ruksha

Veerya

Ushna Veerya

Sheeta Veerya

Vipaka

Madhura Amla Katu

Dosha Vata, Pitta Kapha

Doshaghnata Karma

Vyadhiharatva Prabhava

Vasaka Tikta

Kashaya Rasa Katu Vipaka

Laghu, Ruksha Sheeta Guna

Kaphapittashamaka Kasa,

Shwasa Rajayakshma

Vasaka

Vasaka

Pippali

Katu Rasa, Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna

Guna Anushna Sheeta Veerya Madhura

Vipaka Kaphavatashamaka

Vasaka

Kasa, Shwasa

Vasaka

Ayurvedic description of leaves

Materials & Methods

Extraction of sap:

Vasaka

Vasaka

from the leaves of was extracted in two

different methods as follows [9]:

method (SM): the leaves were crushed

and fresh expressed sap was collected

separately.

method (PM): separate set of crushed

leaves were subjected to heat and then the sap

was collected.

Equipments used were mortar and pestle, sieve, tray

for drying, mixer, and cooker, stove.

The was prepared in the Drug

Standardization Research Unit of NADRI-B. The

details of the ingredients used are given tables 1 & 2

and Figures.1-5. sap is prepared as per two

different methods as mentioned above.

(Ing. 3) and (Ing.5) were powdered

separately.

The was prepared in the same

method as above by using sap of

method in place of method [10-13], (Fig.6).

Both samples of SMV and PMV were used

for the analysis. Physico-chemical & preliminary

phytochemical analysis of two samples were carried

out employing standard procedures and using GPR

grade reagen t s [ (WHO, 1996) Br i t i sh

Pharmacopoea, Indian Pharmacopoea].

Vasaka

1) Swarasa

2) Putapaka

Vasavaleha

Vasaka

Sharkara

Pippali

Vasavaleha

Vasaka Putapaka

Swarasa

Method of Preparation of

-SM (SMV)

-PM (PMV)

Methodology of PhysicochemicalAnalysis

Vasavalehya

Vasavalehya

Vasavalehya

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Vasavalehya-SM (SMV) Step 1: Vasaka sap is

mixed with Sharkara (sugar) and syrup is formed.

The preparation at this state is known as and is

examined by the following markers; when a small drop of

the preparation is put between pressed opposing fingers, a

thread like consistency connects the separating fingers;

When a drop of the said preparation is put into water (of

room temperature) in a glass beaker, the drop sinks to the

bottom. These are as per ayurvedic principles of

preparation

After separating the preparation from fire, fine

powder of (Ing. 5) was added and stirred

vigorously to form a homogenous mixture.

The hot mixture was mixed completely with

clarified butter (ghee; Ing. 4).

After the mixture cooled to room temperature it

was again mixed completely with honey [10-13]

The final homogenous semisolid mixture was then kept in

an airtight container and labeled.

Vasaka

Paka

Pippali


Soxhlet Extraction

Thin Layer Chromatography

RESULTSAND DISCUSSION

Physicochemical analysis

: Solvents like Petroleum ether,

benzene, chloroform and alcohol were used for

extraction. The resin powder of sample 1 was filled in

the thimble of soxhlet apparatus. The material was

exhaustively extracted with petroleum ether (40°C)

for about 48 hours. The solvent was distilled off at low

temperature and under vacuum and concentrated on

water bath to get semisolid liquid. After extracting

with petroleum ether, the material was refluxed with

other solvents like benzene, chloroform and alcohol

[2]. The same procedure was repeated for sample 2.

Benzene: Ethyl acetate (6:1) ; Benzene: Ethyl

acetate (4:1) Benzene:Ethyl acetate (1:1)

Comparative TLC was done using three different

concentrations of Benzene: Ethyl acetate solvent

system at 6:1, 4:1 & 1:1 (Igon & Stahl, 1969). The

iodine vapor and long wave length (365 nm) ultra

violet images were evaluated.

is a preparation produced by

application of heat per se. the difference between the

two samples of used in the study is, the use

of cold extract of in SMV and heat extract of

in PMV. The following discussion will highlight

the differences between the two samples rendering

their distinct usage.

The results of the preliminary analysis are

given in the table 2. The preliminary physicochemical

parameters were compared between SMV and PMV.

Both the samples were very dark brown in colour with

the smell of ghee and were aromatic. Both had bitter

taste and were oily and sticky. Results of loss on

drying at 105 C, pH of 10% w/v aqueous solutions,

ash values, extractive values are given in (table 2) Non

reducing sugars were found more in with

the extraction (VS=13.89 %) than the

Vasavaleha

Vasavaleha

Vasa

Vasa

Vasavalehya

Swarasa

o

Putapaka

Vasavalehya Putapaka

Vasava lehya Swarasa

Putapaka

Putapaka

Vasavalehya Swarasa

method (VP=4.59%).

S o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n o f

by

method, with the petroleum ether

(0.28%), chloroform (1.31%)

and ethyl alcohol (78.21%)

revealed extractives as indicated

in brackets under each fraction.

S o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n s o f

by

method, with the petroleum ether

(1.69%), chloroform (3.53%) and ethyl alcohol

(38.30%) revealed extractives. Successive extraction

with ethyl alcohol has shown that method

(VP) yielded 78.21% which indicates that the organic

constituents were more in method than the

with method (VS) which

yielded 38.3%. Increase in petroleum ether extracts is

indicative restructuring of steroids. Increased ethyl

alcohol extracts is suggestive of increased

glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Increased

chloroform extracts points towards increase in

steroids, triterpenes and alkaloids.

Samples of SMV and PMV were subjected to

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (Table-3).

Petroleum-ether extracts of both the samples were

subjected to TLC in Benzene: Ethyl acetate (6:1)

solvent system which is specific among others, for

poly-phenols. Compounds corresponding to 0.41,

0.66, and 0.81 were common to both the samples.

Two Rf values (0.04, 0.24) were unique to the PMV

and one Rf value 0.31 was unique to SMV, suggesting

that presence of unique additional polyphenols

because of the use of cold and heat extracts. Similarly

Chloroform extracts of both the samples were

subjected to TLC in Benzene: Ethyl acetate (4:1).

Compounds corresponding to 0.06, 0.23, 0.45 &

0.66, were common to both the samples. Two Rf

values (0.78, 0.90) were unique to the SMV. This

suggests presence of unique additional polyphenols

in SMV. Ethanol extracts of both samples were

subjected to TLC in Ethyl acetate mobile phase which

is specific principally to glycosides and oils.

Interestingly only one Rf value 0.92 was common to

both samples and the PMV sample had four unique Rf

values 0.21, 0.57, 0.64, 0.74, 0.84. This indicates that

presence of certain specific glycosides might be

Thin Layer Chromatography Studies

Sl.

No.

Name of the drug Botanical /English name Parts used Quantity in

gms

1. Vasaka sap (Swarasa/

Putapaka )

Adhatoda vasica Nees. Fresh Leaf 384

3. Sita/Sharkara Sugar candy As it is 192

4. Sarpi/Ghrita Clarified Butter As it is 48

5. Pippali Piper longum Fruit 48

6. Madhu Honey As it is 192

Table -1 Ingredients of Vasavalehya (Swarasa & Putapakamethod)



contributing to discrete therapeutic property.Asimilar

study conducted for the validation of different

methods of preparations of leaf juice

reveals that steaming of fresh leaves under 15 lb

pressure yielded same quantity of juice as the

traditional method and its total alkaloid content and

content (4.05+/-0.12 and 3.46+/-0.06 mg/ml,

respectively) were very high, though the traditional

method was found to give the best quality juice with

highest amount of total alkaloids (5.93+/-0.55 mg/ml)

and (5.64+/-0.10 mg/ml) content

It has been therefore evidenced that the

discrete therapeutic action of prepared

out of and is due to available

compounds corresponding to Rf values as elucidated

above. The authors of Ayurveda have observed

change of pharmacological action by the application

of heat known as and the process by

which change in the action of the drug can be brought

about is known as . Many such processing

techniques find mentioned in age old texts of

Ayurveda which can stand the modern test of

reasoning. The attempt is to document the

phytochemical modulation that is accompanied with

these processes to give a lucid corroboration and

validation to distinctive therapeutic properties of

pharmaceutical preparations.

is an important herbal ingredient of

wide range of medicinal formulations used in

Ayurveda. Its properties and action according to

ayurvedic principles have been described in detail but

reports of phyto-chemistry and pharmacological

rationale in terms of Modern scientific methods are

inadequate. Hence, this study was undertaken to

document properties as per modern scientific methods

and attempt to give an interpretation of Ayurvedic

descriptions. From the above observations, it can be

concluded that these parameters can be utilized as

marker parameters for monitoring the quality of the

formulation. The physicochemical parameters,

quantitative analysis may be used for qualitative

evaluation and the standardization of .

This was a preliminary study and provides significant

leads to undertake future endeavors. Further studies

with HPLC will strengthen the above views.

Although, differences observed in the two

Adhatoda vasica

vasicine

vasicine

Vasavalehya

Swaraa Putapaka

Agni Sannikarsha

Samskara

Vasaka

Vasavalehya

11.

12

Conclusion

preparations are minute, some of these differences

might be the basis for change in the action of the two

preparation viz., SMV being haemostatic and PMV

antitussive and useful in respiratory disorders. It is a

matter of admiration that ancient Ayurvedic scientists

could decipher this subtle difference in property

without advanced techniques differences. Based

upon these findings further studies with advanced

phytochemical techniques and randomized double

blind clinical studies could be initiated to evaluate

these differential properties clinically.

REFERENCES

[1] Sayeed Ahmad, Madhukar Garg

[3]

,Maksood Ali “A

phyto-pharmacological overview on Adhatoda zeylanica

Medic.syn.A.vasica(Linn) Nees a review paper” Natural

product radiance Vol 8(5) , 2009, pp 549-554

[2] Basavarajaiah.C.R, D.S.Lucas et al “Fundamentals of

Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals: anti-inflammatory activity of

different preparations of three medicinal plants, Dept of

P.G Studies in Dravyaguna, & D.T.L, Bangalore.1992.

K. P. Sampath Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik, Chiranjib

Pankaj Tiwari ,Rakesh Kharel Indian traditional herbs

and its Medicinal application

[4] Shaifali Srivastava, Ram K. Verma, Madan M.

Gupta,Subhash C. Singh, and Sushil Kumar “HPLC

determination of vasicine and vasicinone in

with photo diode array detection” J. LIQ. CHROM.

& REL. TECHNOL., 24(2), 153159 (2001)

[5] Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha part-2 Chaukambha

samskrutha samsthan, Varanasi ,6 edition Rajayakshma

adhikara 55-57 page143

[6] P.C.Sharma,Telne.M.B, Dennis T.J, Database on

medicinal plants used in Ayurveda,Vol 3,CCRAS,Dept of

ISM&H, Ministry of H& F.W.,New Delhi

[7] C.P Khare, Indian Medicinal Plants, An illustrated

dictionary, 2007 Springer (India) Private limited.

[8] Dhuley JN.Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica

extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced

coughing in animals.J Ethnopharmacol.1999 Nov 30;

67(3):361-5.

[9] Acharya Panashara Radhakrishna, Sharanghadhara

Samhitha of sharangadhara, Fourth edition Allahabad, Sri

Baidyanatah Ayurveda bhavana ltd 1990.Madhayama

khanda 1/33.

[10] Govindadasa, Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chowkambha,

Sanskrit Sansthan,Varanasi.14 edition Rajayakshma

adhikara 14/37-38 pg 295

Adhatoda vasica J. Chem.

Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(1): 240-245

adhatoda

vasica

th

th



Fig.1 to 6: Ingredients of Vasavalehya

Fig.1. (Leaf) -Adhatoda vasica NeesVasaka

Fig.3. ( )Sita Sarkara

Fig.5. (Honey)Madhu

Fig.2. P (Fruit)-Piper longum Linnippali

Fig.4. (Ghee)Ghritha

Fig.6. Vasavalehya


[11] Soni S, Anandjiwala S, Patel G, Rajani M, “Validation

of Different Methods of Preparation ofAdhatoda vasica Leaf

Juice by Quantification of Total Alkaloids and Vasicine”.

Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jan; 70(1):36-42.

[12] Agnivesha,Charaka Samhitha edited by Sri.Bhagwan

Das,1998 pub. Chowkambha, Sanskrit Sansthan,Varanasi.

Kalpastana 1/2

[13] Anonymous TheAyurvedic Formulary of India, Part I

second revised English Edition Published by the controller

of Publications, (2003) Delhi-54, p.82-83


*Table-2.Physico-chemical Analysis

Table 3: TLC findings of ( Method)Vasavalehya Swarasa/ Putapaka


Parameters Results of

Putapaka method

Results of

Swarasa method

1) Description

� Colour

� Odour

� Taste

� Touch

� Very dark brown

� Smell of ghee &

aromatic

� Sweet and bitter

� Oily &sticky

� Very dark brown

� Smell of ghee & aromatic

� Sweet and bitter

� Oily & sticky

2) Loss on drying at 105?C 12.48 % 12.53 %

3) Total ash 1.8 % 1.27 %

4) Acid insoluble ash 0.17 % 0.26 %

5) pH 6.3 6.6

6)Specific gravity at 25?C 1.21 1.27

7) Total solids 87.52 % 87.47 %

8) Fat content 1.09 % 1.69 %

9) Total sugars

� Reducing sugars

� Non reducing sugars

41.58 %

36.99 %

4.59 %

53.92 %

40.03 %

13.89 %

10) Successive extraction

� Petroleum ether 60-80°C

� Chloroform

� Ethyl alcohol

0.28%

1.31%

78.21%

1.69%

3.53%

38.30 %

Sl.

No

Extractives Adsorbent Solvent system Viewing

medium

Rf. Values

Putapaka

method

Rf. Values

Swarasa

method

1 Petroleum-

ether

60-80°C

Silica gel 60 F

254 pre coated

sheets

Benzene:

Ethyl acetate (6:1)

Iodine

vapour

0.04, 0.24,

0.41, 0.66,

0.81.

0.31,0.41,

0.66,0.81

2

Chloroform

Silica gel 60 F

254 pre coated

sheets

Benzene:

Ethyl acetate (4:1)

Iodine

vapour

0.06,0.23,

0.45,0.66.

0.06,0.23,

0.45,0.66,

0.78,0.90

3

Ethanol

Silica gel 60 F

254 pre coated

sheets

Benzene:

Ethyl acetate (1:1)

Iodine

vapour

0.21,0.57,

0.64,0.74,

0.84,0.92.

0.92.


Professor & Head Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Mahatma GandhiAyurved College, Hospital & Research

Centre Salod (H) Wardha-442004,JISM1342H Received for publication: January 19, 2014;Accepted: February 11, 2014

([email protected])

Original Article

Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study onPanaviraladi KsharaBharat Rathi

How to cite the article: Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Studyon Panaviraladi Kshara, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 35-38

Abstract

–

Bhaishajya Kalpana

Kshara

Kalpana Ksharas

Panaviraladi Bhasma

Yogam

Sotha

Bhasma Kshara

Kshara Panaviral, Kokilaksha, Apamarga

Kadalikanda Samanya Kshara Nirman Vidhi

Panaviraladi Kshara

Panaviraladi Kshara, Kshara Kalpana, Panaviraladi Kshara

is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with the source, descriptions and the art of

producing various pharmaceutical preparations by following several processes by which it becomes easily

digestible, therapeutically more effective and stable for a long period. Among all these preparations

enjoys due respect in the Ayurvedic pharmacy. are the ashes of herbal drugs or derivatives of

such ashes in the form of solutions or crystals and used in many disorders. The present study is concerned with

the formulation mentioned in Sahasrayogam and Chikitsamanjiri, the traditional

Malayalam publications. Some of the Folk practioners &Ayurvedic Physicians of Kerala use this to treat

the (bodily swelling). However till now no scientific studies have been carried outwith respect to its

preparation and analysis. Hence special emphasis was given to convert the form into form

according to standard preparation methods and was analyzed. s of &

were prepared individually by taking ash water proportion as 1:6

and mixed together in equal proportion to prepare the .The organoleptic properties of the

drugs revealed that the colour of the drug to be white, having metallic smell,pungent & salty taste and smooth

touch. Ion exchange chromatography, Conventional titrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry study

showed the presence of sodium (8.01%), potassium (13.5%), chloride (13.4%) sulphate (10.9%) carbonate

(21.9%) phosphate (0.14%) and iron (0.006 %) respectively. The values which have been obtained through this

analysis may serve as the standard parameters for genuine preparation of the .Pharmaceutical Study , Analytical StudyKey words

Introduction:

Ksharas

Drava Kshara Choorna KsharaKsharas

Ksharas

KsharaAntaparimarjan Bahyaparimarjan Paneeya

Pratisarneeya Kshara. PratisarneeyaKshara Kustha,Kitibha, Shwitra Nadivrana Bhagandara, Arsha,Arbuda, Dusta Vrana , Mashaka, Mukharoga

Paneeya Kshara

are the ashes of herbal drugs orderivative of such ashes in the form of solutions orcrystals. All of which have the basic quality of beingalkaline .According to their state, liquid or solid theyare called as or [1].

can be used internally as well asexternally. WhereAcharya Charaka has usedinternally, Acharya Susruta and Vagbhata have givenwide account of & divided it into

and orand The

was applied externally in cases of,

whereas was applied used internally

in cases ofinternal piles

successfully [2,3]. Since the variety of substances isused for the preparation of it is

. Owing to their white colour they areincluded in the group. Even thoughit is in nature, it is capable of carrying outcauterization ( ), digestion ( ), splitting( ) etc, as it is mainly made up of the drugspredominantly having But on prolongedadministration they destroy the sexual potency.

have considered to be superior toothers due to following reasons [4].

I) The are superior tobecause of the capability to

perform excision ( ), Incision ( )

Gulma, Udara, Ajirna, Agnimandya,Ashmari, Abhyantara Vidradhi,

KsharaTridoshaghna

Saumya DravyaSaumya

Dahan PachanDaran

Agni Guna.

Acharyas Kshara

Ksharas Shastras &Anushastras

Chedan Bhedan



& scrapping ( )is a treatment of choice

where surgical procedures become crucial suchas where surgicaltreatment fails and in non-healing ulcers( )

Considering these factsis converted into form bypreparation method.

The formula selected for the study isfrom the reference found in Chikitsa Manjiri [5] andSahasrayogam [6] as and itsuse is mentioned in form. The aim was toconvert the form into form and toconduct its analytical study. Panaviraladi is acompound formulation containing

in equal proportion.The drugs of

genuine variety were collected from the raw drugsun i t , Government Ayurved ic Pharmacy,Thiruvananthapuram.

An iron vessel forincinerating the drugs, glass vessel, a piece of cloth,measuring glass, stirrer, heater, weighing balance.

The useful part ofeach drug from which the was to be prepared,was collected and washed with water, cut into smallpieces, dried well and cleaned to remove extraneousmaterials. These pieces were put in an iron vessel andburnt into ash. The ash was allowed to cool andfiltered through sieve. Distilled water was added tothe ash in the ratio of 6:1 [7] and stirred well andallowed to stand undisturbed for 24 hours. The nextday, the supernatant liquid was decanted out andstrained through a clean piece of cloth 21 timessuccessively to get a clear liquid. This liquid (

) was then taken in a glass vessel andheated over a mild fire till the water evaporatedcompletely. The residue obtained known as ,was then collected by scratching the surface of glassvessel with knife and stored in a glass bottle. Theweight of the was taken by using a commonbalance.

Thus the were prepared individuallyof all four drugs. For each , a sample of 100 gmash was taken and the process was repeated 3 to 4times [7, 8].

II. Analytical study wasconducted to elucidate the composition & thestructure of the drug. A complete chemical analysis of

included identification of the

Lekhanii) Kshara Karma

Nasarsha , Nasarbuda

DustaVranaPanviraladi Bhasma

Kshara Kshara

Panaviraladi BhasmaBhasma

Bhasma KsharaKshara

Panaviral Kshara,Kokilaksha Kshara, Apamarga Kshara, &Kadalikanda Kshara

Kshara

Ksharodaka

Kshara

Kshara

KsharasKshara

Panviraladi Kshara

Materials and Methods:

Aim:

a) Collection of the drugs:

b) Equipments required:

c) Method of Preparation:

Analytical study:

constituents by the qualitative analysis & thedetermination of their relative amounts present byquantitative analysis.

is compoundformulation containing

in equal proportion. The namegiven to it combination is based on the first drug

in it. It is the Malayalam name whichmeans inflorescence; its Sanskrit name is Tala.

P.K. iswhite in colour in the form of crystals. It is havingmetallic smell, pungent and salty taste and smoothtouch. When exposed to the atmosphere, becomesmoist and therefore it should be stored in air tightglass bottle. It can be last indefinitely without losingits potency.

Distilled water was used for thepreparation to avoid any impurities in the

.

Care was taken to avoid loss ofwhile straining and boiling.

Heat given was throughout theprocess and kept as constant.

Analyticalstudy revealed the followingvarious properties of the drug [13]

1. Organoleptic properties :a. Colour - Dull whiteb. Odour - Metallicc. Taste - Pungentd. Touch - Smooth

2. Litmus paper showed that the drug isalkaline in nature

3. Digital pH meter showed that the pH ofP.K. is 10.8.

4. Loss on drying of P.K = 2.48%5. Quantitative analysis by Ion exchange

chromatography study showed the presence ofsodium (8.01%) and potassium (13.5%)

6. Quantitative analysis by conventionaltitrometry showed the presence of Chloride (13.4%)sulphate (10.9%) and Carbonate (21.9%).

7. Quantitative analysis by atomicAbsorption Spectophotometry study showed thepresence of phosphate (0.14%) and Iron (0.006 %).

There are two varieties of used inKerala. In place of Ness,

Formulation of Panaviraladikashara

(P.K.):

Observations:

Characteristics and Preservation:

Precautions:

Analytical study:

Discussion:

Panaviraladi KasharaPanaviral Kshara,

Kokilaksha Kshara, Apamarga Kshara andKadalikanda Kshara

Panaviral

Kshara

Kshara

Ksharodak

Mandagni

KokilakshaAstercantha longifolia

�

�

�


Bharat Rathi, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Study on Panaviraladi Kshara, pp 35-38

another plant named is foundto be in practice. It is having the same local name

or . But the plant differs intheir morphological characters, especially the sharpsix thorns present at the nodes. This indicates that theplant is essentially having thorns, thethorn less variety seen in the market may be anadulterant or a substitute owing to its similarcharacters. For the study Nessvariety was used for the preparation of Toavoid any contamination, distilled water was used forthe preparation. However, practically it isadvisable to use rain water which is free fromcontamination and cheaper than distilled water to get

with least impurities.Under the pharmaceutical study

were prepared individual ly bytaking ash water proportion as

1:6. The % of obtained per 100 gm ash wasnearly same forie. 20 gm/100 gm ash, where as it is more in

may be was used for the formerthree drugs and only was used for . It ishowever advisable to identify and use single part ofthe drug for the preparation of . As theis hygroscopic in nature, it should always be kept in anair tight glass container.

Pharmaceutical advantages of overmay be explained as –

I. Processing could be done on bulkquantities with the aid of proper equipments as thedrug is stable for long duration.

ii. No need of preservatives.iii. Pharmaceutically elegant.iv. Ingredients are widely available and

economicv. Drug potentiation and dose minimization.

Pungent and saline taste of the drug whichcan be masked by using proper adjuvant.

The rationality of any drug which is useful toour body will remain incomplete if the constituents ofthe drug are not known by the physician. This thoughtmotivated to find out the chief constituents of

through analytical study. Thestudy revealed the various properties of the drug. Thevarious parametric values which have been obtainedthrough this study may serve as the standardparameters of a genuine preparation of the

. The qualitative and

Hygrifolia angustifolia

Vayalchulli Karachully

Kokilaksha

Astercantha longifoliaKshara.

Kshara

KsharaKsharas of

Panavirala, Kokilaksha, Apamarga & KadalikandaSamanya

Ksharanirman VidhiKshara

Panaviral, Kokilaksha & ApamargaKadali

Kanda PanchangaKanda Kadali

Kshara Kshara

KsharaBhasma

Panaviraladi Kshara

Panaviraladi Kshara

Disadvantages:

Analytical Study:

quantitative analysis proved the presence of variouscomponents in the drug and its percentage quantitywithin the drug.

The pH of the drug solution was 10.8 whichmean that the drug was alkaline in nature.

is prepared by mixing theof

in equal proportion. Due to itspharmaceutical advantage it is advisable to use

in place of .

Conclusion:

References:

Panaviral KsharaKshara Panaviral, Kokilaksha, Apamarga &Kadali Kanda

Kshara Bhasma

[1] R.K. Sharma Vidya Bhagavan Dash, Charaka Samhitarevised by Charaka and Drudhabala, English commentary,

2 adition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series office , Varanasi1983.[ 2 ] S u b h a s h R a n a d e , A s t a n g a S a n g r a h a ,Ksharpakvidhiadyaya,Anmol Prakashan, Pune Sept 1975[3] Atrideo Gupta, Astanga hridaya, Vidyotini tika,Sutras thana Ksharagnikarma vidhi adhyaya,Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 1996[4] Yadavji trikamji Acharya, Susruta Samhita with

Dalhana commentary 5 edition, ChaukhambhaOrientalia,Varanasi, India, 1992[5] Chikitsa Manjiri, Mahodara Chikitsa Prakaranam[6] Ramniwas Sharma, Sahasrayogam Hindi translationSotha Chikitsa Prakaranam Chaukhambha SanskritPratisthana, Varanasi, India, 1996.[7] Sarngadhara, Sarangadhara Samhita, with commentary

by Adhamalla & kanshiram, 3 edition, edited byParshuram Shastra Vidyasagar Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, India, 1983[8] Govt. of India, The Ayurvedic formularly of India, PartI, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department ofIndian System of Medicine & Homeopathy NewDelhi:1978[9] Nadkarni KM, India Materia medica, Vol 1 revised &enlarged by AK Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai,1996[10] Bhavmishra, Bhava Prakash, Hindi commentaryChaukhambha Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi 1989.[11] Dharmi S.V.D, Effect of diuretic action of KokilakshaKshara on nijashotha and mootrakrichhra, A.P. University,Vijaywada, 1989[12] Tyagi VP, Apamarga Ksharaevam Apamarga kikatipaya kalpanaoka nirmanatmak evam prabhavatmakaadhyayan, NIA, Jaipur 1992[13] Susheela K, A clinical study in the management ofdarunaka w.s.r. to Kadali Kanda Kshara taila as externalapllication, Govt.Ayurveda College, Trivandrum 1992.[14] CCRAS, Pharmacopeial Standards of AyurvedicFormulations

nd

th

rd




S.N

.

Name of the Drug Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka

1. Tala Madhura Snigdha,Guru Seeta Madhura

2. Kokilaksha Madhura Guru,Snigdha Seeta Madhura

3. Apamarga Katu, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha,Teekshna Ushna Katu

4. Kadali Kashaya ,

Madhura

Guru Seeta Madhura

S.N. Sanskrit name Botanical name Family English name

1. Tala Borassus flabellier Linn Palmaceae Palm,Brab tree

2. Kokilaksha Astercantha longifoliaNess Acanthaceae

3. Apamarga Achyranthus aspera Linn Amaranthaceae Prickly chaff flower

4. Kadali Musa paradisiaca Linn Musaceae Banana, Plantain

S.N. Drug name Part used Weight of

wet drug

Weight

after

drying

Gained ash

(Bhasma)

Wet. Of

ash/ kg

Kshara

obtained

/100 g ash

1. Tala Talapushpa -- 9 kg 405 g 45 g 20.33 g

2. Kokilaksha Whole plant 20 kg 6.3 kg 470 g 66.6 g 20.62 g

3. Apamarga Whole plant 10 kg 3.5 kg 307 g 87.71 g 19.66 g

4. Kadali Kadali Kanda 20 kg 2.75 kg 320 g 116.36 g 31.66 g

Table I: Showing the pharmacological properties of ingredients of [8]Panaviraladi Kshara

Table II: Showing the pharmacological properties of ingredients of [9]Panaviraladi Kshara

Table III: Showing the prepartion of individual drug [10-12]Kshara

Panavirala (Borassus flabellifer)

Kokilaksha (Astercantha longifolia)

Apamarga (Acaranthus aspera)

Kadali (Musa paradisiaca)


1 2Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta, Professor, Dept. of Rasshastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Shree SaptashrungiAyurved

Mahavidyalaya & Hospital, Nashik (Maharashtra) India.

Original Article

Applied with special referenceto Health Problems of BPO employees

Swasthavritta

Archana R. Belge , Raman S. Belge1 2

How to cite the article: Archana R. Belge, Raman S. Belge, Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 39-42

Abstract:

Keywords:

Indian Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry accounts for 34% of the Global BPO market of

2010. It has offered an employment to over 4.5 million Indian people with 50% of employees below 25 years. A

good work environment, decent emoluments and financial incentives offered in the BPO industry has a dark side

that leads to physical, psychological, behavioral and interpersonal problems. The stressful working conditions

affect the body, mind and soul of the BPO personnel. The present article deals with the Applied

with special reference to the health problems of Indian BPO employees

BPO Health hazards

Swasthavritta

.

, Dinacharya, , Pranayama, Ratricharya, Swasthavritta

Introduction

BPOs in India-

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the

delegation of one or more information technology

intensive business process to an external provider that

in turn administers and manages the selected process.

The Indian Government, especially after

1990 had adopted the liberalization and the

globalization policy. The growth of Information,

Communication and Technology (ICT) sector

worldwide and the availability of large number of

English speaking people and low cost labor in India,

led to a sharp rise in the field of BPO. Today, India

provides assistance to Transnational Corporation and

their clients in North America and Europe. BPO

industry in India is growing at the rate of 35% [1].

These are both domestic and International,

but the prominence arises in Transnational BPOs,

where the clients or owners are from USA or UK. In

the transnational BPOs, due to the difference in time-

zones between India and the UK or USA (time gap of

approximate 6 to 12 hours), working is mostly

performed during night hours. The voice based sector

(Call Centre) need to work at night whereas the non-

voice service workers are able to do their work in day

time. Work environment schedule in the BPO sector

is highly pressurized, closely monitored and

monotonous. The employees are given Call Quotas

for both inbound and outbound services, as much as

400 calls a night. The employees cannot disclose

their true nationality and even their names. This leads

to a dual identity conflict, i.e. westerners by evening

and Indians by day. A strict time and motion regime

with limited time (2-3 minutes) for making and

answering call of customers, limited breaks and no

interaction with colleagues while at work. Married

employees have a dual burden of work and home. In

nutshell, these BPO employees suffer from the

Physical, psychological and Behavioral problems.

They also suffer from the Interpersonal conflicts.

India is the most preferred location for BPO

& it is having certain threads on the lives of the

Indian educated youth. Increased level of stress &

increased health problems made us think about the

current review article. Also, Ayurveda & especially

could be the most proper solution to

these problems.

As the word suggests, it is

composed of two words, (healthy) &

(ideal way of living). This science deals with the

Swasthavritta

Swasthavritta

Swastha Vritta



balanced diet & ideal way of living, through

which one can attain a healthy life.

is an integral part of Ayurveda

which states the measures to maintain the health of a

person. This health is attained through

(Balanced Diet), (Proper environment),

(Behavioral Ethics), and

Naturopathy.

Although a variety of texts have discussed the

remedial measures for the health problems of BPO

employees, no texts have so far mentioned the

applied for overcoming these

problems. This article therefore is an attempt to

discuss the Applied with special

reference to Health Problems of BPO employees.

This article will discuss the problems faced

by the BPO employees on various fronts (especially

regarding the physical & mental health). This article is

aimed at studying the problems faced by the BPO

employees in the following respect-

Physical problems

Psychological problems

Behavioral problems

Interpersonal conflicts

To discuss the applied for

overcoming the aforesaid problems

The motto of Ayurveda is “

(maintenance of health in

healthy individuals),

(to get relief from the various ailments of the diseased

persons). Here will discuss the concepts of

that will provide us a solution for these

problems to a greater extent.

The aforesaid problems were studied with

reference to the various systems. For this study the

literary sources like books, journals and websites and

study reports were referred as a secondary source of

data. However no clinical trials, surveys or focused

group discussion was carried out.

:

Hearing problems, earache and tinnitus

Strain, discharge, redness, blurred vision, dry

eyes, double vision.

- Dry, itchy throat, hoarseness of voice.

Irregular eating patterns, unhealthy/ junk/ ready

to eat food consumption, Disturbed digestion.

- Disruption of natural sleep-wakefulness cycle,

Swasthavritta

Ahara

Vihara

Achara Rasayana Yoga

Swasthavritta

Swasthavritta

Swasthavritta

Swasthasya

Swasthya rakshanam

Aturasya Vikara prashamanam

Swasthavritta

Aims & Objectives

Materials & Methods

I) Physical problems [2]

Ears:

Eyes:

Voice

Diet:

Sleep

�

�

�

�

�

insomnia, lack of proper sleep during daytime.

: aches - Pain in neck, shoulder, back, wrist; leg

cramps, spondylitis, High blood-pressure,

Menstrual irregularities, Hormonal imbalance,

Cough, cold, and Increased incidence of breast and

colon cancer- observed in night and rotating shift

workers.

- Chronic fatigue,

insomnia and complete alteration of the 24 hour

biological rhythm which affects the sleep and proper

functioning of the heart.

High attrition rate gives them a sense of

insecurity, Nervousness, anxiety, restlessness,

irritability, depression.

Due to high disposable income, employees

tend to resort to smoking, drinking and a western

lifestyle, risky sexual behavior, excessive drug and

alcohol use. BPO employees are at rest during

daytime, when the others are at work, resulting in

being cut-off from their social life.

: 8% of women (Age- 20-25 years).

Smoking leads to reproduction hazards like low-

birth weight, lower gestation periods and higher rate

of stillborn apart from cardiovascular risks.

Inability to socialize with family and

relations and addicted for drugs.

Dual identity (non- disclosure of true name

and nationality).

Tendency to become irritable.

Degradation of moral and social values.

, basically acts at two levels-

Personal & Social. The rules laid down to maintain

proper well being of the physique are twofold-

1. Consumption of proper diet

2. Observance of personal, moral, seasonal

and spiritual conduct.

The code of conducts are further classified

into five types viz. good mental conduct, good social

conduct, good religious conduct, good personal

conduct and good moral conduct.

Properly observed (Daily

Regimen), (Night Regimen), and

(Seasonal Regimen), help to achieve a

sound state of body and mind. The

Body

Burnout stress syndrome

II) Psychological problems [3]:

III) Behavioral Problems:

Smoking

Drug abuse:

IV) Interpersonal Conflicts:

Applied with reference to Health

problems of BPO employees:

�

�

�

Swasthavritta

Swasthavritta

Dinacharya

Ratricharya

Rutucharya

Rasayana


Archana R. Belge et.al. Applied Swasthavritta wsr to Health Problems of BPO employees, pp 39-42

Chikitsa

Swasthavritta

Asanas

Asanas Shavasana Makarasana

Asanas

S u r y a n a m a s k a r a P a s c h i m o t t a n a s a n a

sarvangasana Chakrasana Bhujangasana, etc

Trataka

Yoga-nidra

Pranayama Sheetali Nadishodhana,

Bhramari, sahit kumbhaka, Anuloma-

Viloma, Ujjayi Pranayama.

Asanas Padmasana, Siddhasana,

Swastikasana

Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi.

Strotopathana, Dhyana, Atma-

Chintana

Indriya Swasthya

Swasthavritta

Anjana karma

Sauviranjana

(Rejuvenation therapy) is further

suggested by the ancient Ayurvedic Texts. The health

tips offered by the can be summarized

as below-

Note- The procedures suggested here should be

performed strictly under medical supervision.

(Stretching exercises) – The Relaxative

viz. and are

suggested for the BPO employees.

The stretching body- exercises includes the of

the standing, sitting, inverted, twisting and balancing

types. Hence, the BPO employees are suggested to do

, ,

, and .

Also the neck rotation, eyeball rotation and

wrist-joint rotation exercises should be done at

frequent intervals. For computer vision syndrome,

should be performed.

can also be practiced to achieve

optimum relaxation within a short span at workplace.

: ,

Meditative :

Sleep [5]- it must be completed during day

time as the employees have to remain awake

and alert during nighttime.

Defecation [6]- To get relief from

constipation and for proper defecation, 2-3

glasses of water stored in properly cleaned

copper vessel should be drunk.

Chanting [7]-

etc. imparts calmness to the mind

and body.

(Health of Sensory

organs)- Now a days, it is not practically

possible to perform all the

Procedures daily. But one must perform them

at least weekly.

Eyes [8]- (Application of

Kajala) is must for all BPO employees as they

have to work in front of computers all the

time. Application of daily,

1. Physical exercises:-

2. Breathing exercises [4]:

3. Miscellaneous:-

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

are must. (Oleation of eyes) can be

done once in a month. Employees should be

made aware about the

(Less, improper or

excessive use of organs).

Ears: Oil application in ears - once in a week.

At least once in a month

(Oleation of ears-) is to be done.

Nose (Nasal medication) is an

important karma. Simply application of 2

drops of (Cow- Ghee) or

(Sesame oil), in each nostril, before

going out of the house and after coming in the

house will help to a greater extent.

Mouth- Gargling with lukewarm salty water

or (Sesame oil) will protect from the

diseases of teeth, hoarseness of voice, nausea

etc.

(Oleation of Body)- It is of utmost

importance. Especially

(Oleation of Head) and

(Oleation of feet) will help a lot.

will ultimately lead to prevention

of ageing process.

[10] (Rules for consumption

of food): Consumption of food just before

sleeping should be avoided. Food should be

taken at least 2 hours before going to bed.

Concept of a food should be

implemented. Junk food or ready-to-eat food

should be avoided.

The urges for urine & stool impulses should

not be held unnecessarily for a longer time.

4. –The concept of

(Good Social Conduct) be followed. This will

promote abstinence from smoking alcohol, drug

abuse and risky sexual behavior.

TheYoga offers multidimensional benefits to

the body, mind and soul. The Yoga helps in achieving

integrated and coordinated development of all

potentialities of man. The neuromuscular systems are

reconditioned. Yoga enables withstand greater stress

and cultivation of correct attitude.

After having the literary research, it was

observed that the Indian BPO employees mostly

suffer from the physical, psychological & behavioral

problems. They also suffer from the interpersonal

Netratarpana

Heena, Mithya and

Ati-Yog of Indriyas

Karnapurana

Nasya

Go-Ghruta Tila

taila

Tilataila

Abhyanga

Shirobhyanga

Padabhyanga

Vata-

shamana

Bhojana Vidhi

Satvik

Achara Rasayana

�

�

�

�

�

�

[9]:

Social Health

Observations



conflicts. , the Ayurvedic Science

related to physical, social and spiritual health;

provides a cost effective and suitable solution to these

Indian BPO employees, in the form of physical

exercises ( ), breathing exercises

( ), chanting ( , ). The

observance of daily and social regimen will treat the

health problems faced by the Indian BPO employees.

WHO has described Health as a state of

complete physical, mental, social & spiritual well-

being and but not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity. The health is linked with various factors like

physical/social environments, employment/working

conditions, social support networks, lifestyles etc. the

maintenance and promotion of health is achieved

through Health Triangle (combination of Physical,

Mental and Social well-being).

has a definite solution to the

health problems of BPO employees. The Health

Triangle described in the Ayurvedic texts has offered

Panacea to the ailments of the sufferers. The

implementation of these health tips will help the

society esp. the BPO employees to relieve them from

their health problems. It is further to be noted that the

BPO employees need not give up their job for

adopting these measures as a part of

their lifestyle.

The average working life time of an Indian

worker is about 35 years (Age 25-60 years). The

Indian job scenario is of a competitive market, over

population and scarcity of good jobs. No profession is

said to be stress-free as 'Survival of the Fittest Rule' is

applied in every working sector. The occupational

stress affects physical, psychological, behavioral

balances of both employer and the employee. The

Information technology and the Business Process

Outsourcing fields are more competitive and stressful.

The measures to overcome these stresses are offered

Swasthavritta

Yogasanas

Pranayama Mantra Strotopathana

Swasthavritta

Swasthavritta

Discussion

Conclusion

by . The cost effective, easy to

implement remedies suggested by and

create an internal environment that promotes the

dynamic balance of health. Hence, the BPO

employees can definitely be benefitted by adopting

measures to overcome their physical,

psychological , behavioral problems and

interpersonal conflicts.

[1] Amruta Gupta, 'Health, Social & Psychological

problems of Women employees in BPO, A Study in

India', paa 2012, Princeton.edu/papers/121676

[2] Nidhi Gupta, Shweta Khera et al, 'Effect of Yoga

based lifestyle intervention on state & trait anxiety',

.; 50(1); pp. 41-47, 2006

[3] P. Bhuyar et al, 'Mental, physical & social health

problems of call centre workers',

vol. 17(1), pp. 21-25, 2008

[4] Sao, Akhileshwar et al, 'Yogic management of

psychological disorders related to BPO sector',

2(4), pp. 32-40, 2011

[5] , in Sutrasthana 2, Ganesh

Garde, Gajendra Raghuvanshi, Pune, 8 ed., 1996,

pp.7

[6] , in Sutrasthana

3/3, P.G.Athavale, Godavari Publishers, Nagpur, 2

ed., 2001, pp.18

[7] , in part 1, Datto Ballal

Borkar, Shri Gajanan Publishers, Mumbai, 1 ed.,

1984, pp. 108

[8] Charak, in Sutrasthana 5/15;

Brahamnanda Tripathi, Chaukhamba Surbharati

Prakashan, Varanasi, 7 ed.,2000, pp. 115

[9] Sushruta, in Chikitsasthanam

40/21-22; Anantaram Sharma; Chowkhamba

Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 1 ed.,2004,pp. 495

[10] Vagbhata, in Sutrasthana

2/19, Tripathi Brahmananda; Chaukhamba Sanskrit

Pratishthan, Delhi, 1 ed., 2003, pp.33

Swasthavritta

Yogas Asanas

Swasthavritta

Indian J. Physiol

Industrial

Psychiatry Journal,

Applied research & development institute journal,

Sartha Vagbhata

Drushtartha Ashtangasangraha

Sartha Yogratnakara

Charak Samhita ,

Sushruta Samhita,

Ashtanga Hridayam,

References

th

th

st

st

st

st



Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra. C.S.M.S.S.Ayurved College,Kanchanwadi,Aurangabad: [email protected] Received for publication: December 24, 2013;Accepted: January 10, 2014

Original Article

Pharmaceutical study of ‘Rasasindoora’

Vanmala Bapurao Wakode

How to cite the article:, Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 43-45

Abstract

Keywords:

Rasashastra Rasa

Dravya Nirendriya Sendriya Rashaushadhi

Kupipakwa, Kharaliya, Parpati and Pottali. Kupipakwa

Pottali Rasayana

Rasasindoora

Rasasindoora

Rasasindoora Kupipakwa, Kharaliya, Parpati, Pottali

is a branch of Ayurveda including the study of metallic and mineral preparations.

is processed with herbs as such to convert from and . prepared from

mercury are divided into four categories: Out of these

and are more potent and fast acting. Present study aimed to study the pharmaceutical process

involved in the preparation of and to decide the Regulation of heat and record of temperature

changes while preparing .

,

Introduction

Rasasindoora

Ras

sindura

Rasasindoora Kupipakwa

rasayana Kacha Kupi

Swami Harisarananda

Kupipakwa Rasayan

Rasasindoora

Rasa Prakash Sudhakar Acharya Yashodhara [2]

Rasashastra

'Rasa Dravya'

nirendriya sendriya

shodhana marana Ras aushadhi

Kupipakwa Rasayan

Kharaliya Rasayan

Parpati Rasayan

Pottali Rasayan

(Red sulphide of mercury) –as

this medicine is prepared with (mercury) and the

outcome is in colour, thus it is named as

. This is also known as

, since it is prepared in (glass

bottle). According to who

made an extensive study in this direction [1] states

that the method has come into

being since 10 century A.D. First recordings of

preparation mentioned in his book

by .

Ayurveda is science of life and is

branch of it including the study of metallic and

mineral preparations. Here the metal and minerals

termed as are processed with herbs, as

such to convert from and .

Although this is hypothetical, it is worth mentioning

the process of and .

prepared from mercury are classified into four

categories:

th

�

�

�

�

Kupipakwa Rasayan:

Kupi Kacha Kupi

Pakwa Agni Paka

Kupipakwa Pottali

Rasayana

Kupipakwa Rasayana

Kushtha, Vajikaran, Yakshma, Gulma,

Prameha, Shula, Pandu, Agnimandya

Rasasindoora

Rasasindoora,

Rasatarangini

Praman Agni

Rasasindoora

'Rasasindoora'

'Rastarangini' -

Shuddha Parad

Shuddha Gandhak

Vatankur Swaras

Ratti (125-250mg)

means (glass bottle) and

the means (subjecting for fire).

Out of this medicines

are more potent and fast acting.As it is one

of the important and due to its

actions on and

useful in etc, it

is passionate to prepare [3].

To study the pharmaceutical process

involved in the preparation of the as

per the selected reference of .

To decide the of that is

Regulation of heat and record of temperature

changes while preparing .

The preparation of was done

as mentioned in

Ingredients:

- 100 gm

- 100 gm

- q.s

Dose: 1 to 2

Aim and Objectives

Materials and Methods

�

�

�

�

�



Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,pp43-45

Procedure

OBSERVATION

The following are the stages of

preparation.

1 : Purification of

mercury and sulphur.

2. : Preparation of .

3. : - Grinding of along

with herb juices like .

4 : - Filling of into the glass

bottle that is already enwrapped with clay

smeared cloth.

5 : - Arranging the bottle

amidst sand in an Iron through which is kept in the

kiln.

6. : -

Giving heat .

7 : -

Giving heat -

8. : -

Closing and sealing of the bottle.

9 : -

Giving heat

10 : -

Breaking the glass bottle

11 : - Collection and

preservation of the medicine [4].

Rasasindoora

. Rasa Gandhak Shodhana

Kajjali Nirmana Kajjali

Kajjali Bhavana Kajjali

Vatankur Swaras

. Kupi Bhavana Kajjali

. Valuka Yantra Sthapana

Paka Vidhi Prathama

- Mrudu Agni

. Paka Vidhi Dvitiya

Madhyam Agni

Kupi Mukha Mudrana

. Paka Vidhi Trtiya

– Tivra Agni

. Kupi Bhagna Vidhi

. Ausadha Sangrahana

Results:

PHASE 1

A) Process of of raw material

B )

C

D) Filling of material in :

E) Firing of in

All stages of preparation are

divided into three phases.

1) Pre-heating phase

2) Heating phase

3) Post heating phase

1) (R.T.5/31)

Mercury is processed with decoction of

, ,

and .

2) (R.T.8/7-11)

Sulphur is processed ( in

(Cow's Ghee) and in . There

after the (washing) with hot water.

and are

added in the ratio of 1:1.

is added to and

is done till comes back to dry

Powder stage.

1/3 rd of the

bottle is filled.

Rasasindoor

Parad Shodhana

Triphala Kumari Swaras Brihati Panchang, Rakta

Sarshap Chitrakmula

Gandhaka Shodhan

Bharjana) Goghrut

Nirvapan Godugdha

Prakshalan

Shuddha Parad Shuddha Gandhak

Vatankura Swarasa Kajjali

Bhavana Kajjali

Shodhana

Kajjali Nirman

) Kajjali –bhavana

Kupi

Kupi Valuka Yantra

Time Temp Observation

06:00 am 0 0c Corking of bottle was done

09:00 am 450c Corking was removed.

No change in material.

10:00 am 980c White coloured fumes coming out Kajjali-moist

12:00 pm 1320c Dense yellow coloured fumes coming out, Kajjali-moist, Shalaka Chalan

done .

02:00 pm 1500c Dark yellow coloured fumes diminished,Kajjali like Avaleha.

04:00 pm 2000c White coloured fumes coming out. Kajjali-Ardra-Shushka

06:00 pm 2700c White coloured fumes coming only after Shalaka Chalan & blue

Flames were taking place at the tip of Shalaka due to Gandhak Kajjali-

slightly hard

08:00 pm 3500c After Shalaka Chalan very few fumes were present.

10:00 pm 4600c No fumes after insertion of Shalaka, bluish flame of Gandhak was also not

present, corking of bottle was done, filling of Chulhika with coal &

Swangashitikaran.


PHASE 2

Heating

3) Post Heating Phase

Organoleptic parameters:

B) Other tests:

Heating plays an important role as the

maintained throughout procedure should be

sequentially and .

- upto 230 c.

- 230 C - 450 c.

– 450 C -550 c.

is done intermittently.

Corking of bottle

Filling of with coal

for 24 hours

Breaking of bottle

Separation of final product and storage

For the taken amounts of and

60.460 gms of is obtained.

A)

– Sindoor varna ,shiny (Reddish

brown)

- Odorless

– Soft on touch

– Tasteless ( )

-

Red colored line mark on white

paper.

Powder enters in the

finger crease of index finger and thumb.

: no luster

Agni

Mrudu, Madhyam Tivra Agni

Mrudu Agni

Madhyam Agni

Tivra Agni

Paka Pariksha

Chulhika

Swangashiti Karan

Rasa Gandhaka

Rasasindoora

Varna

Gandhak

Sparsha

Rasa Niswadu

Shabda Shabdhahin

Rekha:

Rekhapoornatva:

Nishchandratva

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

0

0

0

Conclusions:

References

Rasasindoora Kupipakwa Rasayan

Valukayantra

Mrudu Madhyam

Tivra Agni

Valukayantra

Valukayantra Kupies

Rasashastra

Hingulottha Parada

is which

has different method of Preparation. For pollution

control, time saving and fuel saving proper

instrument or should be maintained. In

phase I, II and III all Agni like and

should be maintained with the help of

Pyrometer.

Accuracy & Continuity in the heat regulation

with the help of modified instrument like Portable

which is made from cost iron (Portable

heater) is helpful. When we will use modified

then 3 to 4 can be placed.

[1] Himasagara Murthy, the Mercurial

system, Chapter , 2 edition-

2011, Choukhambha Sanskrit series office varanasi,

P-192,194.

[2] Sadananda Sharma, Rasatarangini, Chapter

Murcchanavidnyaniya, edition 11th 1979,

Choukhambha Sanskrit sansthan Varanasi, P-135.

[3] Siddhinandana Mishra, Ayurvediya Rasashastra,

Chapter Parad, edition 13th 2003, Choukhambha

orientalia Varanasi, P-285.

[4] Hariprapanna Sharma, Rasayogasagar volume

II,Chapter Yakaradirasa, edition second 1983,

Choukhambha sanskrit sansthan varanasi, P-251.

nd

Vanmala BW, Pharmaceutical study of 'Rasasindoora,pp43-45


Case Report

Bilateral Variation of Divisions of

The Sciatic Nerve - A Case Study

Giridhar M Kanthi ,1

2

Akhil H S; Jithesh C; Pradeep GAkki;Archana Radhakrishnan;

Jisha R John

How to cite the article:Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve - A Case Study,J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 46-49

ABSTRACT

Keywords

Sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the lower limb, which is formed by lumbo sacral plexus. It is having

two components Common peroneal and tibial nerve. Commonly the Sciatic Nerve takes bifurcation at the upper

angle of the popliteal fossa. It may variable at different levels. During the routine dissection a significant

variation of bifurcation of the sciatic nerve was observed. The bifurcation was within the Pelvic region. The aim

of this case study is to provide and define the variation of sciatic nerve bifurcation and its anatomical relation

obtained from human cadaver. The dissimilarity in Sciatic nerve bifurcation is very important in surgical and

clinical practice.

: Sciatic Nerve, Common Peroneal nerve, Tibial Nerve.

Introduction

The branches of the lumbo sacral plexus are

supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs. The

sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body situated

in the Gluteal region and is formed by the sacral

plexus (L4 to S3 spinal segments). The Sciatic is

Greek word derived from “Ischiadichus”. It is also

called as ischiadic nerve [1] Normally nerve passes

from pelvic to gluteal region through greater sciatic

foramen leaving the lower border of Piriformis

muscle, to enter the gluteal region, deep to the gluteus

maximum muscle. Here it lies superficial to other

muscles. The tibial and common peroneal nerves

bound together by a common sheath of connective

tissue to form a sciatic nerve. As it descends through

the thigh it sends branches to the posterior

compartment of the thigh and leg. The sciatic nerve

usually ends half-way down the back of the thigh

dividing into common peroneal and tibial nerve. The

position of this division of sciatic nerve is variable.

The variation of bifurcation of the sciatic

nerve was explained by the different authors. In this

particular case, there is a bilateral variation in

division of the sciatic nerve was observed. On both

the sides the division of sciatic nerve was within the

Pelvis [2] & [3].

The observation of variation was done

during the routine dissection of gluteal region, for

second year anatomy P G students at Alva's

Ayurvedic Medical College Moodabidri. The

cadaver was 60 year old female body without any

deformity and well preserved. With proper incision

of the skin, facia and fat were removed. The Gluteus

Maximus muscle was removed and exposed the

piriformis and sciatic nerve. After proper exposure,

of the piriformis muscle, exit of the sciatic nerve and

its course and bifurcation level on both sides were

observed and identified.

Case-Study



Observation

Left side of Gluteal Region -

Right side of the Gluteal Region:-

Discussion

During the routine dissection the variation of

sciatic nerve bifurcation was observed bilaterally in

the gluteal region of the female cadaver.

On left side gluteal

region, the Sciatic nerve bifurcation occurred within

the pelvis. The common peroneal nerve (CPN)

emerged deep through the piriformis muscle by

dividing the muscle in to two parts and tibial nerve

(TN) emerged below the inferior border of piriformis

muscle. Both the components then run together

parallel with each other up to the popliteal fossa.

(Figure no 2). The branches are almost normal.

Here also the

Sciatic Nerve bifurcation occurs within the Pelvis.

But the common peroneal nerve emerges at superior

border of the Piriformis muscle and tibial nerve

emerges to the inferior border of the Piriformis

muscle. (Figure no 4) there is no bifurcation of the

piriformis muscle in this side.

Most of the text books of anatomy, orthopedic

and surgery state that the sciatic nerve bifurcation

levels are most important in clinical treatment and

surgical point of view. Normally, the sciatic nerve

passes out through the greater sciatic foramen below

the piriformis muscles and divides at the upper angle

of the popliteal fossa. But there are chances of

variation in bifurcation at different level, which may

cause different clinical presentations of Sciatica and

piriformis syndrome etc [4 & 5].

The sciatic nerve divides into common

peroneal and tibial nerves with in the pelvis and

comes out through greater sciatic foramen by dividing

or either superior or inferior to the piriformis muscle

as separate rout type of variation was explained is

some text books. According to a study conducted by

Dr J.C.B. Grant, in 640 specimens, he confirmed that

the common peroneal nerve passed through piriformis

muscle and tibial nerve passed inferior to Piriformis

muscle is in 12.2 %. The common peroneal nerve

passed through superior border of piriformis muscle

and tibial nerve passed inferior to piriformis muscle is

in 0.5% cases. [5]

Many anatomists have tried to classify the

variations in division of sciatic nerve. According to

the L E. Beaton and Anson B. J who were conducted a

detailed study about the sciatic nerve variation and

relation to the Piriformis muscle in 120 specimens in

1937 and in 240 specimens in 1938, have given a

well noted classifications. Their classification is

known as Beaton andAnson classifications, which is

as follows.

: Undivided sciatic nerve below undivided

muscle

: Divisions of nerve between and below

undivided muscle

: Divisions above and below undivided

piriformis muscle

: Undivided nerve between heads of bifid

piriformis

: Divisions between and above heads of bifid

piriformis

: Undivided nerve above undivided muscle

[6]

In the present Case we have obtained

bilateral variation of sciatic nerve, in which on left

gluteal region we had Type 3 variation. But on right

gluteal region the variation is different from above 6

types. That is - Sciatic nerve already divided in pelvis

and its two divisions comes out differently from

pelvis, one (common peroneal nerve) comes out in

between the two heads of bifid piriformis& the other

(tibial nerve) comes out below the piriformis. That is

shown in the figure no 5 b and c type variations.

This kind of bilateral variations of Sciatic

Nerve in relation to piriformis muscle even though

very rarely reported, but it has to be considered.

These variations of Sciatic Nerve bifurcation at

different level may results in nerve injury (during

deep intramuscular injections in the gluteal region),

piriformis syndrome, injury during the surgical

procedures of posterior aspect of hip operations etc.

So the knowledge regarding anatomical variations

about the level of division of the sciatic nerve and the

location where it leaves the pelvis is of great

importance for surgeons and physicians, to take care

during surgery and to plan accordingly during

various surgical interventions of this region, as well

as for general practitioners in differentiating the

clinical case of sciatica.

[1] M. Prives, N. L ysenkov, V. bushkovich, Human

Anatomy, 3 printing, MIR Publication, vol 2; P

272 & 273

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

Type 6

Conclusion

REFERENCES

rd


Kanthi GM et.al., Bilateral Variation Of Divisions Of The Sciatic Nerve, pp 49-49

Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, P1384.

[5] Moore K. C., A. F. Palley, A. M. R. Agur, Clinical

orientedAnatomy, 6 Edition, P575 & 582.

[6] Beaton L E, Anson B J. The relation of the sciatic

nerve and of its subdivisions to the piriformis

muscle.Anat Rec. 1937;70(1):1-5

th

Fig no 1: Bilateral variation of sciatic nerve posterior aspect

Fig no 2 - Left Sciatic nerve exit and relation to the Piriformis muscle




Fig no 3 - Left side divided

Piriformis muscle and two divisions

of Sciatic Nerve

Fig no 4 - Right Sciatic nerve

exit and relation to Piriformis

Figure no 5 - Diagram showing the variations in the exit of Sciatic nerve


1

2

Research Scholar,

Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa,Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Hubli, Karnataka

JISM1402N Received for publication: January 10, 2014;Accepted: January 21, 2014

[email protected]

Short Communication

Practical application of Ksheera Dhuma

Belavadi S.N , Prashanth A.S1 2

How to cite the article: Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheera Dhuma

J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 50-52

Abstract

Key words:

KsheeraDhuma Vatavyadhi Ardita Acharya

Nadisweda KsheeraDhuma

Snehana, Swedana Brumhana Nadisweda is indicated in Ardita Vyadhi by

Sushruta and Charaka. The modified form of the same is KsheeraDhuma. In this Article the practical

application of KsheeraDhuma, Indications, and its action has been discussed.

KsheeraDhuma, Sweda, Balamula, Jihwanirlekhana, Taladharana, Ardita

traditional treatment practiced in Kerala in different especially in .

Charaka and Sushruta mentioned and this comes under this category. This treatment

acts mainly acts as and effect.

IIntroduction:

:

Ksheera Dhuma

Chikitsa Ardita Ksheera

Dhuma

Swedana Nadisweda Bashpa

sweda Snehana

Swedana

Vatavikaras. Ksheera Dhuma

Snehana Swedana

Snehayukta Sweda

Snigdha Sweda.

Swedana Vata,

Kapha Vatakaphaja. Swedana

Mruduta, Twak prasada,

Srotashodhaka, Stabdhata Sandhis

Chesta (movement)

[1]. Ksheera Dhuma

Ksheera Dhuma

Ksheera Dhuma

Ksheera Ksheera Dhuma

is traditional Keraliya

method widely practiced in .

is treatment modality modified form of

holds good under or

explained as per our classics. and

are the first line of treatments mentioned in

classics for all Here in

procedure both and i.e.

is undertaken. Thus it falls under

the category of

is useful in all diseases of

or By we can induce

the effects like

in and /are

relieved and becomes easy for

The term consists of two words

i.e. and .

is the milk and the is Vapour,

smoke, mist [2]. In general application of Medicated

that is , as the name

indicates, is a special treatment procedure where the

KsheeraDhuma

patient is treated with the / steam generated

from the heated milk through a tube.

have mentioned

and for treating

in general and in particular. The

modified form of the same is

which is mentioned in and

a Malayalam book for the treatment of

is the other name used for

This gives and

simultaneously and acquires

procedure is discussed under following

headings i.e., and

-100 grams

(Water) 1.5 lit

(Milk)-500 ml

(Lotus petals)-2 numbers

• Medicated oil-30 ml,

with

• Bandage cloth, Blanket, Cotton pad, Pressure

cooker (3litres), Rubber tube-1.5 meter,

vessel, stool, bath towel.

Dhuma

Charaka and Sushruta

Nadisweda Sneha Dhuma

Vatavyadhis Ardita

"Ksheera Dhuma"

Keraliya Chikitsa

Yogamrita

Ardita. Palpuka Ksheera

Dhuma. Snehana Swedana

Shamana. Ksheera

Dhuma

Poorva, Pradhana Paschat

Karma.

Balamoola Kwath Churna

• Jala

• Dugdha

• Kamala

• Thalam Amalaki churna

Ingredients:

•



Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheeradhuma, pp50-52

Poorvakarma

Atura Siddhata:

Jihwa pratisarana

Tala Dharana:

Ksheera Dhuma

:

Preparation of

The above mentioned materials are required

for are collected accordingly.

Initially is done and

applied on the head. Using the

bandage cloth the tala is tied. Any

is applied on the face.

and are used for

Woolen is used for blanketing and covering the face

during the procedure.

After proper evacuation of natural urges,

patient with empty stomach is made ready for

following procedures in the morning.

is the first procedure to be done at

affected region i.e., the so that the

part should be anointed by suitable oil such as

The is done over the

and should be done

along the facial muscular attachment with passive

force along the muscle movement, as the mouth is

dragged to the normal side. This should be done for

15 to 20 minutes. The whole procedure should be

done gently and carefully.

In our classics

mentioned 3 types of But in case

of few used with

occurs

which takes out the

So the

takes place.

is to be done later to

(head) is protected from high

temperature by applying which is

mixed with either This mixture

is applied over and it is

bandaged. is done by covering both

the eyes by using Lotus petals.

- 100 grams

Water- 1.5 litre

Milk- 500 ml

100 grams of added to 1.5 liters of water

and cooked on low fire till it is to 500 ml. The

is added with 500 ml of and used for

Ksheera Dhuma

Amalaki Churna Tala Dharana

Pichu (Plotha)

Vatahara Taila

(Ksheerabala) Nimbuka

swarasa Madhu Jihwa Pratisarana.

Abhyanga

Mukha Pradesha,

Ksheerabala Taila. Abhyanga

Shiras, Karna, Lalata, Chibuka, Nasa, Gala, Bhru

Greeva Pradesha. Abhyanga

Sushruta and Vagbhata

Jihwa pratisarana.

Ardita vaidyas Nimbuka Swarasa

Madhu for Jihwa Pratisarana. Lala Praseka

by Jihwa Pratisarana, Utkleshita

Kapha. Jihwa Supti and Galashrita Dosha

Nirharana

Taladharana Jihwa

Pratisarana. Mastishka

Amalaka Churna

Sheeta Taila or Jala.

Brahma Randhra (Vertex)

Netra Rakshana

Karpasa Pichu/

Balamula Kwath Churna

Balamoola

Kashaya

Ksheera Ksheera

�

�

�

Dhuma

Blalamula

Samyak Swedana Sweda

Pradurbhava

Blalamula Kwatha Kseera

Nadiyantra

Ksheera Dhuma, Netra Bandhana

Sweda Pravritti Lalata Mukha

Samyak Sweda Lakshana

Taladharana

Ksheera Dhuma Snigdha Sweda.

Abhyanga Snigdha Sweda i

Ksheera Dhuma Stabdhata Ushna Guna,

Rukshata Snigdha Guna, Sthanika Srotovikasana

Ushna Guna Mrudutva Balya

Bhaspa Ksheera

Balamoola Kwatha. Akshi

Nimeshadhi Prakrita Chesta.

Sida cordifolia

: Laghu, Snigdha, Picchila, Madhura

Rasa, Madhura Vipaka Sheeta Veerya

Tridoshashamaka, Vatashamaka

Snigdha Madhura, Pittashamaka

Sheetaveerya

Vedhanasthapana, Shothahara, Balya,

Vatahara Brumhana

Ardhanagavata, Ardita, Gridharasi

.

Equal quantity of Milk is added is

taken in a wide mouthed vessel. The vessel content is

kept for boiling. As the vapors are coming out the

patient is advised to take the medicated vapors by

covering the woolen blanket over his head

completely. The patient is instructed to inhale the

vapors through mouth, so that the tongue is exposed

to the vapors. This procedure is continued for 15-20

min or till like

over forehead and face takes place.

Second method is also followed commonly

in practice. In this the and

is taken in (cooker) and it is heated until

vapors come out of the connected tube. Prior to the

application of

(Bandaging the eyes) is done to prevent

complication. The Face and tongue are exposed to

the vapor which is coming out of tube for stipulated

time or until over and .

After are appeared

the blanket is removed and the contents of the vessel

are discarded. The perspired sweat over the patients

face is wiped off. The eye coverings and

are removed and patient is advised not

to expose to cold wind. The above procedure can be

carried out daily or on alternate days till the desired

effect is witnessed.

is a type of

followed by n the form of

relieves by

by

by and and properties

produced by of mixture of and

This results in

Malvaceae)

and

because of

because of

and

:

Pradhana Karma:

Paschat Karma:

Procedural Effect:

Bala:

Qualities

Doshaghnata:

Karma-

(

Indication


Pakshaghata, Manyastambha, Avabahuka,

Shirashoola Vatavikara

: Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka, Sheeta

Veerya

: Snigdha, Balya, Brumhana, Ayuvardhaka,

Rasayana Vajeekara

Vatapit ta, Raktavikarahara,

Sarvarogahara [7].

Tikta, Kashaya, Madhurarasa, Vipaka:

Madhura, Veerya: Ushna

Vatakaphahara.

Brumhana, Medhya, Vrushya, Chakshushya,

Shrotra, Shirashoola nashanam.

Sarvarogahara [7].

Ksheera Dhuma Swedana

Swedana

Ksheera Dhuma.

sneha sweda Jihwa Pratisarana

Ksheera Dhuma

-

.

Ksheera Dhuma Ksheera

Balamoola, Snigdha Guru Guna,

Vata. Balamoola

Vata Shamaka Kwatha

Swedana, Ksheera Snigdha Guna

Rooksha Guna Vata. Bhaspa Balamoola Kwatha

Ksheera

Pathya Sukhoshna Jalasnana

Apathya

20-30 min, or Swedapradurbava

Hanugraha, Manyagraha, Avabahuka,

Viswachi, Ardita, Jihwastambha, Pakshaghata

Krichronmeelanam [8,9,10].

and [3,4,5,6].

and

The same moist heat is indicated in

Bell's palsy by modern medicine. This effect is

ensured by procedure.

done properly has the quality of exciting nerve center

powerfully. It also increases the tactile sensibility.

Primarily dilatation of capillary vessels is seen due to

vasomotor nerve influence. also has the

quality of exciting and improving the energy of

striated voluntary muscles. The same effect is also

observed by doing Along with

here added effect of

also obtained. makes the

vasodilatation that occurs with due to vaso

constriction in paralysis

In drugs include

and both have and

these are opposite to that of has best

properties and by using for

helps to relieve

of of

and probably absorb from buccal mucosa and

nourishes, stimulate the local sensory nerve endings

which include taste buds.

: Bed rest- Next 1hour,

: Avoid sunlight, Breeze, Sexual intercourse,

Excess talking.

Time: until

Duration: 7-14-21 days according to need.

Indication:

and

Ksheera:

Qualities

Karma

Rogaghnata:

Tila taila:

Rasa:

Doshaghnata:

Karma:

Rogaghnata:

Ardita:

Drug Effect:

Cow Milk

In case of

Discussion:

Conclusion:

References

In , procedure

are optional for better

efficacy. If followed may get better and faster results.

To justify its action all steps viz.

,

GMP , and are

necessary.

is a type of Keraliya

widely practiced in like

etc. This is a pacifies

and results effect. The mode of action is

based mainly on the Medicine taken for the treatment

along with procedural effect. The and

are best in all and acts as

by pacifying . Research works

are invited on with reference to

.

KsheeraDhuma Jihwa

Nirlekhana, Taladharana

Sthanik Mukha

Abhyanga, Jihwa Nirlekhana, Amalaki taladharana

Balamoola Kwatha Pathya apthya

Ksheera Dhuma Nadi

Sweda Vata Vyadhi Ardita,

Hanugraha Snigdha Sweda Vata

Brumhana

Balamoola

Ksheera Vatavyadhi Ksheera

Brumhana Vatadosha

Ksheera Dhuma

Ardita and vatavyadhi

[1] Pravana J. and Manoj Shankaranarayan, Dhanyamla

dhara Chapter, Keraliya chikitsa paddati, 2008, Padmasri

Dr. Rajagopalan Ayurveda Granthamala Samithi, Thrisur,

Kerala pp. 68-69.

[2] Taranath Bhattacharya, Shabda Sthoma Mahanidhi, 3

ed, 1967, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi.

[3] Sharma P.V., Dravyaguna vignana, Reprint 1999,

Chowkambha BharatiAcademy, Varanasi. pp 734-736.

[4] Brahma Shankar Mishra, Bhavamishra- Bhava

prakasha, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chowkambha

Sanskrit Series Varanasi. Vol- 1.

[5] Kashinath shastry, Vaidya Yadavatrikamaji Acharya,

ed.. Charaka samhita, 1 ed. Chowkambha Sanskrit

samsthana, Varanasi.

[6] Sharma P.V. and Guruprasad Sharma, Dhanvavantari

nighantu 3 ed. Chowkambha Orientalia, Varanasi. - 2002.

[7] Brahma Shankar Mishra, Bhavamishra- Bhava

prakasha, Vidyotini Hindi commentary, Chowkambha

Sanskrit Series Varanasi. Vol- 1.

[8] Pravana J. and Manoj Shankaranarayan, Dhanyamla

dhara Chapter, Keraliya chikitsa paddati, 2008, Padmasri

Dr. Rajagopalan Ayurveda Granthamala Samithi, Thrisur,

Kerala pp. 68-69.

[9] Surendran E., Panchakarma A guide to treatment

procedures in Ayurveda, 1 ed. 2006, Vaidyaratnam P.S.

VarierAyurveda College, Kottakal, Kerala. pp74-75

[10] Shreeman Namboodari, Vidyarambham Yogamrita,

Government. Press, Trivendrum, Kerala

rd

st

rd

st

Belavadi S.N et.al. Practical application of Ksheeradhuma, pp50-52


1 2S.R &Ph.D scholar, Professor & Head, Department of Rachana Sharir, Faculty of

Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi.

JISM1333N Received for publication: June 30, 2013; Accepted: January 14, 2014

Short Communication

A unique and holistic concept of Ayurveda to

Understand Human body: “Purushoeyam Loka samitam”

Ashutosh Kumar Pathak , Awasthi H.H.1 2

How to cite the article: Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam,

J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 53-55

Abstract

Key words:

Ayurveda is holistic medical science and it is with established theories and principles. Out of all

” i.e. individual is the epitome of the universe, is a unique theory of Ayurvedic

holistic approach. This concept not only explains the understanding of human body in coherence with nature but

also illustrates the evolution of theory, which is based on a fundamental and

centralized concept ofAyurveda.

,

“Purushoeyam Lok Samitam

Tridosha Pancha Mahabuta,

Panchamahabuta Purusha, Dhatu, Tridosha, Samhita.

Introduction

Purusha

Upanishads.

Purusha Sarirasthana.

Cakrapani

Purusha

mahabhutas.

Purusha

Adhyatmika

Ahamkara Bhautika m rti

kleda Purusha

Punarvasu

Mahabhutas.

bhutas

principle is found in crude form in

Vedic literature and First time its

presentation as a fundamental principle in systematic

form is found in Caraka-Samhita. Caraka has

described the concept as a similarity in the

constituents of the universe and the constituents of the

in He elaborated this premise

with details. clarifies that the identity

between the universe and the is stated on the

basis of the derivation of the body from the on

physical basis i.e.

The identity between the universe and the

on the basis of spiritual entities is preached.

From this it is implied that whatever the entities be

they, (spiritual) like soul, mind,

, etc. or (physical) like ,

etc. found in the are similar in the

universe also [1]. preaches the identity

between universe and the individual, after

enumerating the constituents of the body derived

from the five As understanding this

derivation of body from the known in the view

ū

of identity of universe and the becomes

cause of the most desired salvation [2] and

summarised is as whatever entities that possesses

form in the universe are also established in the

and vice versa.

The factors of are derived from the

five viz. - (sound) ears, buoyancy,

minuteness and distinctness from the . The

factors derived from are touch, skin, roughness,

initiation, formation and the transportation of

and different kind of activities of body. The

factors present in body are sight, the organ of vision,

luminosity, digestion and the heat. Factors which are

derived from the are taste, gustatory organ,

coldness, softness, unction and moistening. Factors

derived from in the body are smell, olfactory

organ, heaviness, stability and mass [3]. Even the

factors which are derived from the mother, father etc.

are also derivations of the [4].

Caraka elaborated the principle laying and

more emphasis on spiritual entity but the picture

becomes clearer if the clarification of the

Purusha

Purusha

Purusha

mahabhutas sabda

akasa

vayu

dhatus

taijas

apa

prithivi

bhutas

Similarity between individual and nature



Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam, pp53-55

commentators Gangadhara and Cakrapani are being

taken in account. As Caraka states that Universe is the

aggregate of six viz. , , , ,

and the un-manifest . The combination

of the same six is called as the [5].

Gangadhara explains the derivation of the universe

from these six too. The which is ten times

of the in measure exists, by surrounding the

from its all sides. , ten times the in

measure then surrounds the from all the sides.

Similarly the which is ten times the ,

surrounds it from all the sides. then in its turn get

surrounded by which is ten times greater than it.

which is ten times greater than

surrounds this from all the sides. Ten times

greater surrounds the from all its

sides which in its turn gets surrounded by the un-

manifest which is again ten times greater than

it. Here and is included in the

unmanifest and as such combination of these

six gets the name of (universe) [6].

The said six which constitute the

(universe) are also the constituents the . The

found in the (universe) is in the form of

(form) in the . (moisture) present

in the is the in the universe. The heat

found in the is similar to the present in

the universe. in the universe is ( )

in the . of the universe is present in the

form of voids in the . present in the

universe is inner self ( ) in the [7].

After indicating the identity between the six

constituting the (universe) and

again enumerates other entities which are in

identity in (universe) and the are shown

in table-1 [8].

The above stated entities are some examples

just for illustration of the theme of identity between

the (universe) and (individual). Those

entities that share identity between these two should

also be known with the help of inference [9].

Susruta also supports above said principle

and he states that “ just as soma (moon /water),

dhatus prithivi apa tejas vayu

akasa brahma

dhatus Purusha

dhatus apa

Tejas apa

apa

vayu tejas

Vayu

akasa

Ahank ra akasa

akasa

mah n ahank ra

brahma

ahank ra mah n

brhma

dhatus loka

dhatus loka

Purusha

prithivi loka

m rti Purusha Kleda

Purusha apa

Purusha tejas

Vayu elan vital prana

Purusha Ak a

Purusha Brahma

atma Purusha

dhatus loka Purusha

Acharya

loka Purusha

loka Purusha

surya

prithivi

prithivi

ā

ā ā

ā ā

ū

āś

Evolution of concept of tridosha –

(sun/fire) and (air) supports this world by

functions (releasing of strength),

(withdrawing strength) and (initiating all

action/providing momentum) respectively similarly

and supports the human body with

their functions.”

From this verse it can be concluded that the

central principle of the Ayurveda, “ ” were

evolved after the proper understanding of the

“ ” which can be

apprehended in the l ight of theory of

Punarvasu states that seeing the entire

universe in the Self and the Self in entire universe

gives rise to (true knowledge). On

seeing entire universe in one realises that the

alone is the cause of the miseries and

happiness and none else. Being directed by the

(past deeds), the atman who is associated with

the (causes of rebirth), after knowing the entire

universe as Himself rises along with the knowledge

in the quest of salvation [10]. When one aspects the

presence of all the entities in all the conditions, he

becomes one with the , theAbsolute [11].

1. The proper understanding of these concepts

enables to understand the changes in body according

to environment physically, mentally and spiritually

and let one to adapt accordingly which is of great

importance from medical point of view.

2. Upcoming diseases can be predicted and proper

measures can be taken accordingly as described in

classics in form of and

Helpful in understanding of disease and its

treatment as theory is part of it.

4. Understanding the concept enlightens individual

and helps one to attain salvation.

It is evident from the applied aspect that the

principle of Ayurveda “ ”

is of holistic approach as it explains the similarity

between individual and the nature both on

materialistic and spiritual level. Understanding of

this concept enables us to be more nearer to nature

anila

visarga adana

viksepa

kapha, pitta vata

tridosha

purushoeyam lok samitam

panchamahabhuta.

saty buddhi

atman

atman

karma

hetu

Brahman

ritucharya dincharya.

3.

tridosha

Purushoeyam Lok Samitam

Spiritual aspect –

Applied aspects –

Conclusion –

ā


along with to our body and soul which can be applied

for "treatment of disease to the attainment of

salvation."

[

References :

1],[2]. Dutta , Sharir sthan 4/12,

Sa hit edited by

Yadavaji Trikamji, Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan,

Varanasi, reprint, 1992.

[3].[4]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,

Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 4/12, Sa hit ,

with Hindi translation of text and

Dutta's yurveda Dip k k along with Tattva Prak in

Hindi k on Dutta's yurveda Dip k k ,

Chaukhamba,

[5].[6]. Sharma P.V, . Sharir sthan 5/4, Samhit text

with English translation, with critical notes incorporating

the commentaries of Jejja a, , and

Yogindranatha Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Fifth

edition, 2003

Cakrapani

Caraka , Acarya

Caraka

Cakrapani

Cakrapani

Caraka

Cakrapani Gangadhara

.

Āyurveda

Dipīkā t m

m

t

t ?

?

īkā on ā

ā

Ā ī ā ī ā āś ī

ī ā Ā ī ā ī ā

ā

[7].[8].[9].[ Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,

Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 5/5, Sa hit , with

Hindi translation of text and Dutta's yurveda

Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in Hindi t k on

Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k , Chaukhamba,

[10]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,

Goswami Dr. P.K., , Sharir sthan 5/6 Sa hit , with

Hindi translation of text and Dutta's yurveda

Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in Hindi t k on

Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k , Chaukhamba

[11]. Dwivedi Dr. Laxmidhara, Dwivedi Dr. B.K.,

Goswami Dr. P.K., Sharir sthan 5/21, Sa hit ,

with Hindi translation of text and

Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k along with Tattva Prak in

Hindi t k on Dutta's yurveda Dip k t k ,

Chaukhamba

Caraka m

Cakrapani

Cakrapani

, Caraka m

Cakrapani

Cakrapani

Caraka m

Cakrapani

Cakrapani

ā

Ā

ī ā ī ā āś ī ī ā

Ā ī ā ī ā

ā

Ā

ī ā ī ā āś ī ī ā

Ā ī ā ī ā

ā

Ā ī ā ī ā āś ī

ī ā Ā ī ā ī ā

Pathak AK et.al, concept of Purushoeyam lok samitam, pp53-55


No Entity found

in Universe

Entity found in

Purusha

No. Entity found in

Universe

Entity found in

Purusha

1. Pruthvi Murti 13. Vasu Sukha

2. Apa Kleda 14. Asvinau Kanti

3. Teja Abhisantapa 15. Marut Utsaha

4. Vayu Prana 16. Visvadevah Indriya and Indriyartha

5. Akasa Susirani 17. Tama Moha

6. Brahma Antaratma 18. Jyoti Jnana

7. Brahmi vibhuti Antaratmiki vibhuti 19. Sarga Garbhadana

8. Prajapati Sattva 20. Krtayuga Balya

9. Indra Ahankara 21. Tretayuga Yauvana

10. Aditya Adana 22. Dvaparayuga Sthavirya

11. Rudra Rosa 23. Kaliyuga Aturya

12. Soma Prasada 24. Yuganta Marana

Table1: Entity found in Purusha (individual ) and Loka (universe)

Lecturer, Dept. of Agadatantra & Vyavahar Ayurved, Shri Gurudeo Ayrved College, Gurukunja

ashram, Email- [email protected],

JISM1331N Received for publication: June 06, 2013; Accepted: January 10, 2014

Short Communication

Conceptual Study of Chronic Poisoning

With Special Reference to Dooshi Visha

Laxmikant S. Paymalle

How to cite the article:

Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – DooshiVisha, J-ISM, V2 N1, Jan- Mar 2014, pp56-58

Abstract:

People are exposed to several kinds of toxins in our day to day life. Air pollution, Water pollution,

exposure to Pesticides, Chemicals, and Fertilizers etc is a small part of the toxicity story. These poisons may not

be potent enough to cause acute illness, but can cause ill effects even after a long period. These toxins are

deposited in the body in a concealed form without being eliminated timely and properly. Such toxins are of

latent toxicity is named as in Ayurveda and it causes many diseases in the body. Application of

concept for the diagnosis and treatment can give rise better results in present scenario. In general

sense the vitiates inside the body with its ' is not a type

of poison rather it is a transformed state or latent stage which can be attained by any type of poison. It elucidate

that any poison can become , when it is subjected to time, denaturized by antidotes, dried by fire.

Poisons which are naturally weak in potency are also fall under this category. an important

contribution ofAyurveda to the world not yet explored to its final extent.

Keywords- , Insecticide, Pesticide, Latent Toxicity,Antidote

Dooshi Visha

Dooshi Visha

Dooshi Visha Dhatus Dooshan Swabhava'. Dooshi Visha

Dooshi Visha

Dooshi Visha

Dooshi Visha, Dhatu

Introduction

Effect of on body [2], [3]

According to Sushruta means

“a part of or ,

which cannot be removed from the body but instead

becomes less potent after digestion or the counter

action of antidotes stays in the body for a long period

and vitiating it slowly is called [1].

1. Diarrhea

2. Discoloration of the skin

3. Becomes a patient of vitiated blood

4. Thirst

5.Anorexia

6. Vomiting

7. Fainting

8. Delusion

9. Diseases of Digestive system

10. Infertility

Dooshi Visha

Sthaawara, Jaangama Krtrim Visha

Dooshivisha

DooshiVisha

The Poisons Found In Our Food and Drinking

Water:-

The country's regulators have failed to check

the flow of pesticides into the food chain, suggests a

monitoring report of the Department of Agriculture

and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the

country's premier institute. Fruits, vegetables,

poultry and milk are all laced with high pesticide

residues —much above the maximum residue limit

(MRL) set by the Prevention of Food Adulteration

Act of 1954. The report, which analyzed sample food

items from 13 states in 20 laboratories across the

country between 2008 and 2009, also found several

foods had residues of pesticides that are either

banned in the country or are recommended for

restricted use. DDT, for instance, is not

recommended for vegetables [4].



Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – Dooshivisha, pp 58-60

The study, "Analysis of pesticide residues in

bottled water (Delhi region)," released in February by

the CSE, surveyed 17 brands of bottled water in and

around Delhi and 13 brands in the Mumbai region

including such popular brands as Pure Life by Nestle,

Aquafina by PepsiCo and Kinley by Coca Cola.

Pesticide residues were found in all the samples,

except the imported Evian. The pesticide residues

found included organochlorine, gamma-Hexachloro-

cyclohexane and DDT, which were the most prevalent

[5].

Delhi-based NGO Centre for Science and

Environment (CSE) tested brands of market leaders

Coca-Cola and Pepsi Co. It found that Coke contained

30 times and Pepsi Co 36 times the amount of

pesticides considered acceptable by the European

Economic Commission (EEC) [6].

This type of food was taken as meal by our

society for long time. The pesticides and insecticides

presents in the food accumulates in the body of human

being for long period without showing any hazardous

effect on the body. The possible reaction due this type

of slow poisoning (chronic poisoning) is as fallows

1. (Organochlorine) :-

Probable human carcinogen, damages the

liver, temporarily damages the nervous system,

Reduces reproductive success, can cause liver cancer,

damages reproductive system.

2.

Nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory

paralysis, body weight loss, decreased food

consumption, liver, kidney and adrenal pathology.

3. (Organophosphate)

It induces difficulty breathing, chest

tightness, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, watery eyes,

blurred vision, salivation, sweating, headache,

dizziness, loss of consciousness, cancer in humans.

4. (organochlorine)

It induces Headache, dizziness, irritability,

vomiting, and uncontrolled muscle movements.

Chemicals may damage the sperm.

All these reactions are very much similar to

sign and symptoms given in poisoning so

we can apply the principle of treatment

given in Ayurved for treating these types of poisoning

cases.

The patient of should be

DDT

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Malathion

Dieldrin

Treatment of [7]:-

dooshiVisha

dooshiVisha

DooshiVisha

DooshiVisha

administered sudation, upward and down ward

purification (Emesis and Purgation) and then made

to consume added with honey.

Dooshi ri agada [8]

TankanYog [9]

Srkaradileha [10]

Krutrim gruha doom tail [11]

The concept of is gaining

importance in present era. This may be the cause for

the decreasing health status of the society. The

holistic approach of Ayurveda and its unique

fundamental principles on one hand and the

neutraceutical remedies of Ayurveda on the other if

pooled to the main stream of world medicine of

today, it can bring a big positive revolution to the

quality of health care for the suffering humanity

world over. Hence applying these basic principles of

Ayurveda for the treatment aspect as well as for the

preventive aspect by enhancing the immunity, the

main goal ofAyurveda can be achieved.

[1]Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,

Sushrut Samhita, Twelth

edition,2001,Chaukhambha Publication, New

Delhi,25

[2] Vaidya Y.G Joshi: Chikitsa, Charak

Samhita, Second edition, 2005, M.Vaidyamitra

Publication,Pune,508

[3] Ambikadatta Shastri: Sthawaar Vidnyaniy,

S u s h r u t S a m h i t a , Tw e l t h e d i t i o n , 2

001,Chaukhambha Publication, New Delhi,26

[4] Savvy Soumya Misra, Pesticide-rich food, 2011-

2 - 1 5 ( h t t p : / / w w w .

downtoearth.org.in)

[5] Anonymous, The study, "Analysis of pesticide

residues in bottled water (Delhi region)," released in

February2003 by the CSE. (


Sushrut Samhita, 12th edition, 2001,Chaukhambha

Publication, New Delhi,29

Dooshivisari Agada

Visha

Visha

dooshiVisha

Visha

Visha

Visha

D o w n To E a r t h

Hindustan

Times

Visha

The Drug witch used in :-

Conclusion

References

DooshiVisha chikitsa

•

•

•

•

kalp sthan 2/25-26,

Centre for Science and

Environment)

[6] Poison in your soft drink, says study

By: Sutirtho Patranobis New Delhi, the

(India) 6 March 2013



Sushrut Samhita, Twelth edition,2001,Chaukhambha

Publication, New Delhi,29

[9] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay, Bruhad

Nighantu ratnaakar, first edition,1996, Khemraj Shri

Krushndas Publication, Mumbai

Visha

Visha

[10] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay,Bruhad



[11] Dattaram Mathur: rog Adhyaay, Bruhad



.

Visha

Visha

Paymalle LS, Chronic Poisoning – Dooshivisha, pp 58-60


Book Review - Practical Handbook of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana

Book Review

Practical Handbook of Rasashastra

and Bhaishajya Kalpana

ISBN: 978-81608-10-4

Bharat J. Rathi

Ayurveda, the science of life is having many

branches to serve the humanity. Treatment to the

diseased person depends upon Chikitsa chatushpada

i.e. Bhishak (Physician), Dravya (Drug) , Upasthata

(Author) and Rogi (Patient) Medicine is a tool by

which diseases are eradicated. Genuine and

standard medicines can only serve this purpose.

Training in drug manufacturing is imparted to

BAMS curriculum during their study period to

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that they may successfully treat their patients

with genuine and standard medicines. Students

learn a total 100 practicals in their tenure by

conventional methods. These includes various

processes such as washing , pounding, grinding ,

squeezing ,powdering , heating, melting, boiling,

dehydrating, filtering , lavigation , puta ,

sublimation , distillation to convert the drug into

suitable forms . Practical knowledge also

includes the material identification, collection,

preservation, storage, processing, physico

chemical characterization, quality assessment,

safety & efficacy evaluation, dose determination,

new drug developments, packing, dispensing,

and even to evaluate therapeutic uses. Thus it is a

complete science and skillful area of drug

manufacturing.

The book “Practical handbook of

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana” written by

Dr. Bharat Rathi read by me recently and found

that it is very useful to the students for learning

and performing the practicals in the subject of

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana. The salient

features of the book can be highlighted as-

�

�

�

�

�

The book is written in a simple and lucid

manner explaining each preparation step by step.

Reference is given for each practical

Observations are given to understand the

organoleptic characters of each formulation

Additional examples are enlisted with their

reference, dose and therapeutic uses.

MCQ's given in annexure will be helpful to the

students preparing for competitive exams.

The book covers almost C.C.I.M. new

practical syllabus of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya

Kalpana except a very few omission. This book

will be of great help not only to the 2 year

BAMS students but also to researchers, teachers,

practicing physicians and the people interested in

Ayurveda. I appreciate the author's efforts for this

valuable work

nd

Review by: (Author of Selected

Ayurvedic Formulation) Professor, Head, Dept. of

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Dr.BRKR Govt.

Ayurvedic College, Hyderabad -38, (AP)

[email protected]

Anil Kumar A.


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(e.g.: [13]) in running text and also at the

references place.

e.g. [1] Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala,

Chakrapanidutta,

,

18/32. In: edited by Vaidya Jadavaji

Trikamji Aacharya, 5th ed. New Delhi:

Munshiram Mohanlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.;

1992. p.541.

[2] Choudhury P, Prajapati NC, Puri RK,

Sachdev HP. Impact of nat ional

immunization schedule on vaccine

preventable diseases: A hospital based

study. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29: 33-38.

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