IT 121 Prelim Notes

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IT/ICS 121 Lecture Notes

Prelims

2nd Sem SY 2010-2011

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Topics for Prelims IT/ICS 121

• IT Application domains: – Bio-informatics and medical applications

– Business applications

– Law enforcement

– Political processes

– E-commerce

– Manufacturing

– Education

– Entertainment

– Agriculture

– (and others)

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• Biopendium: Using proprietary bioinformatics applications on one ofthe world's most sophisticated high speed computer clusters, theCompany has developed a formidable relational database known as theBiopendium(TM), which brings together information on sequence,

structure and function relationships for all gene products in the publicdomain. This currently comprises over 100 million such relationshipsenabling essential information to be derived about potential newtargets, as part of the validation and lead optimisation process.

The Biopendium pre-calculated database and integrated data miningand visualisation tools can be used to enhance drug discovery in thefollowing ways:

– Target Discovery and Validati on

– Structure-Function Annotation

– Sequence to Structure and Function

– Identification of the Functional Residues of a Protein

– Added Confidence in Drug Dev elopment

Bio-informatics and Medicine

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BusinessAccounting / ERP SoftwareAccounting / ERP Software

ERP - Financials / Accounting

ERP - Time & Billing

ERP - Order Management &Fulfillment

ERP - Purchasing ManagementERP - Inventory Management

ERP - Front & Back Office Integration

CRM SoftwareCRM Software

CRM - Sales Force Automation (SFA)

CRM - Marketing Automation

CRM - Customer Service & Support

CRM - Partner RelationshipManagement

CRM - Customer Self-Service

CRM - Front & Back Office Integration

Ecommerce SoftwareEcommerce Software

Ecommerce - Web Store

Ecommerce - Web Analytics

Ecommerce - Web Site

Ecommerce - SEO

Ecommerce - Site Building

Ecommerce - Front & Back OfficeIntegration

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence

Executive Dashboards

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Real-Time Analytics & Reporting

KPI Scorecards

Customer Dashboards

Front & Back Office Integration



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• The Washington State Department of Information Services (DIS) designedthe computer application known as ““Possible Criminal History and CasePossible Criminal History and Case

and Criminal Historyand Criminal History”” (PCH/CACH)(PCH/CACH). King County incorporated thesoftware its jail inmate lookup service (JILS) as a pilot program.

• PCH/CACH provides Washington’s law enforcement professionals withquick and seamless access to an individual’s criminal and court casehistory. With PCH/CACH, information from multiple criminal justiceorganizations can be received through a single search -- simplifying theresearch responsibilities of law enforcement professionals like policeofficers and prosecuting attorneys.

• Groundbreaking law enforcement software has earned King and Yakimacounties top honors from the American Council for Technology (ACT), anational committee of government and industry IT professionals. Thesoftware is a finalist for the 2007 ACT Intergovernmental Solutions

Awards. It allows police officers to use a single program to search localand state criminal and court information on inmates.

Law Enforcement

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• The Political Data Incorporated (PDI) Online CampaignPolitical Data Incorporated (PDI) Online Campaign

CenterCenter is a web-based campaign management softwareapplication to be used by political campaigns andconsultants. It is designed with the specific goal ofproviding more voter information resources to politicalcampaigns. In addition, the application is user-friendly forindividuals with varying campaign and computerexperience.

• The web-based data environment allows PDI to performthe more complex data management tasks and lets thecampaigns focus on campaign work. This seamlessbackend partnership between PDI and the campaign is thetrue strength behind the application.

Politics

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•• AmeriCommerceAmeriCommerce is more than a Shopping Cart, it is an Ecommerceplatform that provides online store owners with the power to manage,market, and analyze their stores via an easy to use yet powerful webbased administration console. In development since 2001,AmeriCommerce has pioneered several innovations in the hostedshopping cart industry, including Multiple Storefronts™, set it and forget it

shopping portal feeds, integrated graphical analytics, SEO and developerAPI.

•• AmeriCommerceAmeriCommerce provides unmatched power for managing and marketingmultiple highly targeted online stores via one administration console usingthe unique Multiple Storefronts technology saving valuable time andresources. Set it and forget it shopping portal feeds means automaticallysubmitting the store’s catalog to several online shopping portals such asShopZilla, Google Base, and Yahoo Shopping every day. Built in graphicalanalytics allows for automatic tracking of shopping portals, pay per click,organic search, banner ads, affiliate programs, email campaigns and directmail.

E-Commerce

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•• EAM (Enterprise Asset Management)EAM (Enterprise Asset Management) issynonymous with the dispatch, management, and tracking of preventivemaintenance activities or the leaning out of spare-parts inventories.

• EMI (Enterprise Manufacturing Intelligence)is a term which applies to software used to bring a corporation'smanufacturing-related data together from many sources for thepurposes of reporting, analysis, visual summaries, and passing databetween enterprise-level and plant-floor systems. As data iscombined from multiple sources, it can be given a new structure orcontext that will help users find what they need regardless of where itcame from. The primary goal is to turn large amounts ofmanufacturing data into real knowledge and drive business resultsbased on that knowledge.

Manufacturing



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• Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium by MicrosoftCorporation Used by 2259 users. Microsoft Student with EncartaPremium 16.0 includes a wide range of tools and resources forstudents. It includes templates and tutorials to help you do yourhomework in Microsoft Office. Includes Microsoft Math for doingmathematical calculations including solving equations and plottinggraphs, calculus, etc. Dictionary and Thesaurus helps learn foreignlanguages too.

• E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learningand teaching. The Information and communication systems,whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement thelearning process

Education

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America's entertainment software industry creates a wide array of computerand video games to meet the demands and tastes of audiences. Below is alist of the top 10 entertainment software industry facts:

1. U.S. computer and video game software sales grew 6% in 2007 to $9.5billion – more than tripling industry software sales since 1996.

2. 65% of American households play computer or video games.

3. The average game player is 35 years old and has been playing gamesfor 13 years.

4. The average age of the most frequent game purchaser is 40 years old.

5. 40% of all game players are women. In fact, women over the age of 18represent a significantly greater portion of the game-playing population(33%) than boys age 17 or younger (18%).

Entertainment

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Entertainment

6. In 2008, 26% of Americans over the age of 50 played videogames, an increase from 9% in 1999.

7. 36% of heads of households play games on a wireless device,such as a cell phone or PDA, up from 20% in 2002.

8. 85% of all games sold in 2007 were rated "E" for Everyone, "T"for Teen, or "E10+" for Everyone 10+.

9. 94% of game players under the age of 18 report that theirparents are present when they purchase or rent games.

10. 63% of parents believe games are a positive part of theirchildren’s lives.

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• Shivrai Technologies - Agriculture Initiative (For Small to Medium Businesses )Internet based applicationware that provides full enterpriseresource planning package for total farm management.

• Agtrace Inc. - AGTRACE (For Small to Medium Businesses )Provides quality control and traceability of food productsthroughout the production, processing, and supply chain.

• Franwell Software - Agware Grower-Packer-Shipper (For Medium-Sized Businesses )Integrated financial and logistics software system designedspecifically for the perishable foods industry.

Agriculture



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Some Terminology

• Data representation unit and processingunit1. Binary Digits (Bits)

Two levels of status in computer’s electronic circuits

Whether the electric current passes through it or not

Whether the voltage is high or low

1 digit of the binary system represented by “1” or “0”

Smallest unit that represents data inside the computer

1 bit can represent 2 values of data, “0” or “1”

2 bits can represent 4 different values

“00”, “01”, “10”, “11”

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(or Column)

(or Row)

(or

Table)

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Bit representation

Switches Open (0) or closed (1)

Current Not flowing (0) or flowing (1)

Lights Off (0) or on (1)

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Primary and SecondaryStorage Devices



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Primary Memory - RAM

• RAM Types - in order to enable computers to work faster, there

are several types of RAM available today. Within a single computer there isno longer just one type of memory. Because the types of memory relate tospeed, it is important to understand the differences when comparing thecomponents of a computer.

• SIMM

• DIMM

• RIMM

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Single In-line Memory Modules(SIMM)

• SIMMs are used to store a single row of DRAM, EDO orBEDO chips where the module is soldered onto a PCB.One SIMM can contain several chips. When you addmore memory to a computer, most likely you are addinga SIMM.

• The first SIMMs transferred 8 bits of data at a time andcontained 30 pins. When CPU's began to read 32-bitchunks, a wider SIMM was developed and contained 72pins.

• 72 pin SIMMS are 3/4" longer than 30 pin SIMMs

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Dual In-line Memory Modules(DIMM)

• DIMMs allow the ability to have two rowsof DRAM, EDO or BEDO chips. They areable to contain twice as much memory onthe same size circuit board. DIMMscontain 168 pins and transfer data in 64bit chunks.

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Rambus In-Line Memory Modules(RIMM)

• RIMMs appeared on motherboards sometime during1999. The in-line memory modules are called RIMMs.

• They have 184 pins and provide 1.6 GB per second ofpeak bandwidth in 16 bit chunks.

• As chip speed gets faster, so does the access tomemory and the amount of heat produced. An aluminumsheath, called a heat spreader, covers the module toprotect the chips from overheating.



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Read Only Memory (ROM)

• Read-only memory (ROM) is a class ofstorage media used in computers andother electronic devices. Data stored inROM cannot be modified, or can bemodified only slowly or with difficulty, so itis mainly used to distribute firmware.

– Firmware - software that is very closely tiedto specific hardware, and unlikely to need

frequent updates

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BIOS

• BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program apersonal computer's microprocessor uses to get thecomputer system started after you turn it on. It alsomanages data flow between the computer's operatingsystem and attached devices such as the hard disk ,video adapter , keyboard , mouse , and printer .

• BIOS is a program that is made accessible to themicroprocessor on an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM) chip. When you turn on yourcomputer, the microprocessor passes control to theBIOS program, which is always located at the same

place on EPROM

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Secondary MemoryHard Disk

HARD DISK ASSEMBLY - Ahard disk drive consists of amotor, spindle, platters,read/write heads, actuator,

frame, air filter, andelectronics. The framemounts the mechanical partsof the drive and is sealed witha cover. The sealed part ofthe drive is known as the HardDisk Assembly or HDA. Thedrive electronics usuallyconsists of one or moreprinted circuit boards mountedon the bottom of the HDA.

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Hard Disk

• A head and platter can be visualized as being similar to arecord and playback head on an old phonograph, exceptthe data structure of a hard disk is arranged intoconcentric circles instead of in a spiral as it on a

phonograph record (and CD-ROM).• A hard disk has one or more platters and each platter

usually has a head on each of its sides. The platters inmodern drives are made from glass or ceramic to avoidthe unfavorable thermal characteristics of the aluminumplatters found in older drives.

• The platters are mounted on the spindle which is turnedby the drive motor. Most current IDE hard disk drives spinat 5,400, 7,200, or 10,000 RPM and 15,000 RPM drivesare emerging.



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Compact Disk

CD Basics

CDs work by reading the data that is etched onthe plastic surface. This data is stored in binary,a pattern of 1s and 0s that the computer canunderstand. As the laser reads the data, it sendsit back to the computer for interpretation. CDburners use the same laser technology to etchthe data onto the CD, rather than simply readingit.

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Compact Disk

Burning Data

• When you burn a CD, the CD burner's laser runs overthe surface of the disk to etch the binary data.

• It begins at the innermost part of the CD and worksoutward, which is why burned CDs are darker in themiddle than blank ones. Each section of data has amicroscopic set width.

• As it passes over the disk, it etches a line to represent a1 and leaves a blank space to represent a 0. Since thewidth of each binary entry is set, the reader is able tointerpret long strings of the same character as theappropriate number of entries.

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Compact Disk

Rewritable CDs

• Rewritable CDs use the same technology as single write

CDs. The CD is coated with a material that can bemelted and solidified to erase the existing data.

• When you write to a rewritable CD that has data, thesection you are replacing is super heated and allowed tocool before the data is etched. Each time you rewrite theCD, some of this material is lost, so you can only use arewritable disk a finite number of times before itbecomes unusable.

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Compact Disk

• Burning Speeds

CD burners work at different speeds, based upon how

quickly the CD spins in the drive and how fast the lasercan etch the data. The base speed, 1x, translates to aburn time of 60 minutes for 60 audio minutes. A 4x CDtakes 15 minutes to burn the same amount of data. NewCD burners operate at above 32x speed and can burn aCD in a few minutes rather than half an hour or more.



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Compact Disk Recordable• Recordable CD and DVD media are made of several layers

of different materials. In addition to the label surface, a discis comprised of a protective coating, a layer of reflectivematerial, a layer of dye/polymer material, and a thickertransparent substrate. The dye/polymer layer changeswhen a specific kind of laser is focused through thetransparent layer and onto it.

• To write data onto a disc, the optical drive uses this type oflaser to make a series of microscopic marks in the dye. Theresulting sequence of light and dark spots (called "pits" and"lands") represent the digital ones and zeros that compriseyour data. To read a disc, the optical drive shines a different

light on the disc surface, and the sequence of pits andlands are reflected back and read as information.

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Compact Disk Recordable

• Recordable and rewritable CDs and DVDs aremanufactured with a small amount of written"pre-groove" data that contains various discattributes, including the disc type, part number,manufacturer, the kind of dye used, its writablecapacity, rated write speed, and other items.

• This data resides in a very small area on thedisc that is not part of the user-writable area.The optical drive reads this data to determinehow it should handle the disc.

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DVD Recordable

• A DVD-RW disc is a rewritable optical disc with equalstorage capacity to a DVD-R, typically 4.7 GB. Theformat was developed by Pioneer in November 1999. – The smaller Mini DVD-RW holds 1.46 GB, with a diameter of

8 cm.• The primary advantage of DVD-RW over DVD-R is theability to erase and rewrite to a DVD-RW disc. Accordingto Pioneer, DVD-RW discs may be written to about 1,000times before needing replacement. DVD-RW discs arecommonly used for volatile data, such as backups orcollections of files. One benefit to using a rewritable discis if there are writing errors when recording data, the discis not ruined and can still store data by erasing the faultydata.

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DVD Recordable

• One competing rewritable format is DVD+RW.Hybrid drives that can handle both, often labeled"DVD±RW", are very popular due to the lack of a

single standard for recordable DVDs.• The recording layer in DVD-RW and DVD+RW

is not an organic dye, but a special phasechange metal alloy. The alloy can be switchedback and forth between a crystalline phase andan amorphous phase, changing the reflectivity,depending on the power of the laser beam. Datacan thus be written, erased and re-written.



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Blu Ray Disc

• Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical discstorage medium designed to supersede the DVD format.The format defines as its standard physical media a12 cm (same as DVDs and CDs), 25 GB per-layeroptical disc, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm forfeature-length video discs and additional layers possiblelater.

• The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the "blue laser " used toread the disc, which allows for six times more storagethan on a DVD. The term Blu (Blue in Italian) was usedinstead of the correct Blue which is commonly used in

English (and therefore not registrable as a trademark).

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Blu ray Disc

• Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray DiscAssociation, a group representing makers of consumerelectronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Asof June 2009, more than 1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles wereavailable in Australia and the United Kingdom, with2,500 in the United States and Canada.

• In Japan, as of July 2010 more than 3,300 titles werealready released.

• During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-rayDisc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, themain company that supported HD DVD, conceded in

February 2008, releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player inlate 2009.

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USB Flash Memory Stick

• A USB flash drive consists of a flash memorydata storage device integrated with a USB(Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash

drives are typically removable and rewritable,and physically much smaller than a floppy disk.Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz).

• Storage capacities in 2010 can be as large as256 GB with steady improvements in size andprice per capacity expected. Some allow 1million write or erase cycles and have a 10-yeardata retention cycle.

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USB Flash Memory Stick•A flash drive consists of a small printed circuitboard carrying the circuit elements and a USBconnector, insulated electrically and protected insidea plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can becarried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example.The USB connector may be protected by a

removable cap or by retracting into the body of thedrive, although it is not likely to be damaged ifunprotected.

•Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowingplugging into a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfacesalso exist.•Most USB flash drives draw their power from the USB connection, and donot require a battery. They should not be confused with some look-alikemusic player devices that combine the functionality of a digital audioplayer with flash-drive-type storage and require a battery for the playerfunction.



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Tape DriveA tape drive is a data storagedevice that reads and writesdata on a magnetic tape. It istypically used for offline, archivaldata storage. Tape mediagenerally has a favorable unitcost and long archival stability.

A tape drive provides sequential access storage, unlike a diskdrive, which provides random access storage. A disk drive can moveits read/write head(s) to any random part of the disk in a very shortamount of time, but a tape drive must spend a considerable amountof time winding tape between reels to read any one particular piece

of data. As a result, tape drives have very slow average seek times

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Zip Drive

• A zip drive is a type of removal disk storage capable ofholding a moderate amount of computer information.Although the zip drive was embraced by many computerusers when it was introduced in 1994, it never replacedthe 3.5-inch floppy disk. Rather, items such as rewritabledigital versatile discs (DVDs), rewritable compact discs(CDs), and flash drives gained popularity and havevirtually replaced the floppy disk. – These storage devices have proven to be convenient and

capable of holding large amounts of data. For this reason, thezip drive was never a popular device for data storage.

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Zip Drive

• The first zip drive system, introduced by Iomega, wascapable of holding only 100 megabytes of information.This made the zip drive, which cost just under 200 USdollars (USD), an instant success, as people used it to

store files that were too large to be placed on a floppydisk.

• The zip drive was later beefed up to hold 250megabytes, and ultimately 750 megabytes ofinformation. At the same time, Iomega improved uponthe zip drive’s ability to transfer data. The price for the100 megabyte zip drive steadily fell as competitionincreased when other companies began offering theirown versions.

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Floppy Diskette

A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a diskof thin, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in asquare or rectangular plastic shell.



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Floppy diskette

• A "track" (see figure in previous slide) is a narrowrecording band that forms a full circle on the surface ofthe disk

• The disk's storage locations are then divided into pie-shaped sections, which break the tracks into small arcscalled sectors (can hold 512 bytes of data)

• Floppy Disks store data on both sides. Each sideconsists of 80 tracks with 18 sectors per track

• To read from and write on the disk, sectors are groupedinto clusters (consist of 2 to 8 sectors)

• A cluster is the smallest unit of space used to store data• Typical sizes: 720 kb (single sided) and 1.44 mb (double

sided high density)

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Punch Cards

Until the mid-1970s, most computer access was via punched cards.Programs and data were punched by hand on a key punch machine andread into a card reader. Large computing sites such as ColumbiaUniversity purchased cards by the truckload and furnished them f ree of

charge to users. During the IBM 360 era (1969-80) Columbia's cards wereembossed with the legend "CUCC 360" (Columbia University ComputerCenter IBM 360) and the Columbia shield

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Memory Cards

• A removable module that contains non-volatile memorychips, typically flash memory cards such as SD Cards,Memory Sticks and Compact Flash. Memory cards areused for storing images and videos in digital cameras,

camcorders and other portable devices.• A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash

memory data storage device used for storing digitalinformation. They are commonly used in many electronicdevices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptopcomputers, MP3 players, and video game consoles.They are small, re-recordable, and they can retain datawithout power.

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Memory Cards - SDSecure Digital Card - is a non-volatilememory card format developed byPanasonic, SanDisk, and Toshiba for usein portable devices.

• Standard SD cards have an official maximum capacityof 2 GB, though technically they can store up to 4 GB.SDHC (High-capacity) cards have a maximum capacityof 4 GB to 32 GB. SDXC (eXtended Capacity) allows forup to 32 gb to 2 TB cards.

•Dimensions : 32 × 24 × 2.1 mm



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Memory CardsMini SD and Micro SD

Miniature variations of theSD Card were introducedwith dramatically smallerfootprints: the miniSD in2003 and the microSD in2005, the latter previouslycalled "TransFlash."Electrically, as well assoftware compatible,miniSD and microSD cards

fit into a regular SD slot viaan adapter

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Memory CardsMemory Stick Pro Duo

The original Memory Stick is approximately the size andthickness of a stick of chewing gum. It was available in sizesfrom 4 MB to 128 MB. The original Memory Stick is nolonger manufactured.

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Memory CardsMemory Stick Pro Duo

• Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format,launched by Sony in October 1998, and is also used ingeneral to describe the whole family of Memory Sticks.

• In addition to the original Memory Stick, this familyincludes the Memory Stick PRO, a revision that allowsgreater maximum storage capacity and faster filetransfer speeds

• Memory Stick Duo, a small-form-factor version of theMemory Stick (including the PRO Duo); and the evensmaller Memory Stick Micro (M2). In December 2006Sony added the Memory Stick PRO-HG, a high speedvariant of the PRO to be used in high definition still andvideo cameras.

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