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ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 1
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
MODELS FOR PERMANENT DEFORMATION FOR BITUMINOUS BOUND MATERIALS IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS
Deliverable 11
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 2
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
SURVEY PRESENTATION:
• Survey Models• Test Types• Required Laboratory Test Data• Further Steps• Discussion and Questions
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 3
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
SURVEY MODELS
Routine Level Advanced Level
Francken / BRRC SHRP – Level II
SPDM / Shell Erkens / Delft
SHRP – Level I Maxwell model / ISTU
DBN / ENTPE
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 4
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
SUMMARY TEST TYPES
• DSR Tests (Binder) Francken• Shear Tests (SST) SHRP• Uniaxial Creep Test Erkens• Uniaxial Dynamic Test SPDM• Triaxial Creep Test DBN• Triaxial Dynamic Test Francken, ISTU• Uniaxial Tension Test Erkens
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 5
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
REQUIRED LABORATORY TESTS
LAB TEST
MODEL
Unia
xia
l Cre
ep T
est
Unia
xia
l Rep. Lo
ad T
est
Tria
xia
l Dynam
ic Test
Tria
xia
l Cre
ep T
est
Unia
xia
l Tensio
n T
est
RSST-C
H (S
ST)
FS-S
(SST)
Volu
metric T
est (S
ST)
Unia
xia
l Stra
in T
est (S
ST)
DSR
Tests
Francken / BRRC X X
SPDM / Shell X (X)
SHRP – Level I X X
SHRP – Level II X X X
ACRe / Delft X X
Maxwell model / ISTU X (X)
DBN / ENTPE X
... test performed at ISTU–Lab
... SHELL ... TRL
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 6
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
FURTHER STEPS
Literature study (models)
Calibration of selected models
Validation of the selected models
Selection of potential models for validation
Data Lausann
e
Data Nantes
Data DART
Laboratory Test Data
Deliverable 11
Deliverable 28Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Selection of models for validation
?
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 7
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
FURTHER STEPS
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Activity of Partner Schedule Partner
Pre-selection of models for validation 23-02-2004 WP5
Designation of required laboratory test data 23-02-2004 WP5
Selection of historical data - Nantes Test Track until 07-2004 LCPC
Material transport and specimen preparation until 05-2004 ISTU
Laboratory Tests at ISTU from 05-2004 ISTU-Lab
Other laboratory tests (SHELL, TRL, DRI, LCPC) from 05-2004 all WPP
Analysis of test track data from 05-2004 ISTU
Calibration (FE-code implementation and simulations)
spring 2005 ISTU
Validation Summer 2005 ISTU
Deliverable 28 09-2005 ISTU
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 8
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Permanent Deformation Model by Francken/BRRC
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
• Basic principles:• Material model• Based on triaxial dynamic tests
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 9
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Francken / Basic principles:
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 10
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Francken / Basic principles:
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 11
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• Key equations:
25.0
31
25.0
31
1000*210002
f
N
Eff
N
EN
p
p
*log11,01135,11*log*log
10436,1
,**
1013,0
1010
1084,555,04 2
FeFR
V
VU
eUE
fTREE
U
B
A
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
p... plastic deformation
1... amplitude of vertical stress
3... lateral stress
Ep... plastic deformation modulus
N... number of load repetitions
f... load frequency
f()... coefficient, dependent on the void content
E*... complex elastic modulus
E∞... purely elastic or „glassy“ modulus
R*... reduced modulus
T... temperature
VA... aggregate content [Vol %]
VB... binder content [Vol %]
F*... reduced shear modulus (binder)
Francken / Key equations
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 12
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• Input parameters for the model: • Complex elastic modulus E*• Complex shear modulus G* of the binder • Aggregate content [vol. %]• Binder content [vol. %]
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Francken / Input parameters
Triaxial test
DSR and vol. asphalt characteristics
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 13
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Rutting Prediction within the SHELL Pavement Design Method (SPDM)
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
• Basic principles:• Rutting prediction model• Multi layer theory (BISAR)• Based on the ratio of the stiffness of the asphaltic mix
and its bituminous binder• Uniaxial repeated load tests or RSST-CH for
determination of input parameters• SPDM-PC program for the calculation of rut depths
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 14
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• Key equations:
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
vbitvmix SqbS ,, logloglog
Smix,v Stiffness of the mix
Sbit,v Viscous component of the stiffness of the bituminous binder
b, q... Parameters, specific for a certain asphaltic mix, determined by creep tests0... Bitumen viscosity at the average paving temperature
Weq... ESALs
tw...Wheel loading time (traffic speed)
h... Rut depthk... Coefficient k=CmZ0, dynamic factor Cm= 1 by default
Z0... Configuration factor
0... Contact stress of the standard wheel
av,0...Average stress in the asphalt layer resulting from one standard wheel pass
h... Thickness of the asphalt layer
weqvbit tW
S
0
,
3
vmixShkh
,
0
0
0,0
avZ
SPDM / Key equations
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 15
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
SPDM / Input parameters• Input parameters for the model:
•Traffic: axle loads, wheels per axle, axles per day and line, contact stress, rate of traffic growth per year, design period, loading time
•Climate: MMAT (Mean Monthly Air Temperature in °C)
•Material characteristics: penetration of the bitumen at 25°C, softening point of the bitumen, polymer modified bitumens: viscosities at two temperatures, mix composition (Vol.% bitumen, Vol.% aggregate), creep characteristics (parameters q and b)
•Structure: total thickness of asphalt layers, thickness of sub-base, Poisson’s ratio of asphalt layers, of the sub-base and of the subgrade, modulus of elasticity of the sub-base and the subgrade
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 16
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Rutting prediction model within the Strategic Highway Research Programme (SHRP) – Level I
• Basic principles:• Rutting prediction model• RSST-CH for determination of the input parameters• Traffic and climate assumptions included into model
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
50 °C @ 70 kPa
0.001
0.01
0.1
1 10 100 1,000 10,000RSST Belastungszyklen
WT 8-1
WT 8-3
WT 9-1
5%
RSST load cycles
Permanent shear deformation p
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 17
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Compare Nsupply with Ndemand
Select pavement structural section
Select trial mix
From simple shear test(s) at Tc select Nsupply for predetermined
allowable rut depth
Select multiplier M for Ndemand to reflect design reliability and
variabilities in Nsupply and Ndemand
Traffic, Environment
Nsupply < M ∙Ndemand
Mix
no
t sa
tisf
acto
ry
Mix satisfactory
Determine critical temperature Tc
Compute M ∙ Ndemand
Convert estimated traffic to Ndemand at Tc
Nsupply M ∙Ndemand
SHRP Level I / Basic principles
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 18
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
SHRP Level I / Key equations
• Key equations:
SFTCFESALsNdemand
demandsupply NMN
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Ndemand... applied traffic demand
TCF... temperature conversation factor (to be determined for specific climatic conditions)
SF... empirically determined shift factor (traffic wander, construction variability, differences between field and laboratory stress conditions, etc.)
Nsupply... estimated load repetitions to a limiting prescribed rut depth
M... reliability factor
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 19
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• Input parameters for the model: • ESALs• Temperature in form of a temperature equivalency factor• Chosen reliability
• Nsupply from RSST-CH for allowable rut depth
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
SHRP Level I / Input parameters
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 20
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• Basic principles: • Based on a rheological model (see figure)• FS-S, volumetric tests (SST) and uniaxial strain test (SST)
for the determination of the input parameters• FE analysis
Permanent deformation model within the Strategic Highway Research Programme (SHRP) – Level II
Maxwell model
Elastoplastic branch
...
E0
E1
En
1
n
P0
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 21
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Select pavement structural section
Select trial mix
Perform suite of tests to define mix parameters
for constitutive relationship
Estimate rut depth for Ndemand using FE solution
Compare rdcalc with
rdallow
TrafficEnvironment
rdcalc rdallowrdcalc rdallow
Mix
no
t sa
tisf
acto
ry
Mix satisfactory
Response model
SHRP Level II / Basic principles
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 22
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
• Input parameters for the model:• Traffic and climate data see Level I• Parameters for the rheological model:
SHRP Level II / Input Parameters
Type of parameterName of parameter
Test
Nonlinear Elastic Parameters
C2, C4, C9Simple Shear Constant Height (Creep)
C1, C3, C6 and C7 Uniaxial Strain
C5 and C8 Volumetric
Viscoelastic Parameters
G*, , aTSimple Shear Constant Height (Frequency Sweep)
Plastic Parameters , y, Simple Shear Constant Height (Creep)H
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 23
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Asphalt Concrete Response model (ACRe) by Erkens / Delft• Basic principles:
• Material model• Based on Desai model (figure)• Uniaxial creep tests and uniaxial tension tests for the
determination of the input parameters• FE analysis
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 24
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ACRe / Key equations and input parameters
• Key equations:
0
3cos1
11
22
a
n
a
a
pRI
pRI
p
Jf
I1... first invariant of the stress tensor
p... isotropic stress
J2... second deviatoric stress invariant
J3... third deviatoric stress invariant
, , , n, R: model parameter
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 25
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell Model
• Basic principles:
• Rheological Material modelDecomposition of the Stress Tensor Pressure volume part of the material behavior is
assumed to be governed by a linear elastic model Deviatoric parts are assumed to satisfy a viscoelastic
model of a Generalized Maxwell Model
• Frequency sweep shear tests (FS-S) or dynamic triaxial testsat different frequencies and temperatures
• FE analysisSurvey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 26
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Constitutive Equations
Deviatoric PartVolumetric Part
Stress Tensor
Representation
K0
Linear elastic model
G0G1 G2 Gn
1 2 n
Generalized Maxwell model
3
3 1 2
kk kkK
EK
0
2 d
t
ijij
ds t G t
/( ) ktk
k
G t G e
REPRESENTATION & CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell Model
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 27
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
DATA FITTING MATERIAL MODELMATERIAL TESTING
PARAMETER
elastic: G0, G1, ... Gn
viscous: 1, 2, ... n
RESULTS G*()
()
G‘()
G“()
2 2
2 2( )1
kk
k k
G G
2
2 2( )1
kk
k k
G G
RELATIONSHIP(Tschoegl, 1988)
FS-S - TEST
G*
GENERALIZED MAXWELL MODEL
G0G1 G2 Gn
1 2 n
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell Model
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 28
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
28
xy
z PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE FE - MESH
REPRESENTATION OF A PAVEMENT IN A 3D FE - SYSTEM
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell Model
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 29
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
TIRE FOOTPRINT
VERTICAL CONTACT STRESS(FE – LOAD PATTERN)
Radial Tire - 56kN @ 690 kPa
VERTICAL CONTACT STRESS(TRANSPOSED SIM MEASUREMENT)
VRSPTA MEASUREMENT FE – LOAD INPUT
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell ModelLOAD MODEL
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 30
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
30
70 mm
140 mm
Pavement100.000 Load cycles
Normal stresses 22
SIMULATION RESULTS
Permanent Deformation Prediction Based on a Generalized Maxwell Model
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 31
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Permanent Deformation Model by Di Benedetto and Neifar (DBN) / ENTPE
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
• Basic principles:• Material model• Based on a generalized Kelvin-Voigt (KV) model• Calibration of the KV model by means of the Huet-Sayegh
model and a viscoplastic criterion by Di Benedetto• Triaxial creep tests for the determination of the input
parameters• Computer program EP1
V1
EP2
V2
EPN
VN
EP0VN+1
EP1 EP2 EPNE0
1(T) 2(T) N(T)
(a)
(b)
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 32
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
DBN / Basic principles
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
(a) Huet-Sayegh model
Used for calibration in the small strain domain
(b) viscoplastic criterion by Di Benedetto
Used for model calibration in case of viscoplastic flow
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 33
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
DBN / Key equations
• Key equations:
1
10
mod 11,*
n
j jj
el
TiEETiE
hk
SaySaySay
ii
EEEiE
1* ,0
0
s
sT
jj
TTC
TTCa
TT
2
1log
ni
i
SayModelSayModel EEEE1
2
1212
2
1111
ccp
0
ln
0
1
10
1
EE
EE
Say
n
j j
Say
Minimisation of:
E*model... complex elastic modulus of the DBN model
E*Say... complex elastic modulus of the Huet-Sayegh model
n... chosen number of KV bodies
... pulsation (=2f with frequency f)
i... complex number
T... temperature
... viscosity as function of the temperature
p... stress
c, c, ... functions of the temperature
0... 1%/min
aT… temperature translation factor
(a) (b)
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 34
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
DBN / Input parameters
• Input parameters for the model:
• 3 constants for the WLF equation: C1, C2, TS
• 5 constants for the linear domain: k, h, , E∞Say, E0
Say
• 3 constants for plastic flow: C, , C
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 35
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
DSRVisco-elastic behaviour
4 – 40 °C fatigue behaviour (SuperPave)
40 – 85 °C permanent deformation (SuperPave)
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 36
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
36
MACHINE LAYOUT PICTURE
Simple Shear Tester
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 37
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
RSST-CH
h = 0
perm. shear deformation
Haversine shear wave; typically 0,1sec on and 0,6sec off
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 38
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
FS-S
s
h=0
Sinusoidal deformation wave, typically 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02 and 0.01 Hz
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 39
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Uniaxial and Triaxial Tests
•Creep tests
The applied axial load is constant, so that specimen failure does not result from sudden load pulses. Most of these tests are run in compression states of stress.
•Repeated Load Tests
A block pulse waveform that is not symmetric is applied to the specimen. One load cycle contains a load period and a rest period.
•Dynamic/Cyclic Load Tests
Axial symmetric load curves are applied to the test specimen. Tests can be run in tension-compression as well as in compression only.Survey Models
Test TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 40
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
0
600
0
time [sec]
loa
d c
urv
e f
orm
Creep test Repeated load test Dynamic load test
Test Types / Uniaxial and Triaxial Tests
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 41
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
1,0 m (39.4 in.)
1,5
m
(59.1
in.)
3,1
m (1
22
.1 in
.)980 kg
-10 to +65 °C
(14 to 149 °F)
SERVO-HYDRAULIC TRIAXIAL TESTING MACHINE WBL0/050HH
Testing Equipment at ISTU Vienna
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 42
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
42
Simulation of traffic load with
• constant cell pressure
• dynamic, sinusoidal axial load
• dynamic, oscillating cell pressure – phase displaced but of same frequency;
designed to prevent radial expansion completely or in part
PHASE LAG
CELL PRESSURE
AXIAL LOAD
AX
IAL
LOA
D
RA
DIA
L R
EA
CTIO
N
Testing Equipment at ISTU Vienna
SERVO-HYDRAULIC TRIAXIAL TESTING MACHINE WBL0/050HH
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 43
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
• stainless steel shell, up to 20 bar
• tension and compression – axial load
• compression resistant grommets
• installation volume measurement cell (for exact volume measuring) possible
• linear controlled LVDT’s for radial strains (inside)
• axial strain measuring with LVDT’s (inside/outside)
TRIAXIAL CELL
Testing Equipment at ISTU Vienna
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
ISTU
SAMARIS – Presentation Draft Deliverable 11 – WP5 Meeting Roskilde, Denmark – 23/02/04 44
Institute for Road Construction and Maintenance – Vienna University of Technology
Uniaxial Tension Test
Survey ModelsTest TypesRequired DataFurther Steps
Test specimen shape used by Erkens in her ACRe model