Ahsan Shahid Malik Anum Wasim Khan Glenn Chu. Ahsan Shahid Malik.
Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad...
-
Upload
debra-riley -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad...
![Page 1: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Issues and Opportunitiesin Water and Agriculture
Sectors of OIC Member States
Dr. Shahid [email protected]
![Page 2: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Irrigated Farming Systems •Qanat Irrigation • Irrigation in Wet and Dry Mountains• Spate Irrigation •River Basin Irrigation • Pressurized Irrigation•Desert Farming
![Page 3: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Qanat Irrigation
![Page 4: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Spread of Qanat Irrigation
![Page 5: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Qanat Irrigation System
![Page 6: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inside the Qanat
![Page 7: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Qanat Irrigation System and House Cooling
![Page 8: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Qanat in Iran
![Page 9: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Qanat in Iran
![Page 10: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Qanat in MENA Region
![Page 11: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Kareze in Pakistan
![Page 13: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Kareze in Pakistan
![Page 14: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Kareze Rehabilitation in Pakistan - IUCN
![Page 15: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Issues•Higher O&M Cost - Reduced
availability of skilled labour•Drying of Kareze due to
indiscriminate development of deep tubewells – depleting regional groundwater• Poor are losing livelihoods• Less priority for Qanat farming • Impacts on social system
![Page 16: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Opportunities• Sustainable groundwater abstraction
system for all sub-sector of water use•No energy requirement• Social and cultural bonds within rural
society•Modernization potential – lining of
tunnels with PVC Pipes in Balochistan by IUCN• Social equity in distribution of water•Millennium old technology
![Page 17: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mountain Irrigation
![Page 18: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dry Mountain Irrigation in Afghanistan
![Page 19: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dry Mountain Irrigation in Pakistan
![Page 20: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wet Mountain Irrigation in Pakistan
![Page 21: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Wet Mountain Irrigation in Indonesia
![Page 22: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Issues• Glacial and snow-melt diverted from higher
elevation and used in highly coarse soils• Snow-melt and runoff in wet mountains • Low irrigation efficiency• Use of chemical agriculture polluting
freshwater ecosystms• Removal of forest plantation and
development of cultivatd lands • Sedimentation of water channels• Seasonality – reduced flows in winter• Small land holding and integrated farming –
subsistence level
![Page 23: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Opportunities• Potential for use of sprinkler and drip
irrigation using hydraulic head and generating hydro-power• Moving towards high value fruits and
vegetables – deciduous fruits – apples and cherry• Isolated environments ideal for seed
production – potatoes• Value addition in nuts and fruit drying• Mountain Drip Farming - development of
commercial scale orchards using drip irrigation without land leveling
![Page 24: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Spate Irrigation Systems
![Page 25: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Spate Irrigation Scheme, Shebo Headworks, PishinBuilt 1880
![Page 27: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Spate Irrigation in D. I. Khan - Pakistan
![Page 28: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Spate Irrigation Yemen
![Page 30: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Issues• Extreme climatic variability – too
much or too less water•Droughts and floods•Heavy sediment load – mud flow• Small land holdings• Variable size of command area•Difficult to manage flows under
extreme hydrologic conditions – difficult hydraulics• Focus on grain crops and fodders
![Page 31: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Opportunities• Largest resource of water in some of the
OIC member states – Balochistan province and FATA in Pakistan, Yemen, etc.• Cascade of Storage Dams - storage of
flood water to control damages of floods and release water in drought years• Niche area – production of organic
produce as sediments in Spate flows is rich in nutrients• Potential area for food security – wheat,
oilseeds and pulses
![Page 32: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
River Basin Irrigation Systems
![Page 33: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Nile River Basin
![Page 34: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nile River Basin – Farming in Egypt
![Page 35: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Indus Basin River System
![Page 36: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Indus Basin Irrigation System
![Page 37: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Indus Basin Irrigation Farming
![Page 38: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Issues•Water scarcity and seasonality•Non-equitable distribution of water•Waterlogging and salinity•Abstraction and use of poor quality
groundwater•Water pricing and recovery not
adequate for O&M• Low Irrigation Efficiency • Low Water Productivity
![Page 39: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Opportunities• Potential to increase irrigation efficiency
from 40% to 55% under surface irrigation• Potential to double the productivity of
crops • Improved drainage will supplement water
productivity• Potential to focus on high value crops,
fruits and vegetables• Contribute to national economy and
provide employment to around 60% of population in Pakistan
![Page 40: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pressurized Irrigation Systems
![Page 41: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Saudi Arabia Centre Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation System
![Page 42: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Centre Pivot Sprinkler in Saudi Arabia
![Page 43: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Libya Kufra Desert –Man-made River and Desert Farming
![Page 45: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Centre-Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation in Sindh
![Page 49: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Centre-Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation in Punjab
![Page 50: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Issues• Increasing water demand• Profitability of farming reducing in
traditional farming systems• Availability and high cost of labour in
traditional irrigation system • Low irrigation efficiency• Extremely low water productivity• Surface irrigation difficult in sandy and
clayey soils and undulating topography• Increasing value of water and competing
water uses
![Page 51: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Opportunities• Potential to double irrigation efficiency • Doubling crop productivity• Effective conservation tillage practices to
build organic level of soil• Enhancement of quality of produce• Suitable for heat and frost control• Suitable for fertigation and chemigation • Potential to reduce the cost of fertilizers
per unit of produce
![Page 52: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Desert Farming
![Page 53: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Issues•Water at premium - extremely short•Undulating topography •Coarse textured soils•Marginal quality of groundwater• Low profitability of desert farming
system•High crop evapotranspiration
requirement
![Page 57: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Opportunities• Tripling irrigation efficiency and
productivity of crops• Localized irrigation reduces wetted
area• Potential to use marginal quality
groundwater – as salts accumulate in the periphery of the wetted area• Excellent for creeper-type vegetables,
melons and arid horticulture
![Page 58: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Overall Opportunities•Wide diversity of irrigation farming
systems in OIC Member States •Rich experience - e.g. Qanats – Iran
a leading country – experience of millenniums • Experts and leading institutions in
Water and Agriculture •R&D capacity and institutions• Identification of lead country and
networking opportunities
![Page 59: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Way Forward•Water – a most critical input in
agriculture of OIC member states•Need for shift in focus •Water, farming and food security – a
function of Irrigation Farming Systems•Networks based on Irrigation
Farming Systems
![Page 60: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Way Forward• Decentralized Networks in OIC States having
Centre of Excellence• Egypt – Pressurized Irrigation and
Commercial Farming• Pakistan – River Basin Surface Irrigation and
Arid Mountain Farming • Yemen – Spate Irrigation• Iran – Qanat Irrigation • Indonesia – Wet Mountain Rice based Farming• Saudi Arabia – Desert Farming
• Linking Decentralized Network by COMSATS
![Page 61: Issues and Opportunities in Water and Agriculture Sectors of OIC Member States Dr. Shahid Ahmad dr_shahidahmad2001@yahoo.com.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062802/56649ead5503460f94bb4aa5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Way Forward• COMSATS facilitate establishment of
Decentralized network in member states based on their level of excellence in a specific area• Members offer the support for
establishment of specific networks • Good example - Global Spate Irrigation
Network and Chapters in Pakistan, Yemen and Ethiopia