Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct? Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures Ralf...
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Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Is Perceived Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct?Universal Construct?
Psychometric Findings from 22 Cultures
Ralf Schwarzer & Urte Scholz
Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
Perceived Self-Efficacy is the belief that one can perform a novel or difficult task, or cope with adversity -- in various domains of human functioning
Perceived Self-EfficacyFACILITATES:
GOAL SETTING
EFFORT INVESTMENT
PERSISTANCE IN FACE OF BARRIERS
RECOVERY FROM SETBACKS
General Perceived Self-Efficacy ScaleRalf Schwarzer & Matthias Jerusalem (1995)
Examples:
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations.
If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.
I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
The General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale
Source of the English Version:
Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
The full 10-item scale can be copied from the web
http://www.healthpsych.de
204
970
163 163 144
7423
461
100
1067
159
536
148
430
147
9481029
697568 495 429
264
1633
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Frequency Distribution broken down by Nation
AGE
95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
Fre
quen
cy
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Std. Dev = 15.44
Mean = 26
N = 13,461
Age Distribution
NATION
Me
an
AG
E
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2627
15
26
19
6163
1921
24
16
40
60
2421
Mean Age per Nation (N = 13,461)
Self-Efficacy
40,0
38,0
36,0
34,0
32,0
30,0
28,0
26,0
24,0
22,0
20,0
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
Fre
que
ncy
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Distribution of Self-Efficacy Sum Scores for the Total Sample
(N= 17,553)
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,95
Belgiu
m
Costa
Rica
Denm
ark
Finla
nd
France
Germ
any
Great
Brit
ain
Greec
e
Hong Kong
Hungaria
Indones
iaIta
ly
Japan
Korea
Nether
lands
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Russia
SpainSyr
iaUSA
Scale Reliabilities (Cronbach’s ) for all Nations
Unidimensionality of the
General Perceived Self-Efficacy Construct
GSE
SE5SE4 SE6 SE7SE2SE1 SE3 SE9SE8 SE10
.56 .47 .55.37 .40 .50 .56 .50 .48 .53
.43 .55 .50 .36 .30 .43 .36 .38 .31 .38
1.00
Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nation
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
NATION
Me
an
SU
MS
CO
RE
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
sex
male
female
Mean Sum Scores Broken Down by Nations and Gender
Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Self-Efficacy Sum Score of German Teachers (N = 302)
Proactive Coping .55
Self-Regulation .58
Procrastination -.56
Emotional Exhaustion -.47
Depersonalisation -.44
Lack of Accomplishment -.75
Correlations Between Self-Efficacy And Other Constructs
Expected Social Support
.43 .30
Self-Efficacy Sum Score of Costa Ricans
Women(N = 393)
Men (N = 258)
Anxiety -.43 -.42
Depression -.46 -.33
Optimism .60 .52
The Self-Efficacy Scale Is Reliable And Unidimensional Across Cultures.
www.healthpsych.de
References
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. Schwarzer, R. & Born, A. (1997). Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology, 3, 177-190.Schwarzer, R., Bäßler, J., Kwiatek, P., Schröder, K., & Zhang, J. X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the General Self-Efficacy scale. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 69-88.Schwarzer, R., Born, A., Iwawaki, S., Lee, Y.-M., Saito, E., & Yue, X. (1997). The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 40, 1-13.Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (Eds.) (1999). Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen. Dokumentation der psychometrischen Verfahren im Rahmen der Wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Modellversuchs Selbstwirksame Schulen [Scales for the assessment of teacher and student characteristics.] Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Schwarzer, R., Mueller, J., & Greenglass, E. (1999). Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the Internet: Data collection in cyberspace. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 145-161. Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S. & Tang, C. (2000). Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A cross-cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 309-326.Zhang, J. X. & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia, 38, 174-181.
Source of this Presentation:
Scholz, U., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, No. 3, 242-251.