Ion Exchanger Doped Polymer Composite Membrane For Heavy … · Kannan, Aravindaraj G., et al....

IJEP 40 (9) : 899-909 (2020)

Ion Exchanger Doped Polymer Composite Membrane For Heavy Metal Removal From Aqueous

Solutions

Charishma Ravindran, Anitha P. K.* and Jitha Kunhikrishnan M.

Sree Narayana College, Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Kannur - 670 007, Kerala

*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]; [email protected]

A novel cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol- polystyrene sulphonic acid-zirconium phosphosilicate (PVA-PSSA-ZPS)

membrane was prepared by dispersing zirconium phosphosilicate gel into PVA-PSSA blend by solution casting

method. It was used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals, such as Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+

and Hg2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Hg2+ ions over

PVA-PSSA-ZPS membranes are 0.7221, 0.6961, 0.7035, 0.6738, 0.6812 and 0.6105, respectively. The

incorporation of ZPS into PVA-PSSA blend increased the selectivity of heavy metals towards the membrane. The

membrane was characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA-DSC, SEM and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Adsorption studies were

carried by batch adsorption method. Effect of pH, contact time, initial concentration, etc., on heavy metal adsorption,

were studied. The extent of adsorption for various metal ions was found to be in the order of

Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni2+>Co2+>Hg2+. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were carried out to explain the type of

adsorption process.

KEYWORDS

Membrane adsorption, Heavy metals, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polystyrene sulphonic acid, Zirconium phosphosilicate,

Desorption

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husk: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J. Hazard. Mater., 154:337-346.

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194:259-267.

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graphene oxide and bentonite for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue. Carbohydrate Polymers. 17:1-32.

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IJEP 40 (9) : 910-920 (2020)

Multivariate Statistical Analysis Of Irrigation Water Quality (Taza Region, Morocco)

K. Arouya1,2*, H. Tabyaoui2, H. Taouil1, J. Naoura2 and S. Ibn Ahmed1*

1. Ibn-Tofail University, Laboratory Materials, Electrochemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Kenitra,

Morocco

2. Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Laboratory Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty Polydisciplinary

of Taza, Taza Station, Morocco

*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected]

The present work consists of establishing the correlations between the qualitative indices of the surface water of

Oued Larbaa and its tributaries, to draw a typology of the aptitude of these waters for the irrigation and to identify

the chemical facies. To reach these objectives, 17 qualitative water indices were processed using a combination of

multivariate statistical methods. Hydrochemical methods were also developed in this study. The principal component

analysis allowed us to identify the correlations between the different physico-chemical parameters and to understand

the processes that may be at the origin of the mineralization. The typological structure revealed by the factorial plane

F1×F2 shows the individualization of five main groupings of different sites according to their ability to irrigate. The

hierarchical ascending classification (HCA) highlights five main groups of variables. This further confirms the results

obtained by the PCA. The waters studied are classified as bicarbonated, chlorinated, sodium, potassium and calcium.

KEYWORDS

Multivariate analysis, Surface water, Physico-chemical quality, Irrigation, Northern Morocco

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Chahed dam reservoir and the soils of the Mikkés wadi watershed. Doctorial Thesis. University of Moulaya Ismail,

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treatment of some physical and chemical parameters. J. Water Land Develop., 34(1):77-83. DOI: 10.1515/jwld-

2017-0040.

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Lake of Birds (El Tarf East-Algerian). J. Mater. Env. Sci., 9(3):971-979. DOI : 10.26872/jmes.2018.9.3.108.

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component analysis (PCA): A case study from the Fez region (Morocco). J. Mater. Env. Sci., 5(S1):2333-2344.

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(Periurban Casablanca, Morocco). Larhyss J., pp 31-51.

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IJEP 40 (9) : 921-926 (2020)

Biodiesel Production From Nagpur Thermal Power Plant Ash Used As Catalyst

P. G. Bansod1*, Dinesh Bhutada2 and S. S. Barkade1

1. Sinhgad College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pune

2. World Peace University, School of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Pune - 411 038


Thermal power plant ash is a waste material and creating serious problems of environmental issues, regarding disposal

and storage. In the present study, Nagpur thermal power plant ash was tried to be used as a catalyst for the

production of biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst was synthesised from thermal power plant flyash and it was

analysed using XRD and FTIR. The FTIR spectra showed a peak at a region of 1170/cm and 1743/cm where strong

absorption of methyl ester occurred, whereas XRD spectra show the presence of mullite and quartz in the thermal

power plant ash were the source of catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was used for producing biodiesel and influence

of parameters on the production of biodiesel, like temperature, methanol oil ratio and catalyst loading were evaluated.

The optimisation of these parameters was done. The chemical and physical properties of biodiesel were evaluated

as per ASTM-D6751 standard [1].

KEYWORDS

Heterogeneous catalyst, Waste cooking oil, Esterification, Transesterification

REFERENCES

1. ASTM D6751. 2017. Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels.

American Society for Testing and Materials, USA.

2. Balat, M. 2011. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production - A review of current work. Energy

Convers. Manage., 52(2):1479-1492.

3. Colombo, K., L. Ender and A. A. C. Barros. 2017. The study of biodiesel production using CaO as a heterogeneous

catalytic reaction. Egypt. J. Petroleum. 2(2):341-349.

4. Yadav, M., V. Singh and Y. C. Sharma. 2017. Methyl transesterification of waste cooking oil using a laboratory

synthesized reusable heterogeneous base catalyst: Process optimization and homogeneity study of catalyst.

Energy Convers. Manage., 148(1):1438-1452.

5. Ma, Y., et al. 2017. Kinetics studies of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using FeCl3-modified resin as

a heterogeneous catalyst. Renewable Energy. 107:522-530.

6. Endalew, A. K., Y. Kiros and R. Zanzi. 2011. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha

curcas oil (JCO). Energy. 36(5):2693-2700.

7. Fu, J., et al. 2015. Free fatty acids esterification for biodiesel production using self-synthesized macroporous

cation exchange resin as a solid acid catalyst. Fuel. 154:1-8.

8. Kawentar W. A. and A. Budiman. 2013. Synthesis of biodiesel from second-used cooking oil. Energy Procedia.

32:190-199.

9. Chen, G., et al. 2017. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor using

whole-cell biocatalysts. Energy Convers. Manage., 138(1):556-564.

10. Yahya, N. Y., et al. 2016. Characterization and parametric study of mesoporous calcium titanate catalyst for

transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. Energy Convers. Manage., 129(1):275-283.

11. Bhandari, R., V. Volli and M. K. Purkait. 2015. Preparation and characterization of flyash based mesoporous

catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. J. Env. Chem. Eng., 3(2):906-914.

12. Atabani, A. E. 2013. Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions,

biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew. Sustain. Energy

Rev., 18(1):211-245.

13. Sharma, M., et al. 2012. Wood ash as a potential heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Biomass

Bioenergy, 41:94-106.

14. Xiang, Y., Y. Xiang and L. Wang. 2017. Microwave radiation improves biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil in

the presence of modified coal flyash. J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 11(6):1019-1029.

15. Qiu, T., et al. 2016. The synthesis of biodiesel from coconut oil using novel bronzed acidic ionic liquid as a green

catalyst. Chem. Eng. J., 296:71-78.

16. Modiba, E., C. Enweremadu and H. Rutto. 2015. Production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil using

impregnated diatomite as a heterogeneous catalyst. Chinese J. Chem. Eng., 23(1):281-289.

17. Khan, S. A., et al. 2014. Fungus-mediated preferential bioleaching of waste material such as flyash as a means

of producing extracellular, protein capped, fluorescent and water-soluble silica nanoparticles. PLoS ONE 9(9).

DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0107597.

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Concrete Res., 29(8):1323-1329.

19. Rabelo, S. N., et al. 2015. FTIR analysis for quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel produced by

microwave-assisted transes-terification. Int. J. Env. Sci. Develop., 6(12):964-969.

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Analytical Chem., 1:10815-10837.

21. Da-Silva, Humbervânia R. G., Cristina M. Quintella and Marilena Meira. 2017. Separation and identification of

functional groups of molecules responsible for fluorescence of biodiesel using FTIR spectroscopy and principal

component analysis. 28(12):2348-2356.

22. Nyale, S. M., et al. 2013. Synthesis and characterization of coal flyash-based foamed geopolymer. Procedia Env.

Sci., 18:722-730.

23. Bet-Moushoul, E., et al. 2016. Application of CaO-based/Au nanoparticles as heterogeneous nanocatalysts in

biodiesel production. Fuel. 164:119-127.

24. Alsultan, G. Abdulkareem, et al. 2016. A new route for the synthesis of La-Ca oxide supported on nano activated

carbon via vacuum impregnation method for one pot esterification-transesterification reaction. Chem. Eng. J.,

304:61-71.

25. Liu, H., et al. 2016. Mixed and ground KBr impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for

biodiesel production. Renew. Energy, 93:648-657.

26. Yang, Z. and W. Xie. 2007. Soybean oil transesteri-fication over zinc oxide modified with alkali earth metals.

Fuel Process Tech., 88(6):631-638.

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Modern Res. Catalysis. 4(3):68-77.

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Sustainable Develop., 4(2):401-406.

IJEP 40 (9) : 927-933 (2020)

Batch Adsorption Of Acid Blue 113 Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Surfactant-Modified

Zeolite

Davoud Balarak1*, Hajar Abasizdeh2, Zeynab Jalalzayi2, P. Rajiv3,4* and P. Vanathi3

1. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Health Promotion Research Center,

Zahedan, Iran

2. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee, Zahedan, Iran

3. Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Department of Biotechnology, Coimbatore - 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India

4. Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, China


In recent years, the application and search of alternative cheap and eco-friendly adsorbents to replace activated

carbon was made. It has been a major focus for the removal of dyes from wastewater. In this study, surfactant

(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)-modified zeolite (CTAB-Z) was used for removal of Acid Blue 113 (AB113) from

an aqueous solution by adsorption technique. For adsorption study, various parameters were optimized and data

were adjusted to three isotherm models: Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin, in order to determine which presented

the best adjustment to the experimental data. Also, kinetics study for adsorption was evaluated using diffusion

models, such as pseudo first order kinetic and pseudo second order kinetic models. Results revealed that at AB113

concentration of 10 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 2 g/L, a contact time of 75 min, the AB113 removal reached to about

98.2%. Adsorption data fitted best into the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption

capacity was 22.75 mg/g. The pseudo second order kinetics best described the kinetics of the adsorption system.

The results obtained in this study indicated that CTAB-Z will be an attractive candidate for removing AB113 dye

from the dye wastewater.

KEYWORDS

Adsorption behaviour, Acid Blue 113, CTAB-Z, Isotherms, Kinetics

REFERENCES

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3. Yosuf, A., et al. 2010. Electrochemical treatment of Orange II dye solution - Use of aluminum sacrificial electrodes

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4. Deniz, F. and S. Karaman. 2011. Removal of Basic Red 46 dye from aqueous solution by pine tree leaves. Chem.

Eng. J., 170(1):67-74.

5. Uddin, M. T., et al. 2009. Adsorptive removal of Methylene Blue by tea waste. J. Hazard. Mater., 164:53-60.

6. Cardoso, N. F., E. C. Lima and I. S. Pinto. 2011. Application of cupuassu shell as biosorbent for the removal of

textile dyes from aqueous solution. J. Env. Manage., 92(4):1237-1247.

7. Padmesh, T.V.N., et al. 2005. Batch and column studies on biosorption of acid dyes on freshwater macroalga

Azolla filiculoides. J. Hazard. Mater., 125(1-3):121-129.

8. Gao, H., et al. 2013. Removal of anionic azo dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic polymer multi-wall

carbon nanotubes nanocomposite as adsorbent. Chem. Eng. J., 223:84-90.

9. Akar, T., et al. 2008. Biosorption of a textile dye (Acid Blue 40) by cone biomass of Thuja orientalis: Estimation

of equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Bioresour. Tech., 99(8):3057-3065.

10. Pavan, F.A., et al. 2008. Methylene blue biosorption from aqueous solutions by yellow passion fruit waste. J.

Hazard. Mater., 150:703-712.

11. Kuo, C.Y., C.H. Wu and J.Y. Wu. 2008. Adsorption of direct dyes from aqueous solutions by carbon nanotubes:

Determination of equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics parameters. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 327(2):308-

315.

12. Balarak, D., et al. 2015. The use of low-cost adsorbent (Canola residues) for the adsorption of Methylene Blue

from aqueous solution: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Colloids Interface Sci. Communication.

7:16-19.

13. Gök, Ö., A.S. Özcan and A. Özcan. 2010. Adsorption behavior of a textile dye of Reactive Blue 19 from aqueous

solutions onto modified bentonite. Appl. Surf. Sci., 256(17):5439-5443.

14. Abdur-Rahman, F.B., et al. 2013. Dyes removal from textile wastewater using orange peels. Int. J. Sci. Tech.

Res., 2:47-50.

15. Hameed, B.H. and A.A. Ahmad. 2009. Batch adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by garlic peel,

an agricultural waste biomass. J. Hazard. Mater., 164:870-875.

16. Pekkuz, H., I. Uzun and F. Güzel. 2008. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of some dyestuffs from

aqueous solution by poplar sawdust. Bioresour. Tech., 99:2009-2017.

17. Arami, M., N.Y. Limaee and N.M. Mahmoodi. 2008. Evaluation of the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium for the

potential removal of acid dyes using a biosorbent. Chem. Eng. J., 139(1):2-10.

18. Moussavi, G. and M. Mahmoudi. 2009. Removal of azo and anthraquinone reactive dyes from industrial

wastewaters using MgO nanoparticles. J. Hazard. Mater., 168:806-812.

19. Li, Z., et al. 2010. Adsorption of tetracycline on kaolinite with pH-dependent surface charges. J. Colloid Interface

Sci., 351(1):254-260.

20. Amin, N.K. 2008. Removal of reactive dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbons prepared

from sugarcane bagasse pith. Desalination. 223(1-3):152-161.

21. Almeida, C.A.P., N.A. Debacher and A.J. Downs. 2009. Removal of Methylene Blue from coloured effluents by

adsorption on montmorillonite clay. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 332:46-53.

22. Galán, J., et al. 2013. Reactive dye adsorption onto novel mesoporous carbon. Chem. Eng. J.,219:62-68.

23. Padmesh, T.V.N., et al. 2006. Application of Azolla rongpong on biosorption of Acid Red 88, Acid Green 3, Acid

Orange 7 and Acid Blue 15 from synthetic solutions. Chem. Eng. J., 122(1-2):55-63.

24. Balarak, D., et al. 2016. Kinetic, isotherms and thermodynamic modeling for adsorption of Acid Blue 92 from

aqueous solution by modified Azolla filicoloides. Fresenius Env. Bulletin. 25(5):1321-1330.

25. Luo, P., et al. 2010. Study on the adsorption of Neutral Red from aqueous solution onto halloysite nanotubes.

Water Res., 44:1489-1497.

26. Zazouli, M.A. and J.Y. Cherati. 2013. Investigating the removal rate of Acid Blue 113 from aqueous solution by

canola (Brassica Napus). J. Mazandaran University Medical Sci., 22:70-78.

27. Inyinbor, A.A., F.A. Adekola and G.A. Olatunji. 2016. Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic modeling of liquid

phase adsorption of Rhodamine B dye onto Raphia hookeri fruit epicarp. Water Resour. Ind., 15:14-27.

28. Muthukumaran, C. and V.M. Sivakumar. 2010. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies of Crystal Violet dye

removal from aqueous solution using surfactant modified magnetic nanoadsorbent. J. Taiwan Institute Chem.

Eng., 63:354-362.

29. Eren, E., et al. 2010. Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solutions by modified sepiolite: Equilibrium, kinetics

and thermodynamics study. Desalination. 252:88-96.

30. Ozcan, A. and A.S. Ozcan. 2005. Adsorption of Acid Red 57 from aqueous solutions onto surfactant-modified

sepiolite. J. Hazard. Mater., B125: 252-259.

31. Yan, C., et al. 2009. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on mesoporous carbons prepared using acid and alkaline

treated zeolite X as the template. Colloids Surface. 333:115-119.

32. Moussavi, S.P. and M.F. Mohammadian. 2016. Acid Violet 17 dye decolorization by multi-walled carbon

nanotubes from aqueous solution. J. Human Env. Health Promotion. 1(2):110-117.

33. Rasoulifard, M.H., et al. 2010. Removal of Direct Yellow 9 and Reactive Orange 122 from contaminated water using chitosan as

polymeric bioadsorbent by adsorption process. J. Color Sci. Tech., 4:17-23.

34. Crini, G. and P.M. Badot. 2008. Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from

aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of recent literature. Progress Polymer

Sci., 33(4):399-447.

35. Baocheng, Q.U., et al. 2008. Adsorption behaviour of azo dye CI Acid Red 14 in aqueous solution on surface

soils. J. Env. Sci., 20(6):704-709.

36. Malik, P.K. 2003. Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice husk for adsorption of acid dyes: A

case study of Acid Yellow 36. Dyes Pigment. 56:239-249.

37. Mohamed, M.M. 2004. Acid dye removal: Comparison of surfactant-modified mesoporous FSM-16 with activated

carbon derived from rice husk. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 272:28-34.

38. Balarak, D. and F.K. Mostafapour. 2018. Adsorption of Acid Red 66 dye from aqueous solution by heat treated

rice husk. Res. J. Chem. Env., 22(12):80-84.

39. Balarak, D. and H. Azarpira. 2016. Biosorption of Acid Orange 7 using dried Cyperus rotundus: Isotherm studies

and error functions. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 9(9):543-9.

IJEP 40 (9) : 934-940 (2020)

Health Risk Assessment In Size Segregated PM At Urban Traffic Site In Agra

Rahul Tiwari1,2, Prabal P. Singh1* and Ajay Taneja2

1. GLA University, Department of Chemistry, Mathura - 281 406

2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Department of Chemistry, Agra - 282 002


Air quality at Khandari (a mixture of city traffic and highway pollution), Agra was evaluated. The objective of the

present study was to determine the concentration of size-segregated particulate matter with the characterization of

metals at a traffic junction. Size fraction of PM2.5-1.0

and PM1.0-0.5

was measured with the help of cascade sioutas

impactor during the study period of May 2018. The average concentration at Khandari sampling site (busy traffic

junction) of PM2.5-1.0

was 255.51 ± 34.63 µg/m3 and PM1.0-0.5

was 287.97 ± 86.11 µg/m3 that exceeded 4-5 times

the National Ambient Air Quality standards (60 µg/m3) [1]. Twelve metals were subsequently determined by ICP-

OES, that is Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. In both the fractions of particulate matter, Al, Ba,

Ca, Mg, Pb and Zn were found in higher concentration in comparison to other metals. Metals source identification

was done by the enrichment factor (EF). Assessed health hazard for individual metals recognized greater risk posing

to children and adults in different size fractionated particles (PM2.5-1.0

and PM1.0-0.5

). The average value of hazards

quotients (HQs) for PM2.5-1.0

(3.80) and PM

1.0-0.5 (4.26) was found higher. The observed HQs values far exceeded the

acceptable level. The trend of the average value of carcinogenic risk factor was found higher than the prescribed

limit (1x10-6) for an adult and child.

KEYWORDS

Traffic junction, Size segregated PM, Metals, Health risk assessment

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and PM10

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and PM10

from Kolkata – A heavily polluted Indian

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India. Annals New York Academy Sci., 1140:228-245.

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and PM2.5

at critically

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the ambient air of Delhi. Env. Int. 26:49-54.

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Env. Poll. 111:149-158.

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Atmos. Env. 29(16):2041-2048.

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traffic junctions in Mumbai, India. Atmos. Env., 35:4245-4251.

39. Rastogi, N. and M.M. Sarin. 2009. Quantitative chemical composition and characteristics of aerosols over

western India: One-year record of temporal variability. Atmos. Env., 43(22-23):3481-3488.

40. Khillare, P. S. and S. Sarkar. 2012. Airborne inhalable metals in residential areas of Delhi, India: Distribution,

source apportionment and health risks. Atmos. Poll. Res., 3(1):46-54.

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Sci. Tech., 29(6):1495-1503.

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1232.

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residential area of Ulsan, Korea. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11:679-688.

44. Prakash, J., et al. 2018. Chemical characterization and quantitative assessment of source-specific health risk of

trace metals in PM1.0

at a road site of Delhi, India. Env. Sci. Poll. Res., 25(9):8747-8764.

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particulate matter in Changsha. Sci. Total Env., 517:215-221.

46. Massey, D. D., A. Kulshrestha and A. Taneja. 2013. Particulate matter concentrations and their related metal

toxicity in rural residential environment of semi-arid region of India. Atmos. Env., 67:278-286.

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, PM10

), potentially toxic metals, PAHs

and metal-bound carcinogenic risk in the population of Lucknow City, India. J. Env. Sci. Health, Part A. 48(7):730-

745.

IJEP 40 (9) : 941-949 (2020)

The Effect Of Activated Granular Carbon On Compressibility And Strength Characteristic For

Naturally Contaminated Cohesion Soil

Hadeel Majid Hussein1,2, Sohail Ayub1* and Asif Ali Siddiqui1

1. Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh - 202 002

2. Al-Esra'a University College, Baghdad, Iraq


This paper focuses on the capability of granular carbon for stabilization of naturally contaminated soil with industrial

leachate acquired from Al-Musayyib Thermal Power Plant positioned in Iraq that typically removed as a negative

product. The soil was filled by disposing the leachate into the drainage channel for 20 years, thereafter remedied

with two percentages of granular carbon (5 and 10%). The geochemical factors for all soil specimens (standard,

effluent contamination and granular carbon remedied) constitute of compaction, specific gravity, consolidation,

triaxial test (UU), pH, sulphate, chloride, organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS),

nitrate and heavy metals. The results attained shows the capability of granular carbon material to optimize the

chemical characteristics of fouled soil and might possibly prevent the problems of pollution to the adjacent soil.

KEYWORDS

Contaminant soil, Treated soil, Physico-chemical properties, Thermal power plant, Granular carbon

REFERENCES

1. Wuana, R. A. and F.E. Okieimen. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry,

risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology. Doi:10.5402/2011/402647.

2. EPA Victoria. 2005. Industry standard contaminated construction sites contents. (1st edn).

3. Panahpour, E., A. Gholami and A. H. Davami. 2011. Influence of garbage leachate on soil reaction, salinity and

soil organic matter in east of Isfahan. WASET J., 5(9): 530-535.

4. Sivapullaiah, P. V. 2009. Effects of soil pollution on geotechnical behaviour of soils. GEOTID J., 933-940.

5. Rao, A.V.N and M. Chittaranjan. 2012. Effect of certain industrial effluents on compaction characteristic. Int. J.

Eng. Inventions. 1(7):1-9.

6. Chittaranjan, M. and K. V. N.L. Naik. 2012. Undrained shear strength characteristics of an expansive soil treated

with certain industrial effluents at different pore fluid. IJIRSET. 1:58-65.

7. Talukdar, D. K. and B. D. Saikia. 2013. Effect of crude oil on some consolidation properties of clayey soil. IJETAE.

3:117-120.

8. Hilber, I. and T. D. Bucheli. 2010. Activated carbon amendment to remediate contaminated sediments and soils:

A review. Global NEST J., 12:305-317.

9. Bucheli, Thomas D. and Örjan Gustafsson. 2000. Quantification of the soot-water distribution coefficient of PAHs

provides mechanistic basis for enhanced sorption observations. Env. Sci. Tech., 34(24): 5144-5151.

10. Malusis, M.A., E.J. Barben and J.C. Evans. 2009. Hydraulic conductivity and compressibility of soil-bentonite

backfill amended with activated carbon. Geotech. and Geoenv. Eng. J., 135:664-672.

11. Tadza, M.Y. and Baharudin F. 2017. Treatment efficiency and compressibility behavior. GEOMATE J., 12:122-

126.

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13. Lenore, S.C., E.G. Arnold and D. E. Andrew. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater

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15. Loretta, L. 1990. Remediation treatment technologies: In Reference guide for developing countries facing

persistent organic pollutants. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C., Canada.

16. BS 1377 British. 1990. Standard method of test of soil for civil engineering purposes. Part 1.

17. Glewa, S. M. and M. Al-alwani. 2013. Evaluation of the effect of solid waste leachate on soil at hilla city. J. of

Babylon University. 21(3): 894-906.

18. Dutta, S. K., D. Singh and A. Sood. 2016. Effect of soil chemical and physical properties on sorption and

desorption behavior of lead in different soils of India. Soil and Sediment Contamination/ : An Int. J., 20(3): 249-

260.

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garage in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Res. J. of Chem. Sci., 5(2):8-10.

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(part 3). pp 551-603.

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Specially Conferences. Niagara Falls, Canada. Proceedings, pp 20-23.

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some soil properties. Scholars Res. Library. 4(2):831-836.

24. McKenzie, RM. 1980. The adsorption of lead and other heavy metals on oxides of manganese and iron. Australian

J. of Soil Res.,18(1):61-73.

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Springer Env. Earth Sci., 64(1):193-200.

26. Ijimdiya, T.S. 2013. The effects of oil contamination on the consolidation properties of lateritic soil. DAOE. J.,

2(2):53-59.

27. Kareem, Abdul M. Sh. 2014. Effect of soil contamination on the behavior of piles subjected to laterally cyclic

loading. M.Sc. Thesis. Baghdad University.

28. Karkush, M. O. and Z. Abdul Kareem. 2017. Investigation the impacts of fuel oil on the geotechnical properties

of cohesive soil. Eng. J., 21(4):127-137.

29. Milad, Z. A. 2014. An experimental investigation of landfill leachate impact on surrounding soil. Ph.D. Thesis.

Cardiff University.

30. George, M. 2014. Studies on landfill leachate transportation and its impact on soil characteristics. Ph.D. Thesis.

Division of Civil Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology. Groundwater Specially Conferences.

Niagara Falls, Canada. Proceedings, pp 20-23.

IJEP 40 (9) : 950-959 (2020)

Water Pollution Control For Segamat River Using Total Maximum Daily Load Analysis

Faridah Mohd Razelan1, Wardah Tahir2* and Nasehir Khan E.M Yahaya3

1. Ministry of Environment and Water, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia

2. Universiti Teknologi Mara, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3. National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Environment and Water, Malaysia


Pollution is the largest threat to rivers in Malaysia. Since river waters are the main sources of water supply to the

country, maintaining its quality is of prime importance. In this study, the total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis

was used to control the water pollution of Segamat river. The objectives of this study include the measurement of

water quality indices along the Segamat river due to the surrounding activities, assessment on the most significant

water quality parameter as the target parameter and determination of the acceptable point and non-point sources

load discharges amount to attain class II condition for the river. The observation of the current water quality for the

Segamat river had been carried out in both dry and wet condition and it can be concluded that the water quality

during the dry condition was slightly better compared to the wet condition. In carrying out the TMDL method,

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) had been selected as the TMDL target parameter due to its impairment frequency.

Finally, using the TMDL method, the loads that need to be reduced at every point of discharges had been determined.

By controlling the pollution load according to the maximum allowable calculated values, the water quality along the

Segamat river can be maintained at class II.

KEYWORDS

River, Pollution, Total maximum daily load, Water quality, Target parameter, Point sources

REFERENCES

1. UN Water, World Water Day. 2013. An Increasing Demand. Retrieved July 28, 2016. http://www.unwater.org/

water-cooperation-2013/water-cooperation/facts-and-figures/en/.

2. Amneera, W. A., et al. 2013. Water quality index of Perlis river, Malaysia. Int. J. Civil Env. Eng., 13(2):1-6.

3. Khalik, W. M. A. W. M., et al. 2013. Physico-chemical analysis on water quality status of Bertam river in Cameron

Highlands, Malaysia. J. Mater. Env. Sci., 4(4):488-495.

4. Yaakub, A., N. Norulaini and N.A. Rahman. 2012. Water quality status of Kinta river tributaries based on land

use activities. In Proceedings of International Conference on Environment, Energy and Biotechnology, Singapore.

pp 178-182.

5. Heng, L. Y., et al. 2006. Development of possible indicators for sewage pollution for the assessment of Langat

river ecosystem health. Malaysian J. Analytical Sci., 10(1):15-26.

6. Sujaul, I. M., et al. 2013. Effect of industrial pollution on the spatial variation of surface water quality. American

J. Env. Sci., 9(2):120.

7. Copeland, C. 2003. Clean water act and total maximum daily loads (TMLDs) of pollutants. Resources, Science

and Industry Division. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.

8. DOE. 2006. Malaysian environmental quality report 2006: Water quality index classification. Ministry of Natural

Resources and Environment. Department of Environment, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

9. EPA. 2016. Developing total maximum daily loads (TMDL). United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Retrieved August 24, 2016. https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/developing-total-maximum-daily-loads-tmdl.

10. Legal Information Institute. 2001. 40 CFR 130.7 - Total maximum daily loads (TMDL) and individual water quality-

based effluent limitations. Retrieved August 18, 2016. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/130.7.

11. Cropper, M. and W.S. Isaac. 2011. The benefits of achieving the Chesapeake Bay TMDLs (total maximum daily

loads): A scoping study. Resour. Future Discussion Paper. 11-31.

12. Dean, J. D., M. Ravichandran and F.P. Andes. 2001. Mercury TMDLs in Georgia: A recent case study. Georgia

Institute of Technology.

13. Nevada. 1994. TMDL case study: Truckee river, EPA 841-F-94-006. Number 13.

14. Debby, S. 2004. Dungeness Bay fecal coliform bacteria total maximum daily load study. Retrieved on September,

2019. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/0403012.pdf.

15. Fredenburg, A.M. 2011. What do TMDLs have to do with icebergs. Kentucky Division of Water. TMDL Section.

pp 2. Retrieved on September 25, 2019. https://www.uky.edu/WaterResources/FF/TMDLs/pdf/[2]%20KDOW

%20TMDL%20101%20Presentation.pdf.

16. New Mexico Environment Department. 2016. Total maximum daily load for total phosphorus for Redondo Creek.

Retrieved on September 25, 2019. https://www.env.nm.gov/swqb/Total_PhosphorusTMDL_for_Redondo_Creek

.pdf.

17. Hart, H.M. 2006. Effect of land use on total suspended solids and turbidity in the Little river watershed, Blount

County, Tennessee.

IJEP 40 (9) : 960-964 (2020)

Effect Of Sequential Application Of Herbicides On Soil Microflora In

Transplanted Rice

N. Srividhya* and S. Ayyappan

International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Department of Weed Science, Padappai, Chennai -

601 301


To study the effect of sequential application of herbicides on soil microbial populations of transplanted rice, a field

experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Padappai, during Kharif season of 2016 and 2017 with eight weed

control treatments. The results exposed that microorganisms were able to degrade herbicides and used them as a

source of biogenic elements for their specific functional processes. However, before degradation, herbicides have

more toxic effects on microorganisms, decreasing their quantity, activity and consequently, the diversity of their

populations. The sequential application of Pretilachlor at 1000 mL/ha at 3 DAT (days after transplanting) followed

by Bispyribac sodium at 250 mL/ha at 15 DAT treatment, significantly increased 9.3% and 4.1% actinomycetes

population, when compared with hand weeding and untreated control samples at 60 DAT. The toxic effects of

herbicides in paddy field are usually most severe instantly after application. Later on, microorganisms take part in a

biodegradation process and then the degraded organic herbicides provide carbon rich substrates which in terms

maximize the microbial population in the rhizosphere.

KEYWORDS

Transplanted rice, Sequential applications, Herbicides, Microbial population

REFERENCES

1. Jenkinson, D. S. and J. N. Ladd. 1981. Microbial biomass in soil: Measurements and turnover. Soil Biochem.

2. Kang, S. M., A. L. Khan and M. Hamayun. 2012. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ameliorated plant growth and

influenced gibberellins and functional biochemicals. Pak. J. Bot., 44(1): 365-372.

3. Schloter, M., O. Dilly and J. C. Munch. 2003. Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agric. Ecosys. Env., 98: 255-

262.

4. Nannipieri, P., et al. 2003. Microbial diversity and soil functions. European J. Soil Sci., 54: 655–670.

5. Maloney, P. E., A. H. C. Van Bruggen and S. Hu. 1997. Bacterial community structure in relation to the carbon

environments in lettuce and tomato rhizosphere and in bulk soil. Microbial Ecol., 34: 109–117.

6. Saxena, D., S. Flores and G. Stotzky. 1999. Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt Corn. Nature. 402: 480.

7. Nyarko, K. and S. K. D. Datta. 1991. A handbook for weed control in rice. IRRI, Manila, Phillipines. pp 1-109.

8. Corbelt, Journall, et al. 2004. Weed efficacy evaluations for bromaxil, gluphosinate, glyphosate, pyrithiobac and

sulphophate. Weed Tech., 18: 443-453.

9. Rao, V. S. 2000. Principles of weed science (1st edition). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

pp 19-80.

10. Johnen, B. and E. A. Gand Drew. 1977. Ecological effects of pesticides on soil microorganisms. J. Soil

Sci.,123(5): 319-324.

11. Janaki, P., et al. 2013. Field dissipation of oxyflurfen in onion and its dynamics in soil under Indian tropical

conditions. J. Env. Sci. Health. 48: 941-947.

12. Bowles, T. M., et al. 2014. Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities and carbon and nitrogen availability in

organic agroecosystems across an intensively-managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biol. Biochem., 68: 252-262.

13. Bera, S. and R. K. Ghosh. 2013. Soil microflora and weed management as influenced by Atrazine 50% WP in

sugarcane. Univ. J. Agric. Res., 1(2): 41-47.

14. Ghosh, R. K., et al. 2012. Prospects of botanical herbicides in system of crop intensification in the Gang tic

inceptisols of India. 6th Int. workshop on software clones. Hangzhou, China. Proceedings, 17-22:116-117.

15. Bhatt, Spandana, et al. 2017. Influence of pre-emergence herbicides on the soil microflora during the crop growth

of transplanted rice. Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res., 7(3): 163-172.

IJEP 40 (9) : 965-972 (2020)

Effective Adsorption Of Fluoride From Aqueous Solutions By Zr Doped Biopolymer

Piyush Kant Pandey1* and Yashu Verma2

1. Bhilai Institute of Technology, New Raipur, Chhattisgarh - 493 661

2. Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh - 491 001

*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected] ; [email protected]

A composite bio-adsorbent prepared by impregnating metal ion into chitosan has been investigated for defluoridation

from aqueous solution in a batch system. The Box-Behnken design was used to optimize various parameters, like

pH, initial concentration and biomass dosage on the percentage of fluoride removal. The maximum removal of 95%

was observed for 25 mg/L fluoride ions at pH 7 with the adsorbent dosage of 20 g/L. A high R2 value for Freundlich

isotherm indicated physisorption on the heterogeneous surface of composite bio-adsorbent (CBA) with maximum

sorption capacity of 2.5 mg/g. The adsorption data fitted well for Langmuir isotherm also. The slow kinetics of

sorption (5 hr) indicated its multilayered adsorption process. The existence of co-ions decreased the removal

efficiency of CBA at higher concentrations. The adsorbent worked suitably well for both acidic and neutral pH

conditions. The adsorbent was effectively regenerated (90%) using dilute NaOH, making it acceptable to multi-cycle

use.

KEYWORDS

Adsorption, Chitosan, Composite bio-adsorbent, Fluoride

REFERENCES

1. Karro, E. and M. Uppin. 2013. The occurrence and hydrochemistry of fluoride and boron in carbonate aquifer

system, central and western Estonia. Env. Monit. Assess., 185(5):3735–3748. DOI: 10. 1007/s10661-012-

2824-5.

2. Narsimha, A. and V. Sudarshan. 2013. Hydrogeo-chemistry of groundwater in Basara area, Adilabaddistrict,

Andhra Pradesh. J. Appl. Geochem., 15(2): 224–237.

3. Rafique, T., et al. 2009. Geochemical factors controlling the occurrence of high fluoride groundwater in the Nagar

Parkar area, Sindh, Pakistan. J. Hazard Mater., 171:424–430. DOI: 10.1016/j. jhazmat.2009.06.018.

4. Lottermoser, B. G. and J. S. Cleverley. 2007. Controls on the genesis of a high fluoride thermal spring: Innot hot

springs, North Queensland. Australian J. Earth Sci., 54:597–607. DOI: 10.1080/081200907011889885.

5. Cronin, S. J., et al. 2000. Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability and risks of fluorosis in grazed pasture

systems in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 43:295-321. DOI: 10.1080/00288 233.2000.9513430.

6. Gago, C., M. L. F. Marcos and E. Á. Lugo. 2002. Aqueous aluminium species in forest soils affected by fluoride

emissions from an aluminium smelter in Spain. Fluoride. 35:110-121.

7. Walna, B., et al. 2013. Fluoride pollution of atmospheric precipitation and its relationship with air circulation and

weather patterns (Wielkopolski national park, Poland). Env. Monit. Assess., 185(7): 5497–5514. DOI:

10.1007/s10661-012-2962-9.

8. V. Saxena and S. Ahmed. 2001. Dissolution of fluoride in groundwater: A water-rock interaction study. Env.

Geol., 40(9):1084–1087. DOI: 10.100 7/s002540100290.

9. WHO. 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality (3rd edn). World Health Organization, Geneva, Washington

D.C. pp 375-377.

10. CGWB. 2010. Groundwater quality in shallow aquifers of India. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water

Resources, Gov. of India, Faridabad. pp 9. http://cgwb.gov.in/documents /waterquality/gw_quality_in_shallow

_aquifers.pdf.

11. Raichur, A. M. and M. J. Basu. 2001. Adsorption of fluoride onto mixed rare earth oxides. Separation and

Purification Tech., 24(1):121-127. DOI: 10.1016/S1383-5866(00).

12. Ruixia, L., G. Jinlong and T. Hongxiao. 2002. Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate and arsenate ions on a new type

of ion exchange fiber. J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 248:268–274. DOI: 10.1006/jcis. 2002.8260,

13. Miretzky, P. and A. F. Cirelli. 2011. Fluoride removal from water by chitosan derivatives and composites: A

review. J. Fluorine Chem., 132(4):231-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.001.

14. No, H. K., et al. 2007. Applications of chitosan for improvement of quality and shelf life of foods: A review. J.

Food Sci., 72(5):R87-100. DOI: 10.1111 /j.1750- 3841.2007.00383.x.

15. Momin, N. H. 2008. Chitosan and improved pigment ink jet printing on textiles. phD Thesis. Royal Melbourne

Institute of Technology University.

16. Guibal, E. 2004. Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: A review. Separation and Purification

Tech., 38:43-74. DOI: 10.1016/j. seppur.2003.10.004.

17. Muzzarelli, R. A. A. 2011. Potential of chitin/chitosan-bearing materials for uranium recovery: An interdisciplinary

review. Carbon Polymer. 84(1): 54-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.025.

18. Benavente, M. 2008. Adsorption of metallic ions onto chitosan: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. TRITA CHE

report, Licentiate Thesis. Royal Institute of Technology Sweden. pp 30-43.

19. Rojas, G., et al. 2005. Adsorption of chromium onto cross-linked chitosan. Separation and Purification Tech.,

44:31-36. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.11. 013.

20. Kamble, S. P., et al. 2007. Defluoridation of drinking water using chitin, chitosan and lanthanum-modified

chitosan. Chem. Eng., 129(1):173-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2006.10.032.

21. Sancheza, H.A.S., R.C. Martínezb and R.A.C. Villanuevac. 2013. Fluoride removal from aqueous solutions by

mechanically modified guava seeds. Int. J. Sci.: Basic and Appl. Res., 11(1):159-172.

22. Angelina, M., T. Ajisha and K. Rajagopal. 2015. Fluoride removal study using pyrolyzed Delonix regia pod, an

unconventional adsorbent. Int. J. Env. Sci. Tech., 12:223–236. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-013-0485-8.

23. Chhipa, H., et. al. 2013. Determination of sorption potential of fermentation industry waste for fluoride removal.

Int. J. Bioassays. 2(3): 568-574.

24. Ramanaiah, S.V., S.V. Mohan and P.N. Sarma. 2007. Adsorptive removal of fluoride from aqueous phase using

waste fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus 1804) biosorbent. Kinetics Evaluation Ecological Engineering. 31: 47–56. DOI:

10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2007.05.006.

25. Vijaya, Y. and A. Krishnaiah. 2009. Sorptive response profile of chitosan coated silica in the defluoridation of

aqueous solution. E-J. Chem. 6(3): 713-724.

26. Paudyal, H., et. al. 2013. Adsorptive removal of trace concentration of fluoride ion from water by using dried

orange juice residue. Chem. Eng. J. 223: 844–853. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.055.

27. Huang, K., et. al. 2011. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution onto Zr-loaded garlic peel (Zr-GP) particles.

J. Central South University Tech. 18: 1448-1453. DOI: 10.1007/s11771"011"08 60"x.

28. Mohan, S. V. et. al. 2007. Biosorption of fluoride from aqueous phase onto algal Spirogyra IO1 and evaluation

of adsorption kinetics. Bioresour. Tech. 98(5): 1006-1011. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006. 04.009.

29. Ramchander, M., et. al. 2012. Optimization studies for defluoridation of water using Aspergillus niger fungal

biosorbent. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 4(3): 1089-1093.

30. Ramchander, M., et. al. 2012. Investigations on the potential of Aspergillus fumigatus fungal biosorbent in

defluouridation of water. Asian J. Biochem. Pharmaceutical Res. 1(2): 250-254.

31. Ramchander, M., et. al. 2013. Factors affecting the defluoridation of water using Fusarium oxysporum

bioadsorbent. Int. J. Env. Bio. 3(1):12-14.

32. Valencia-Leal, S.A., R.C. Martínez and R.A.C. Villanueva. 2012. Evaluation of guava seeds (Psidium Guajava) as

a low-cost bosorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions. Int. J. Eng. Res. Develop. 4(5):69-76.

33. Mondal, N.K., et. al. 2012. Studies on defluoridation of water by tea ash: An unconventional biosorbent. Chem.

Sci. Trans. 1(2):239-256. DOI:10.7598/cst 2012.134.

34. Bharalia, R.K. and K.G. Bhattacharyya. 2014. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on fluoride biosorption by

devdaru (Polyalthia longifolia) leaf powder. Octa J. Env. Res. 2(1): 22-31.

35. Yadav, A. K., et. al. 2013. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution and groundwater by wheat straw, sawdust

and activated bagasse carbon of sugarcane. Eco. Eng. 52:211-218. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2012.12.069.

36. Murugan, M. and E. Subramanian. 2006. Studies on defluoridation of water by tamarind seed, an unconventional

biosorbent. J. Water Health. 44: 453–461. DOI:10.2166/wh.2006.014.

37. Mohan, S. V., et. al. 2007. Removal of fluoride from aqueous phase by biosorption onto algal biosorbent

Spirogyra sp.-IO2: Sorption mechanism elucidation. J. Hazard. Mater. 141: 465–474. DOI:

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.008.

IJEP 40 (9) : 973-978 (2020)

Assessment Of Dugwell Groundwater Qualities Of Some Areas Of Imphal West District Of

Manipur

Kshetrimayum Suman Devi and Nandababu Singh Laishram*

D.M. College of Science, Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, Imphal - 795 001, Manipur


Fourteen dugwell groundwater samples (S-1 to S-14) were collected during the pre-monsoon period (May) of 2019.

They were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters, like temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical

conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TA) (and hence CO32- and HCO3-), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Cl-.

The values/concentrations of physico-chemical parameters for thirteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-9 and S-11 to S-14)

were found to be below/within the acceptable limits of BIS standard for drinking water as well as that of WHO. But

the pH value of S-10 is not within the acceptable limit of BIS (6.5-8.5). So, except S-10, all other thirteen

groundwaters belong to the category of drinking water from physico-chemical analysis point of view but for S-10,

liming is required to improve the pH value. Since the TDS values for all fourteen groundwaters are less than 1000

mg/L, all of them can be used for other domestic purposes. All the groundwaters are found to be fit for irrigation

purpose as their RSC and SAR values are within the safe and excellent categories of water for irrigation purposes.

Further from correlation coefficient data point of view, TDS shows strong positive correlations with EC, TA and TH.

Total alkalinity (TA) is due to the presence of mainly dissolved Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 and NaHCO3. Again, total

hardness (TH) for different groundwaters is mainly due to the presence of dissolved Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2, CaCl2

and MgCl2.

KEYWORDS

Physico-chemical parameters, Drinking, Irrigation, BIS, WHO

REFERENCES

1. Prasad, P.R.C., et. al. 2009. Is rapid urbanization leading to loss of water bodies? J. Spat. Sci., (2): 43-52.

2. Raghunath, H.M. 2007. Groundwater (3rd edn.) New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. pp 1-308.

3. Saana, S.B.M.M., et. al. 2016. Assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the upper west

and northern regions of Ghana. Springer Plus. 5:2001. DOI:10.1186/s40064-016-3676-1.

4. Alhababy, A.M. and A.J. Al-Rajab. 2015. Groundwater quality assessment in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Curr.

World Env., 10(1):22-28.

5. Elbana, T.A., et. al. 2017. Assessment of marginal quality water for sustainable irrigation management: A case

study of Bahr El-Baqar area, Egypt. Water Air Soil Poll., 228:214.

6. Chudaeva, V.A., et. al. 2008. The composition of groundwater of Muraviov-Amursky Peninsula Primorye, Russia.

Indian J. Mar. Sci., 37(2):193-199.

7. Agbaire, P.O. and I.P. Oyibo. 2009. Seasonal variation of physico-chemical properties of borehole water in

Abraka, Nigeria. African J. Pure Appl. Chem., 3(6):116-118.

8. Prasad, N.B. Narasimha. 2018. Groundwater quality status and management strategies in an Atoll Island - A case

study. Indian J. Env. Prot., 38(1):36-42.

9. Gujjar, K.N., et. al. 2017. Assessment of groundwater quality in Chikkmagaluru and Kadar area, Karnataka. Indian

J. Env. Prot., 37(5):420-427.

10. Sarala, C. and P. Ravi Babu. 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality parameters in and around Jawaharnagar,

Hyderabad. Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub., 2(10):1-5.

11. Hazarika, S. and B. Bhuyan. 2013. Fluoride, arsenic and iron content of groundwater around six selected tea

gardens of Lakhimpur district, Assam, India. Archives Appl. Sci. Res., 5(1):57-61.

12. Satyanarayana, P., et. al. 2013. Urban ground-water quality assessment: A case study of greater

Vishakhapatnam municipal corporation area, (GVMC), Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Inv., 2(5): 20-31.

13. Saleem, M., A. Hussain and G. Mahamood. 2016. Analysis of groundwater quality using water quality index: A

case study of greater Noida (region), Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India. Cogent Eng., 3:1237 927.

DOI:10.1080/23311916. 2016.1237927.

14. Patil, V.T., et. al. 2010. Physico-chemical analysis of selected groundwater samples of Amalner town in Jalgaon

district, Maharastra, India. E-J. Chem., 7(1):111-116.

15. Greenberg, A.E., et. al. 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (18th edn). APHA,

AWWA and WEF, Washington, D.C.

16. Wilcox, L.V. 1955. Classification and uses of irrigation waters. USDA, Washington, D.C.

17. Todd, D.K. 2004. Groundwater hydrology (2nd edition). John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., Singapore. pp 300-

302.

18. BIS. 2012. Indian standard drinking water - specification (second revision) IS 10500. Bureau of Indian Standards,

New Delhi.

19. WHO. 2011. Guidelines for drinking water quality, (4th edition). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

pp 226-227.

20. Manivasakam, N. 2008. Physico-chemical examination of water, sewage and industrial effluents, Pragati

Prakashan, Meerut, India. pp 35-66.

IJEP 40 (9) : 979-984 (2020)

Partial Replacement Of Cement With Cementitous Material In Permeable Concrete

Akshay Mohan, Alan Tom, Aneena Merin Sony, Richa Susan, Manoj Nallanathel* and Dhanesh J. Dhanam

Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Peermade, Kerela -

685 531


Permeable concrete consists of cement, coarse aggregate and water, with little to no fine aggregates, that is why

permeable concrete has a very rough and uneven appearance. When used in place of conventional concrete,

permeable pavement decreases the total amount of runoff leaving a site, promotes infiltration of runoff into the

ground, reduces the amount of pollutants carried to a storm drain or waterway and aids with reducing peak runoff

velocity and volume. The major drawback of permeable concrete is that it lacks strength, to overcome this, the

cement in the concrete is partially replaced by other cementitious material. This paper deals with the partial

replacement of cement with fly ash and rice husk ash. Cement is replaced with different proportions of fly ash (5%,

10%, 15%, 20%) and rice husk ash (2%, 3%, 5%). By keeping the water-cement ratio constant (0.38), the increase

in fly ash content increases the strength (upto 10% fly ash) then the strength gradually decreases. The permeability

of the concrete increases with an increase in the fly ash content. An optimum of 10% fly ash is obtained as a result.

In this paper, an earnest approach is done to enhance the efficiency of pervious concrete using different local wastes.

KEYWORDS

Pervious, Permeability, Fly ash, Rice husk ash

REFERENCES

1. Jain, A.K. and J. S. Chouhan. 2011. Effect of shape of aggregate on compressive strength and permeability

properties of pervious concrete. Int. J. Advanced Eng. Res. Studies. 1(1):120-126.

2. Lian, C. and Y. Zhuge. 2010. Optimum mix design of enhanced permeable concrete. Construction Building Mater.,

24:2664-2671.

3. Lian, C. and Y. Zhuge. 2010. Investigation of the effect of aggregate on the performance concrete: Challenges,

opportunities and solutions in structural engineering and construction. Taylor Francis Group. pp 505-510.

4. Kumar, C. Manoj, U. K. Mark Vivin Raj and D. Mahadevan. 2015. Effect of titanium dioxide in pervious concrete.

Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 8(8):183-187.

5. Aziz, Dania M. Abdel, Duaa O. Al-Maani and Wael Al-Azhari. 2015. Using pervious concrete for managing storm

water run-off in urban neighborhood: A case of Amman. American Int. J. Contemporary Res., 5(2).

6. McCain, George N. and Mandar M. Dewoolkar. 2009. Strength and permeability characteristics of porous

concrete pavements. TRB annual meeting.

7. Toplicic-Curcic, Gordana, et al. 2015. Pervious concrete in sustainable pavement design. 41th International

conference on contemporary achievements in civil engineering, Subotica, Serbia.

8. Teja, G. Ravi and M. L. Sai Ranga Rao. 2017. Partial replacement of cement by fly ash in porous concrete. Int.

J. Civil Eng. Tech., 8(4):1099-1103.

9. Hamdulay, Husain N., Roshni J. John and D. R. Suroshe. 2015. Effect of aggregate grading and cementitious

by-product on the performance of pervious concrete. Int. J. Innovative Res. Sci. Eng. Tech., 4(8):6890-6897.

10. Balaji, M. Harshavarthan, et al. 2015. Design of eco-friendly pervious concrete. Int. J. Civil Eng. Tech., 6(2):22-

29.

11. Maniarasan, S. K., et al. 2015. Study on characterization of pervious concrete for pavement. Int. J. Res. Eng.

Appl. Sci., 5(4):81-81-97.

12. Vancura, Mary, Lev Khazanovich and Kevin MacDonald. 2011. Structural analysis of pervious concrete

pavement. 90th annual meeting, Transportation Research Board.

13. Rajiv, M., et al. 2017. Study of porous pavement using GGBS as partial replacement of cement. Int. J. Innovative

Res. Sci. Eng. Tech., 6(3):3968-3974.

14. Neal, R. E. 2007. Mix design development for pervious concrete in cold weather climates. A review of National

Concrete Pavement Technology Centre, Iowa State University.

15. Priyadarshana, Thushara, Thilak Jayathunga and Ranjith Dissanayake. 2011. Pervious concrete - A sustainable

choice in civil engineering and construction. Int. J. Civil Eng. Tech., 8(4):1099-1103.

16. Talsania, Siddharth, Jayeshkumar Pitroda and Chetna M. Vyas. 2015. A review of pervious concrete by using

various industrial waste materials. J. Int. Academic Res. Multidisciplinary. 2(12):142-151.

17. Poovitha, R. and G. Sarath. 2017. An experimental study on properties of pervious concrete with partial

replacement of cement by fly ash. Int. J. Modern Trends Eng. Res., 4(8):40-47.

18. Prakash, V., K. Chandrasekar and P. Vinoth. 2018. Partial replacement of silica fume and fly ash in pervious

concrete. Int. Res. J. Eng. Tech., 5(5): 1823-1825.

19. Patil, V. R., A. K. Gupta and D. B. Desai. 2010. Use of pervious concrete in construction of pavement for

improving their performance. Second Int. Conference Emerging Trends Eng., 3(5):54-56.

IJEP 40 (9) : 985-990 (2020)

Optimization Of Physical Parameters For Chlorpyrifos Degrading Bacterial Strain Using Box-

Behnken Model

Hemlata1, Anil Kumar1*, Vinod Chhokar1, Vikas Beniwal2 and Rohit Chauhan1

1. Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Hisar - 125

001

2. Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Department of Biotechnology, Ambala, Haryana

*Corresponding author, Email : [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abundant use of pesticides in agriculture accumulates in soil and drained to underground water eventually leading

to the food chain. This is harmful to humans, animals and non-target insect; this is the reason to make environment

pesticide free. Bacterial strains isolated from soil and water samples collected from agriculture area, strain FIT1

(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida with Gene Bank number KY072848) selected for enhanced degradation of

chlorpyrifos and subjected to carry out their ability to degrade the pesticide by absorbance method using UV-VIS

NIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu). Response surface methodology was designed for optimization of degradation

condition of chlorpyrifos using the Box-Behnken model. Design expert 10.0.6 software was used for the

optimization of four important independent variables - X1 (pH 6-8), X2 (temperature 20-40oC), X3 (rpm) and X4

(1-3 mL, per mL contained 3×108 CFU plate count method). Model data indicated that mean square as 227.59

and P-value lower than 0.01% (0.0032) considered a significant model. There is a 36.80% chance of a lack of fit.

F-value indicated non-significant lack of fit that model is fit and successfully placed. It was concluded that enhanced

degradation of chlorpyrifos (more than 90%) by the isolated strain within a minimum period of incubation in

optimized condition can be used over a chlorpyrifos contaminated area to remove such pollutant.

KEYWORDS

Chlorpyrifos, Response surface methodology, Box Behnken design, Organophosphate

REFERENCES

1. Resis, R., et al. 2012. Acetylcholinesterases inhibition dose-response modeling for chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-

oxon. Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol., 63:124-131.

2. Srebocan, E., et al. 2003. Poisoning with acetyl-cholinesterases inhibitors in dogs: Two case reports. Vet. Med.

(Prague, Czech Republic). 48(6):175-176.

3. Singh, B. K., et al. 2003. Role of soil pH in the development of enhanced biodegradation of Fenamiphos. Appl.

Env. Microbiol., 69(12):7035-7043.

4. Finley, S. D., L.J. Broadbelt and V. Hatzimanikatis. 2010. In silico feasibility of novel biodegradation pathways

for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. BMC Systems Biol., 4. DOI : 10.1186/1752-0509-4-7.

5. Fulekar, M. H. 2010. Environmental biotechnology. CRS Press, Enfield. pp 197-215.

6. Abou-Donia, M. B. 2003. Organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity. Archives Env. Health – Int. J.,

58(8):484-497.

7. Mallick, K., et al. 1999. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in pure cultures and in soil. Bulletin Env. Contam. Toxicol.,

62:48-54.

8. Singh, B. K., et al. 2004. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Enterobacter strain B-14 and its use in the

bioremediation of contaminated soils. Appl. Env. Microbiol., 70(8):4855-4863.

9. Anwar, Liaquat S., et al. 2009. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 356-trichloro-2-pyridinol

by Bacillus pumilus strain C2A1. J. Hazard. Mater., 168:400-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.059.

10. Jayaraman, P., et al. 2012. In vitro studies on biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by Trichoderma viride and T.

harzianum. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 6:1465-1474.

11. Wang, P., et al. 2016. Identification of multi-insecticide residues using GC-NPD and the degradation kinetics of

chlorpyrifos in sweet corn and soils. Food Chem., 212:420-426.

12. John, M. E., J. Shreekumar and M. S. Jisha. 2016. Optimization of chlorpyrifos degradation by assembled

bacterial consortium using response surface methodology. Soil Sediment Contam., 25:668-682.

13. Francis, F., et al. 2003. Use of response surface methodology for optimizing process parameters for the

production of alpha amylase by Aspergillus oryzae. Biochem. Eng. J., 15:107-115.

14. Meilgaard, M., G.V. Civille and B.T. Carr. 2002. Advanced statistical methods. In Sensory evaluation techniques.

pp 275-304.

15. Faddin, J. F. Mac. 2000. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria (3rd edn). Lippincott Williams &

Wilkins, Philadelphia.

16. Beniwal, V., et al. 2015. Use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) milling agrowaste for the production of tannase

using co-cultures of Aspergillus awamori MTCC 8818. Annals Microbiol., 65:1277-1286.

17. Rao, T.N., A. Ramesh and T. Parvathamma. 2012. Residues in honey followed by matrix solid-phase dispersion

coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Sci. Reports. 1:327. DOI:

10.4172/scientificreports.327.

18. Zalat, O.A., et al. 2014. Validation of UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for quantitative determination

of chlorpyrifos. Int. Letters Chem. Physics Astronomy. 58-63.

19. Pino, N. J., M.C. Dominguez and A.G. Penuela. 2011. Isolation of a selected microbial consortium capable of

degrading methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol from a contaminated soil site. J. Env. Sci. Health: Part B.

46(2):173-180.

20. Evans, M. 2003. Optimisation of manufacturing processes: A response surface approach. Maney Publishing,

London.

21. Annadurai, G., L. Yi. Ling and J. F. Lee. 2008. Statistical optimization of medium components and growth

conditions by response surface methodology to enhance phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida. J. Hazard.

Mater. 151:171-178.

22. Pankaj, et al. 2015. Optimization of sulphosul-phuron biodegradation through response surface methodology

using indigenous bacterial strain isolated from contaminated agriculture field. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.,

4(8):105-112.

23. Agarry, S.E. and O. Ogunleye. 2012. Box-Behnken design application to study enhanced bioremediation of soil

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IJEP 40 (9) : 991-996 (2020)

Study Of Adsorption Parameters For The Removal Of Lead (II) Using Syzygium jambos

P. Sirisha and Sayeeda Sultana*

St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Department of Chemistry,

Avadi, Chennai - 600 054


The industrialization and modernization all over the world cause environmental imbalances through their byproducts

of heavy metals, these are becoming dangerous to the health of human beings, animals and aquatic creatures. The

heavy metals can enter water supply by industrial discharge and thereby releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes,

rivers and groundwater. Lead (Pb) is one of the heavy metals, it has become a part of our day to day life through

various applications. This paper presents in detail various analytical results, with respect to the impact of different

adsorption parameters for the removal of lead (II) from aqueous solutions using Syzygium jambos (SJ) leaves and

seeds powder as an adsorbent. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used to obtain the

results of the percentage of adsorption for different optimal parameters. In addition to these results, this paper

proposes the best type of adsorption among Syzygium jambos leaf and its seed. The detailed research review

indicated that very less research happened in the utilization of Syzygium jambos as an adsorbent. Therefore, the

results presented in this paper are novel and are useful for the researchers and for the society to sidestep the toxicity

of lead (II).

KEYWORDS

Syzygium jambos, Adsorption, Removal of toxic metals, Toxicity of lead, Effect of adsorption parameters

REFERENCES

1. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/heavy-metals-foundin-patients-after-diwali-says-pollution-control-board-

965874?amp=1&akamai-rum=off.

2. Flora, Gagan, Deepesh Gupta and Archana Tiwari. 2012. Toxicity

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