Introduction ToShipping Industry

8/9/2019 Introduction ToShipping Industry

1/11

Shipping Industry

INTRODUCTION

Shipping Industry, the industry devoted to moving goods or passengers by water.Passenger operations have been a maor !omponent o" shipping, but air trave# hasserious#y #imited this aspe!t o" the industry. The enormous in!rease, however, in !ertain$inds o" !argo, "or e%amp#e, petro#eum, has more than made up "or the #oss o" passengertra&!. '#though raw materia#s su!h as minera# ores, !oa#, #umber, grain, and other"oodstu(s supp#y a vast and sti## growing vo#ume o" !argo, the transportation o" manu"a!tured goods has in!reased rapid#y sin!e )or#d )ar II.

Insert the missing words:

Shipping Industry is the industry devoted to moving ********* or passengers by water.Passenger operations have been a maor !omponent o" ************, but air trave# hasserious#y #imited this aspe!t o" the industry. The enormous in!rease, however, in !ertain$inds o" !argo, "or e%amp#e, petro#eum, has more than made up ********** the #oss o" passenger tra&!. '#though ********* materia#s su!h as minera# ores, !oa#, #umber, grain,and other "oodstu(s supp#y a vast and sti## growing vo#ume o" !argo, the transportation o" *********** goods has in!reased rapid#y sin!e )or#d )ar II.

HISTORY

Commer!ia# shipping began perhaps with the a!tivities o" the Phoeni!ian mer!hants whooperated their own vesse#s, transporting goods in the +editerranean. The pra!ti!es theydeve#oped were adopted by the mer!hants o" an!ient ree!e and Rome and were!ontinued by the maritime powers through the +idd#e 'ges to modern times. The-enetians, "rom /00 to 100, owned a huge mer!hant 2eet that served the interests o" the mer!hant traders and the !ity3state e%!#usive#y. 4rom 500 to 510 the Dut!h ran$ed6rst in shipping a!tivity, operating a g#obe3!ir!#ing tramp servi!e "or mer!hants o" western7urope.

Complete the sentences below:

. Phoeni!ian mer!hants operated 8 89. The pra!ti!es they deve#oped were adopted by 8 8 and 8 8

/. The -enetians owned 8 8 and served 8 8

:. The Dut!h ran$ed 8 8 and operated 8 8

Advances in the !th Century


2/11

Unti# the ;th !entury, ships were owned by the mer!hant or by the trading !ompany<!ommon3!arrier servi!e did not e%ist.

On =anuary 1, >>, the "u##3rigged 'meri!an ship James Monroe, o" the ?#a!$ ?a## @ine,sai#ed "rom New Aor$ City "or @iverpoo#, inaugurating !ommon3!arrier #ine servi!e on adependab#e s!hedu#e. ' po#i!y o" sai#ing regu#ar#y and a!!epting !argo in #ess3than3

ship#oad #ots enab#ed the ?#a!$ ?a## @ine to revo#utioniBe shipping.

Two te!hno#ogi!a# deve#opments "urthered progress toward present3day shippingpra!ti!es the use o" steam propu#sion and the use o" iron in shipbui#ding. In >; the'meri!an sai#ing ship Savannah !rossed the 't#anti! under steam propu#sion "or part o" the voyage, pioneering the way "or the ?ritish ship Sirius, whi!h !rossed the 't#anti!entire#y under steam in >/>. Iron was 6rst used in the sai#ing vesse# Ironsides, whi!h was#aun!hed in @iverpoo# in >/>.

The opening o" the SueB Cana# in >5; was o" great e!onomi! importan!e to shipping.Coin!iding with the per"e!tion o" the trip#e3e%pansion re!ipro!ating engine, whi!h wasboth dependab#e and e!onomi!a# in !omparison with the ma!hinery o" the pioneer

vesse#s, the !omp#etion o" the !ana# made possib#e rapid servi!e between western 7uropeand 'sia. The 6rst steam3prope##ed ship designed as an o!eangoing tan$er was theGlückauf, bui#t in ?ritain in >>5. It had /,090 deadweight tons dwt< the weight o" ashipEs !argo, stores, "ue#, passengers, and !rew when the ship is "u##y #oadedF and a speedo" $nots.

Summarise the te"t above #Advances in the !th Century$ bysuggesting sub%headings &or each passage:

. ;> 3 inaugurating !ommon3!arrier #ine servi!e9.

/.

The '(th Century

'mong the te!hno#ogi!a# advan!es at the turn o" the !entury was the deve#opment by the?ritish inventor Char#es '. Parsons o" the !ompound steam turbine, adapted to maritimeuse in >;G. In ;0/ the Wandal, a steamer on the -o#ga River, was powered by the 6rstdiese# engine used "or ship propu#sion. The Danish vesse# Selandia was !ommissioned as

the 6rst seagoing motor ship in ;9.

'"ter )or#d )ar I signi6!ant progress was made espe!ia##y in the per"e!tion o" theturboe#e!tri! drive. During )or#d )ar II, we#ding in ship !onstru!tion supp#anted the useo" rivets.

The $ee# o" the 6rst nu!#ear3powered passenger3!argo ship, the Savannah, was #aid inCamden, New =ersey, on +ay 99, ;1>, and the ship was #aun!hed in ;50. In ;59 it was!hartered to a private !ompany *****************, but it did not prove 6nan!ia##ysu!!ess"u#.

Supply the missing adverbial ad)unct: in Camden New Jersey, at the turn of the

century, In 1903, After World War I, During World War II


3/11

'mong the te!hno#ogi!a# advan!es *************** was the deve#opment by the ?ritishinventor Char#es '. Parsons o" the !ompound steam turbine, adapted to maritime use in>;G. ************ the Wandal, a steamer on the -o#ga River, was powered by the 6rstdiese# engine used "or ship propu#sion. The Danish vesse# Selandia was !ommissioned asthe 6rst seagoing motor ship in ;9.

************* signi6!ant progress was made espe!ia##y in the per"e!tion o" theturboe#e!tri! drive. ***************, we#ding in ship !onstru!tion supp#anted the use o" rivets.

The $ee# o" the 6rst nu!#ear3powered passenger3!argo ship, the Savannah, was #aid * on+ay 99, ;1>, and the ship was #aun!hed in ;50. In ;59 it was !hartered to a private!ompany "or e%perimenta# !ommer!ia# use, but it did not prove 6nan!ia##y su!!ess"u#.


4/11

*AT+R, O- TH, SHI..I*/ I*0+STRY

Shipping is a private, high#y !ompetitive servi!e industry. The a!tivity o" the industry isdivided into severa# !ategories, name#y, #iner servi!e, tramp shipping, industria# servi!e,and tan$er operation, a## o" whi!h operate on !ertain we##3estab#ished routes.

Supply the missing type o& shipping industry:

The a!tivity o" the industry is divided into severa# !ategories, name#y, #iner servi!e, **********, industria# servi!e, and ************, a## o" whi!h operate on !ertain we##3estab#ished routes.

Trade Routes

+ost o" the wor#dEs shipping trave#s a re#ative#y sma## number o" maor o!ean routes theNorth 't#anti!, between 7urope and eastern North 'meri!a< the +editerranean3'sianroute via the SueB Cana#< the Panama Cana# route !onne!ting 7urope and the eastern'meri!an !oasts with the western 'meri!an !oasts and 'sia< the South '"ri!an route#in$ing 7urope and 'meri!a with '"ri!a< the South 'meri!an route "rom 7urope and North'meri!a to South 'meri!a< the North Pa!i6! route #in$ing western 'meri!a with =apan andChina< and the South Pa!i6! route "rom western 'meri!a to 'ustra#ia, New Hea#and,Indonesia, and southern 'sia. The o#d Cape o" ood ope route pioneered by -as!o daama and shortened by the SueB Cana# has returned to use "or giant oi# tan$ers p#yingbetween the Persian u#" and 7urope and 'meri!a. +any shorter routes, in!#uding !oasta#routes, are heavi#y trave#ed.

Supply the missing verb:

+ost o" the wor#dEs shipping *********** a re#ative#y sma## number o" maor o!ean routesthe North 't#anti!, between 7urope and eastern North 'meri!a< the +editerranean3'sianroute via the SueB Cana#< the Panama Cana# route ************* 7urope and the eastern'meri!an !oasts with the western 'meri!an !oasts and 'sia< the South '"ri!an route *********** 7urope and 'meri!a with '"ri!a< the South 'meri!an route "rom 7urope andNorth 'meri!a to South 'meri!a< the North Pa!i6! route #in$ing western 'meri!a with =apan and China< and the South Pa!i6! route "rom western 'meri!a to 'ustra#ia, NewHea#and, Indonesia, and southern 'sia. The o#d Cape o" ood ope route ********** by-as!o da ama and *********** by the SueB Cana# has returned to ********** "or giant oi#tan$ers p#ying between the Persian u#" and 7urope and 'meri!a. +any shorter routes,

in!#uding !oasta# routes, ********** heavi#y trave#ed.

Coastwise Shipping

Te!hni!a##y, !oasta# shipping is !ondu!ted within /9 $m within 90 miF o" the shore#ine,but in pra!ti!e ship #anes o"ten e%tend beyond that distan!e, "or reasons o" e!onomy andsa"ety o" operation. In the U.S., !oasta# shipping is !ondu!ted a#ong the Pa!i6!, 't#anti!,and u#" !oasts. Under the restri!tion $nown as !abotage, the U.S. and many othernations permit on#y vesse#s registered under the nationa# 2ag to engage in !oasta# trade.

'mong many sma## 7uropean !ountries !abotage does not app#y, and short internationa#voyages are !ommon. ' spe!ia# "eature o" !oasta# shipping in the U.S. is the tradebetween the Pa!i6! !oast and the 't#anti! and u#" !oasts. -esse#s engaged in this trade


5/11

traverse the open sea and uti#iBe the Panama Cana#< however, they are !overed by!abotage #aws. In !oasta# and short3distan!e shipping, spe!ia#3purpose ships are o"tenemp#oyed, su!h as !ar "erries and train "erries.

Inland 1aterways

' maor part o" a## the wor#dEs shipping moves on in#and waterwaysJrivers, !ana#s, and#a$es. Usua##y su!h shipping emp#oys sma##er, #ighter vesse#s, a#though in some !aseso!eangoing ships navigate in#and waterways, "or e%amp#e, the St. @awren!e Seaway routeto the reat @a$es o" North 'meri!a. ContaineriBation, #ighter3aboard3ship, and barge3aboard3ship operations have "a!i#itated the shipping o" !argoes between o!eangoingvesse#s and those o" the in#and waterways.

0iscuss the &ollowing:

3 in#and waterways3 #ighter

3 #ighter3aboard3ship

2iner Service

@iner servi!e !onsists o" regu#ar#y s!hedu#ed shipping operations on 6%ed routes. Cargoesare a!!epted under a bi##3o"3#ading !ontra!t issued by the ship operator to the shipper.

Competition in #iner servi!e is regu#ated genera##y by agreements, $nown as !on"eren!es,

among the shipowners. These !on"eren!es stabi#iBe !onditions o" !ompetition and setpassenger "ares or "reight rates "or a## members o" the !on"eren!es. In the U.S.,steamship !on"eren!es are supervised by the 4edera# +aritime Commission in a!!ordan!ewith the Shipping '!t o" ;5. Rate !hanges, modi6!ations o" agreements, and other ointa!tivities must be approved by the !ommission be"ore they are e(e!tive. +easuresdesigned to e#iminate or prevent !ompetition are prohibited by #aw.

.rovide the de3nition &or the &ollowing shipping terms:

3 @iner servi!e3 Con"eren!es

1hat is the )ob o&:

3 The ship operatorK

3 The shipperK


6/11

Tramp Shipping

Tramps, $nown a#so as genera#3servi!e ships, maintain neither regu#ar routes nor regu#arservi!e. Usua##y tramps !arry ship#oad #ots o" the same !ommodity "or a sing#e shipper.Su!h !argoes genera##y !onsist o" bu#$ raw or #ow3va#ue materia#, su!h as grain, ore, or

!oa#, "or whi!h ine%pensive transportation is reLuired. 'bout /0 per!ent o" U.S. "oreign!ommer!e is !arried in tramps.

Tramps are !#assi6ed on the basis o" emp#oyment rather than o" ship design. The typi!a#tramp operates under a !harter party, that is, a !ontra!t "or the use o" the vesse#.

The !enter o" the !hartering business is the ?a#ti! 7%!hange in @ondon, where bro$ersrepresenting shippers meet with shipowners or their representatives to arrange theagreements. 4reight rates 2u!tuate a!!ording to supp#y and demand )hen !argoes are"ewer than ships, rates are #ow. Charter rates are a#so a(e!ted by various other!ir!umstan!es, su!h as !rop "ai#ures and po#iti!a# !rises.

Complete the &oillowing sentences:

3 Tramps are $nown as 8 83 They maintain 8 8

3 Tramps usua##y !arry !argo #ots o" 8 8 "or 8 8

3 These ships !aryy su!h !argoes as 8 8

3 They !an be !#assi6ed a!!ording to 8 8 and operate under 8 8

3 The CMP is 8 8

3 The ?a#ti! 7%!hange is 8 8

3 ?ro$ers representing shippers meet with 8 8 in order to 8 8

3 Supp#y and demand determines 8 8

3 Charter rates are a(e!ted by 8 8

Charter parties are o" three $inds, name#y, the voyage !harter, the time !harter, and thebareboat !harter. The voyage !harter, the most !ommon o" the three, provides transport"or a sing#e voyage, and designated !argo between two ports in !onsideration o" anagreed "ee. The !harterer provides a## #oading and dis!harging berths and port agents tohand#e the ship, and the shipowner is responsib#e "or providing the !rew, operating theship, and assuming a## !osts in !onne!tion with the voyage, un#ess an agreement is madeto the !ontrary. The time !harter provides "or #ease o" the ship and !rew "or an agreedperiod o" time. The time !harter does not spe!i"y the !argo to be !arried but p#a!es theship at the disposa# o" the !harterer, who must assume the !ost o" "ue# and port "ees. Thebareboat !harter provides "or the #ease o" the ship to a !harterer who has the operatingorganiBation "or !omp#ete management o" the ship. The bareboat !harter trans"ers theship, in a## but #ega# tit#e, to the !harterer, who provides the !rew and be!omes

responsib#e "or a## aspe!ts o" its operation.


7/11

The #eading tramp3owning and tramp3operating nations o" the wor#d are Norway, ?ritain,the Nether#ands, and ree!e. The !arrying !apa!ity o" a typi!a#, modern, we##3designedtramp ship is about 9,000 dwt, and its speed is about 1 $nots. The re!ent trend istoward tramps o" /0,000 dwt, without mu!h in!rease in speed.

Supply the missing chartering terms:

Charter parties are o" three $inds, name#y, the voyage !harter, the **********, and the ********* !harter. The voyage !harter, the most !ommon o" the three, provides transport"or a sing#e *********, and designated !argo between two ports in !onsideration o" anagreed *********. The ********** provides a## #oading and dis!harging berths and portagents to hand#e the ship, and the ************ is responsib#e "or providing the !rew,operating the ship, and assuming a## !osts in !onne!tion with the voyage, un#ess anagreement is made to the !ontrary. The time !harter provides "or ********* o" the ship and!rew "or an agreed period o" time. The time !harter does not spe!i"y the !argo to be!arried but p#a!es the ship at the ********** o" the !harterer, who must assume the !osto" "ue# and ********* "ees. The bareboat !harter ********** "or the #ease o" the ship to a!harterer who has the operating organiBation "or !omp#ete ************* o" the ship. The

bareboat !harter trans"ers the ship, in a## but #ega# **********, to the !harterer, whoprovides the !rew and be!omes responsib#e "or a## aspe!ts o" its operation.

The #eading tramp3owning and tramp3********* nations o" the wor#d are Norway, ?ritain,the Nether#ands, and ree!e. The !arrying ********** o" a typi!a#, modern, we##3designedtramp ship is about 9,000 dwt, and its speed is about 1 $nots. The re!ent trend istoward ********* o" /0,000 dwt, without mu!h in!rease in speed.

Industrial Carriers

Industria# !arriers are vesse#s operated by #arge !orporations to provide transportationessentia# to the pro!esses o" manu"a!ture and distribution. These vesse#s are run to portsand on s!hedu#es determined by the spe!i6! needs o" the owners. The ships may be#ongto the !orporations or may be !hartered. 4or e%amp#e, the ?eth#ehem Stee# Corp.maintains a 2eet o" reat @a$es ore !arriers, a number o" spe!ia#iBed ships that hau# ore"rom South 'meri!a to ?a#timore, +ary#and, and a 2eet o" dry3!argo ships that transportsstee# produ!ts "rom ?a#timore to the Pa!i6! !oast. +any oi# !ompanies maintain #arge2eets o" deep3sea tan$ers, towboats, and river barges to !arry petro#eum to and "romre6neries. The ships o"ten operate under !ontra!ts o" a(reightment.

Tan4er Operation

'## tan$ers are private or !ontra!t !arriers. In the ;G0s some /: per!ent o" the wor#dtan$er 2eet, whi!h aggregates about 900 mi##ion dwt, was owned by oi# !ompanies< theremaining tonnage be#onged to independent shipowners who !hartered their vesse#s tothe oi# !ompanies. So3!a##ed supertan$ers, whi!h e%!eed 00,000 dwt, are emp#oyed totransport !rude petro#eum "rom the oi# 6e#ds to re6neries. The re6ned produ!ts, su!h asgaso#ine, $erosene, and #ubri!ating oi#s, are distributed by sma##er tan$ers, genera##y #essthan /0,000 dwt, and by barges.

1hat do the &ollowing 3gures re&er to5:

3 /:

3 900


8/11

3 00,000

3 /0,000

Supply the missing prepositions:

'## tan$ers are private or !ontra!t !arriers. In the ;G0s some /: per!ent *** the wor#dtan$er 2eet, whi!h aggregates *** 900 mi##ion dwt, was owned *** oi# !ompanies< theremaining tonnage be#onged *** independent shipowners who !hartered their vesse#s *** the oi# !ompanies. So3!a##ed supertan$ers, whi!h e%!eed 00,000 dwt, are emp#oyed *** transport !rude petro#eum *** the oi# 6e#ds *** re6neries. The re6ned produ!ts, su!h *** gaso#ine, $erosene, and #ubri!ating oi#s, are distributed *** sma##er tan$ers, genera##y #ess *** /0,000 dwt, and *** barges.

6,SS,2 TY.,S

+er!hant ships are !#assi6ed as passenger !arriers, !argo ships, and tan$ers. During theheight o" passenger trave# by ship, the #argest as we## as the most g#amorous ships a2oatwere the "amed #iners o" the North 't#anti!, whi!h, beginning in the mid3;th !entury,sai#ed regu#ar s!hedu#es between the 'meri!as and 7urope. Competing in speed as we##as in siBe and appointments, su!h ships as the Mauretania, the Queen Mary, the QueenElizabeth, the nited States, and the !rance gradua##y redu!ed the time "or the North't#anti! !rossing to #ess than "our days. Their siBe, "rom about :1,000 to G1,000 metri!tons and up to /00 m ,000 "tF in #ength, was giganti! by the standards o" the 6rst ha#" o" the 90th !entury, but they have been dwar"ed by the oi# tan$ers o" the ;G0s and E>0s. TodayEs passenger #iners operate prin!ipa##y in the !ruise trade.

7umbled sentence parts8 .ut the parts in the right order to ma4e complete

sentences:

and tan$ers 3 are !#assi6ed 3 as passenger !arriers, +er!hant ships 3 !argo ships 3passenger !arriers

the #argest 3 During the time o" passenger trave# by ship 3 as we## as the most g#amorousships a2oat 3 between the 'meri!as and 7urope 3 whi!h sai#ed on regu#ar s!hedu#es

to #ess than "our days 3 Competing in speed 3 as we## as in siBe and appointments 3gradua##y redu!ed the time "or the North 't#anti! !rossing 3 and the !rance 3 su!h ships asthe Mauretania, the Queen Mary, the Queen Elizabeth, the nited States

3 but they have been dwar"ed by the oi# tan$ers o" the ;G0s and E>0s 3 "rom about:1,000 to G1,000 metri! tons and 3 up to /00 m ,000 "tF in #ength 3 was giganti! by thestandards o" the 6rst ha#" o" the 90th !entury 3 Their siBe

operate passenger prin!ipa##y !ruise TodayEs in the trade #iners

Cargo Ships

Cargo ships !arry pa!$aged goods, unitiBed !argo !argo in whi!h a number o" items are!onso#idated into one #arge shipping unit "or easier hand#ingF, and #imited amounts o" grain, ore, and #iLuids su!h as #ate% and edib#e oi#s. ' "ew passengers are a!!epted on


9/11

some !argo #iners. Spe!ia#iBed ships are designed and bui#t to !arry !ertain types o" !argo, "or e%amp#e, automobi#es or grain.


10/11

Container Ships

In the #ate ;10s !ontainer ships set the pattern "or te!hno#ogi!a# !hange in !argohand#ing and #in$ed the tru!$ing industry to deep3Sea shipping. These high#y spe!ia#iBed

ships !arry #arge tru!$ bodies and !an dis!harge and #oad in one day, in !ontrast to theten days reLuired by !onventiona# ships o" the same siBe. The rapid deve#opment o" the!ontainer ship began in ;15, when Sea3@and Servi!e !ommen!ed operations betweenNew Aor$ City and ouston, Te%as. ?arge3aboard, or #ighter3aboard, ships, a#so !a##edseabees sea bargesF or @'S #ighter3aboard shipsF, resu#ted "rom an evo#utionarydeve#opment o" the !ontainer ship. They are !apab#e o" !arrying about /> barges, or up to,500 !ontainers, or a !ombination o" !ontainers and barges. Their design enab#es themto de#iver !argo to deve#oped or undeve#oped ports, without the need "or berthing.

Supply the missing term:

In the #ate ;10s !ontainer ships set the pattern "or te!hno#ogi!a# !hange in !argo

********* and #in$ed the tru!$ing industry to *******3sea shipping. These high#yspe!ia#iBed ships ******** #arge tru!$ bodies and !an dis!harge and ********* in one day,in !ontrast to the ten days reLuired by *********** ships o" the same siBe. The rapiddeve#opment o" the !ontainer ship began in ;15, when Sea3@and Servi!e !ommen!ed ************ between New Aor$ City and ouston, Te%as. ?arge3aboard, or *********3aboard, ships, a#so !a##ed seabees sea bargesF or @'S #ighter3aboard shipsF, resu#ted"rom an evo#utionary deve#opment o" the !ontainer **********. They are !apab#e o" !arrying about /> **********, or up to ,500 !ontainers, or a !ombination o" !ontainersand barges. Their design enab#es them to ********** !argo to deve#oped or undeve#opedports, without the need "or berthing.

Tan4ers

Tan$ers, designed spe!i6!a##y to !arry #iLuid !argoes, usua##y petro#eum, have grown tomany3!ompartmented giants o" a mi##ion metri! tons and more. Despite their great siBe,their !onstru!tion is simp#e, as is, "or the most part, their operation. ' maor prob#em withthe giant tan$ers is the severe environmenta# damage o" oi# spi##s, resu#ting "rom !o##ision,storm damage, or #ea$age "rom other !auses. Spe!ia#iBed tan$ers transport #iLue6ednatura# gas @NF, #iLuid !hemi!a#s, wine, mo#asses, and re"rigerated produ!ts.

7umbled te"t8 .ut the sentences below in the correct order to ma4e a completete"t:

Spe!ia#iBed tan$ers transport #iLue6ed natura# gas @NF, #iLuid !hemi!a#s, wine,mo#asses, and re"rigerated produ!ts. Despite their great siBe, their !onstru!tion is simp#e,as is, "or the most part, their operation. Tan$ers, designed spe!i6!a##y to !arry #iLuid!argoes, usua##y petro#eum, have grown to many3!ompartmented giants o" a mi##ionmetri! tons and more. ' maor prob#em with the giant tan$ers is the severe environmenta#damage o" oi# spi##s, resu#ting "rom !o##ision, storm damage, or #ea$age "rom other !auses.

Treaties and Conventions


11/11

+any treaties and !onventions have been adopted over the years with the obe!tive o" in!reasing the sa"ety o" #i"e at sea. One o" the most important agreements provided "orthe estab#ishment o" the Internationa# I!eberg Patro# in ;/, a"ter the "itanic disaster.Under the Internationa# @oad3@ine Convention o" ;/0, ship #oading was regu#ated on thebasis o" siBe, !argo, and route o" the vesse#. The Internationa# Convention "or the Sa"etyo" @i"e at Sea, whi!h governs ship !onstru!tion, was rati6ed by most maritime nations in

;/5, and updated in ;:>, and again in ;50 and ;G:.

Supply the right preposition:

+any treaties and !onventions have been adopted *** the years *** the obe!tive o" in!reasing the sa"ety o" #i"e *** sea. One o" the most important agreements provided *** the estab#ishment o" the Internationa# I!eberg Patro# *** ;/, *** the "itanic disaster. *** the Internationa# @oad3@ine Convention o" ;/0, ship #oading was regu#ated *** the basiso" siBe, !argo, and route *** the vesse#. The Internationa# Convention *** the Sa"ety *** @i"e at Sea, whi!h governs ship !onstru!tion, was rati6ed *** most maritime nations in;/5, and updated *** ;:>, and again *** ;50 and ;G:.

0iscuss the importance o& the &ollowing years in the te"t above:

3 ;/3 ;/0

3 ;/5

3 ;:>

3 ;G:

Introduction ToShipping Industry

Documents

Transcript of Introduction ToShipping Industry