Introduction to the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Classification ... · Introduction to the Hydrogeomorphic...
Transcript of Introduction to the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Classification ... · Introduction to the Hydrogeomorphic...
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Introduction to the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Classification System
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Objectives – The Student Will be Able to:
• Define the 7 HGM Classes • List the 3 Parameters That Define HGM
Classes • List the Major Water Budget Components for
Each Class • Select Appropriate Local Reference Domains • Determine Useful Local HGM Sub-classes • Relate HGM Sub-Classes to Soils • Ready to Learn how to Select the Appropriate
Analysis Technique for Sub-Classes
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HGM
•Originally for Development of “Functional Assessment Models” (Brinson, et. al.) •Starts with 7 Wetland Classes •Requires the Determination of a “Reference Domain” where a certain “subclass” exists •Must make a decision between “lumping” and “splitting”
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Three Factors that Define Wetland Classes •Landscape Position •Dominant Water Source •Hydrodynamics
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The Seven HGM Classes
•RIVERINE •SLOPE •MINERAL SOIL FLAT •ORGANIC SOIL FLAT •ESTUARINE FRINGE •LACUSTRINE FRINGE •DEPRESSION
Mineral Flats Indiana Flatwoods
Slope Puerto Rico
Depressional Carolina Bay
Estuarine Fringe Oregon
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Slide 6
Reference Domains - Major Land Resource Areas
Site Concept Valid Within MLRA Extent (or subdivision of MLRA)
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Slide 7
HUC-12 in MLRA 103 Northeast Kansas
• “Headwater” HUC • Similar to other Headwater
HUC in MLRA 103 “Reference Domain”
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Slide 8
Same Map Units Correlate to Similar Sub-Classes in Adjacent HUCS (Same MLRA)
Floodplain Landscape
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Slide 9
Landscape Boundaries - RIVERINE
Wabash Occasionally Flooded Poorly Drained Backswamp?
Kennebec Moderately Well Drained Occasionally Flooded Natural Levee?
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RIVERINE Wetlands
Landscape Position Floodplains Dominant Water Source Surface Flooding AND/OR Groundwater Inputs Hydrodynamics Horizontal, Bi-Directional
Floodplain Oxbow -Wyoming
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Landscape Position:
RIVERINE Wetlands
Soils Geomorphic Description - “Floodplain”
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Slide
12
RIVERINE – Dominant Water Source – Stream Hydrograph Soil “Water Features” •Flooding •Ponding •Groundwater Hydroperiod
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Slide
13
RIVERINE – Surface Flooding (Lotic)
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Slide
14
RIVERINE – Ponding (Lentic)
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Slide
15
RIVERINE – Floodplain Groundwater
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Slide
16
How Many Sub-Classes?
Upland: Non-wetland
Natural Levee: Non-wetland
Backswamp: Groundwater
Active Channel: Flooding
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RIVERINE Landscapes Can have Multiple HGM Sub-Classes
Unique: • Landform • Plant Community • Groundwater Table • Flood Frequency • Flood Duration • Ponding Potential • Soil
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 18
Introducing - Endosaturated Riverine
Ninnescah River, Kansas
Tongue River, Wyoming
“Saturated from Below”
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 19
Groundwater Rises and Falls with the Stream Water Surface
Endosaturated Riverine Features • High Ksat Floodplains (Sands
Gravels) • Wet from high groundwater • Attenuated hydrographs • Strong Baseflow in channel • Surface Flooding not needed to
create wetland hydrology
• High groundwater • No ponding • Flooding need not
be long duration or high frequency for ecological function
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 20
Introducing - Episaturated Riverine
Iowa photo: NRCS Photo Gallery
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 21
Episaturated Riverine Features • Low Ksat Floodplains (Silts and
Clays) • Weak Connection between
stream water surface and floodplain Groundwater level
• Wet when inundated or ponded only
• Perched groundwater
• Ponding in backswamps
• Frequency and Duration of Flooding critical for ecological functions
RIVERINE, Backswamp, episaturated herbaceous
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 22
RIVERINE – Ponded Backswamp
Hydric (Floodplain Oxbow)
Partiallly Hydric (Floodplain Flat)
Active Channel
RIVERINE, Backswamp, episaturated herbaceous In MLRA 73
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Slide 23
RIVERINE Morphology - •Natural Levees •Backswamps
Osage Series •Hydric •Backswamp
Verdigris Series •Partially Hydric •Natural Levee
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SLOPE
Slide 24
Dominant Water Source – Groundwater Discharge
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Slide 25
SLOPE
Landscape Position – Concave Topographic positions, usually stream headwaters –
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Slide 26
Topographic SLOPE Wetland Plan View Concave Landscape Positions Typical of Stream Headwaters
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Topographic SLOPE Cross-Section • “Deep”
Discharge Shown Here
• Often is Shallow Subsurface Flow in Soil
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Slide 28
Potential Bog Turtle Habitat “Typic Endoaquults” Groundwater Dominated Soils In Low Stream Order Landscapes
SLOPE, Headwater
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Slide 29
SLOPE Wetlands
Kansas Headwater
Idaho Headwater Fen
New York Headwater Fen
Fens • SLOPE Class • Near continuous discharge • Organic Soil
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Slide 30
Slope HGM Class Wetland Wyoming (Sage Grouse Country)
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Slide 31
SLOPE Wetland Before “Restoration”
• Surface Saturated • Groundwater Fed • Large Scale • Not “Flooded” • Not “Ponded”
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Slide 32
SLOPE Wetland After “Restoration”
• Lowered Groundwater • Aerated Organic Soil • Lateral Effect of Constructed “Stream Restoration” • Loss of Wetland Hydrology
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 33
To Drain a SLOPE Wetland -
Groundwater From Uplands
Intercept Groundwater at Point of Discharge
Finger Lakes Region, NY
Simply Plug the Ditch – Restores Groundwater Discharge
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 34
OR – Install a Drainage Ditch Through It
Des Moines Lobe, Iowa
Groundwater Discharge
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USDA | NRCS | Module Name 35
OR – Allow a Gully to Form Through It
Current Groundwater Discharge Level
Aerated Organic Soil
Formerly Saturated Surface Upstream Dam has Captured Sediment
Nebraska Sand Hills
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MINERAL SOIL FLAT Dominant Water Source- Direct Precipitation
Slide 36
• Landscape Position – Interfluves • Low Flow Accumulation • Depressions may be embedded within Mineral Flats
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Slide 37
MINERAL FLAT Wetland Hydrodynamics – Vertical, Downward
• Dominant Water Source - Precipitation
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Slide 38
• 0-2% Slopes • Poorly Drained to
Very Poorly Drained • Decrease in Ksat
with Depth • Perched Water
Table
Mineral Flat Extent Map
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ORGANIC SOIL FLAT Dominant Water Source – Direct Precipitation
Slide 39
Pocosin – North Carolina
•Ombotrophic •“Bogs” •“Pocosins”
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ESTUARINE FRINGE Dominant Water Source - Tides
Slide 40
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Slide 41
Estuarine Fringe •Organic Soils are Common
•Tidally Influenced Salt, Brackish, or Freshwater
•Adjoins Riverine HGM landscapes
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ESTUARINE FRINGE – Tidal Inlet Channels
Slide 42
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Slide 43
Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming
Horizontal, bi-directional
LACUSTRINE FRINGE Dominant Water Source- Lake Fluctuations
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Slide 44
Nebraska Rainwater Basin – Recharge Depression
Wyoming – Recharge Depression, Gillette
South Dakota Prairie Pothole
South Carolina – Carolina Bay
DEPRESSIONAL Closed Topographic Depressions
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Slide 45
DEPRESSIONAL Dominant Water Source – Surface Runoff and/or Groundwater
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Slide 46
Depressional – Recharge
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Slide 47
Depressional – Discharge or Flow Through
Recharge Go > Gi Discharge Gi > Go Flow Through Gi = Go
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Slide 48
Texas Playas – Recharge Randall Clay
South Dakota Prairie Potholes – Recharge, Discharge, and Flowthrough
DEPRESSIONS Web Soil Survey Map Units
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Slide 49
Generalized Landscape Map
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Slide 50
HGM Parameters
The Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Classification System is based on 3 factors – •Landscape Position
•WHERE it is •Dominant Water Source
•Not the ONLY Source •Hydrodynamics
•The direction(s) of water movement in and out
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Questions?
Kansas Flint Hills photo: Jon Fripp