Introduction to Plants…..

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Biology I Review:• What is botany?

– The study of plants

• What is the general traits of the Plant kingdom:– Eukaryotic

• Cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

– Autotrophic• Makes its own food through the process of

– photosynthesis

– Multicellular

Overall structure of a plant cell:• A: Vacuole

– Storage area for water and sugar

• B: Cell wall– Provide shape and support

• D: Nucleus– Contains DNA

• E: Mitochondria– Breaks sugar down into energy

• F:Chloroplast– Site of photosynthesis

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Importance of plants:

• Major role in our water cycle• Uses up CO2 and produces O2

• Used as our primary food source

• Source of medicine– Yams produce cortisone that treat inflamation

• Source of fabric– Cotton, linen (flax), hemp

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• Basis of fossil fuels– coal, oil and natural gas

• Stored photosynthetic energy from millions of years ago

• Used for housing and shelters

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Plant Kingdom shows much biodiversity

• Plant Kingdom is made up of 12 phyla and includes over 270,000 different species

• 500 million years ago plants were only in the water

• Land plants appeared 430 million years ago– What changed to move plants from water to land?

– Development of the ozone layer» Protected plants from the sun’s harmful UV rays


What adaptations were needed to allow a plant to move from a water to a land

environment?• 1. Development of a cuticle

– Waxy, protective covering that prevents water loss


• 2. Development of stomata– Small openings on the surface that allows O2

and CO2 to move in and out of plant


• Must reproduce with spores or seeds– These structures prevent water loss, provide

protection and nourish embryo• Sounds like what structure we already learned about

in the animal kingdom?

-the egg


• Had to have the formation of vascular tissue– A type of tissue that provides support, transports

water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another

• 1. Xylem:

-carries water and inorganic nutrients from

roots to stems and leaves


• 2. Phloem– Carries organic food molecules (sugars) and

water in any direction depending on a plants needs


Plant Classification:

• Plants are divided into 2 main groups:– 1. Vascular:

• Has vascular tissues, roots, stems and leaves• Examples:

– Ferns, flowering plants and conifers


• 2. Nonvascular:-has no vascular tissue

-No true roots, stems or leaves

-Examples:

-mosses and liverworts


Vascular: further divided into two groups

• Seedless plants Seeded plants

• FERNS• reproduce with spores


Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gynmosperms:

• -include pines, evergreens and ginkgoes– Seeds are not encased in a fruit


Angiosperms:

• -Flowering plants– Seeds are produced within a flower and housed

in some type of protective fruit

Examples: Apples, cherries,

grass


Angiosperms are further divided into:

• Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

(monocots) (dicots)


What is a cotyledon?-first leaf of embryo


Introduction to Plants…..

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