Introduction to Majorana fermions in condensed matter physics
Introduction to Matter
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Transcript of Introduction to Matter
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Introduction to Matter
Introduction to Matter
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All Matter Has Three Major Characteristics:All Matter Has Three
Major Characteristics:
1. It has mass
2. It occupies space
3. It is made of particles (atoms)
1. It has mass
2. It occupies space
3. It is made of particles (atoms)
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The word atomThe word atom
Originates from the Greek atomos, meaning indivisible.
Originates from the Greek atomos, meaning indivisible.
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Not All Atoms are Identical
Not All Atoms are Identical
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….or Natural….or Natural
Of all the elements on the Periodic Table (Currently, around 110)…
Only 90 exist in nature, the rest are by-products of nuclear reactors
Of all the elements on the Periodic Table (Currently, around 110)…
Only 90 exist in nature, the rest are by-products of nuclear reactors
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Atoms can CombineAtoms can Combine
In whole number ratios to form compounds
Common compounds include H2O and NaCI (water and salt)
In whole number ratios to form compounds
Common compounds include H2O and NaCI (water and salt)
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An atom is the smallest particle of a particular
element
A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
An atom is the smallest particle of a particular
element
A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.
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Matter exists in three states
Matter exists in three states
SOLIDLIQUIDGAS
A fourth state called PLASMA exists, but is rare on Earth
SOLIDLIQUIDGAS
A fourth state called PLASMA exists, but is rare on Earth
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Solids: Fixed shape, fixed volume
Liquids: Variable shape, fixed volume
Gases: Variable shape and volume
Solids: Fixed shape, fixed volume
Liquids: Variable shape, fixed volume
Gases: Variable shape and volume
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Matter has PropertiesMatter has Properties
Physical Properties:
State of matter, appearance, density, smell, etc.
Chemical Properties:
Reacts with…
Physical Properties:
State of matter, appearance, density, smell, etc.
Chemical Properties:
Reacts with…
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Matter can undergo changes
Matter can undergo changes
These changes can be physical changes
Or chemical changes
These changes can be physical changes
Or chemical changes
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Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
Involve a change a change in state,
But…Do NOT change the identity of the substance
(Boiling water is still H2O)
Involve a change a change in state,
But…Do NOT change the identity of the substance
(Boiling water is still H2O)
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Chemical ChangesChemical Changes
Are observed only during chemical
reactions…
Where the composition of matter changes
Are observed only during chemical
reactions…
Where the composition of matter changes
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All Matter Fits into one of Two General
Categories:
All Matter Fits into one of Two General
Categories:
Pure Substances
Mixtures
Pure Substances
Mixtures
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Pure SubstancesPure Substances
Elements or compounds
Have uniform composition (can not be separated by physical means)
Pure water is H2O, pure Gold consists of just Gold atoms
Elements or compounds
Have uniform composition (can not be separated by physical means)
Pure water is H2O, pure Gold consists of just Gold atoms
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Mixtures
Mixtures
Have variable compositions
Mixtures can be separated by Physical means (filtration or distillation)
(Lab Techniques: Sand and Salt water)
Have variable compositions
Mixtures can be separated by Physical means (filtration or distillation)
(Lab Techniques: Sand and Salt water)
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Mixtures can be…Mixtures can be…
Homogeneous: same throughout(salt water, air, brass)
Heterogeneous: vary from region to region (sand and water, gravel)
Homogeneous: same throughout(salt water, air, brass)
Heterogeneous: vary from region to region (sand and water, gravel)
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Classification of Matter Chart
Classification of Matter Chart
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Other Sub-classes of Mixtures
Other Sub-classes of Mixtures
Colloids: a type of mixture with particles of larger size than a true solution…
Will exhibit Tyndall Effect
Will NOT settle
Colloids: a type of mixture with particles of larger size than a true solution…
Will exhibit Tyndall Effect
Will NOT settle
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Why is the sky Blue?Why is the sky Blue?
Rayleigh scatteringRayleigh scattering
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Other Sub-classes of Mixtures
Other Sub-classes of Mixtures
Suspension: Similar to a colloid, but with larger particles
Will settle if left undisturbed
Suspension: Similar to a colloid, but with larger particles
Will settle if left undisturbed