Introduction to Planningdonaldpoland.com/site_documents/Intro_to_Planning...Introduction to Planning...
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Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Introductory ConceptsPlanning and the Planning Process
Lecture 1
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood andprobably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in
hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living
thing, asserting itself with ever-growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do things that would stagger
us. Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Think big.
Daniel Burnham, Chicago architect. (1864-1912)
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 3
Course GoalsBy the end of the course you should…
• Have a basic understanding of planning and the process of planning.
• Appreciate how the good things about your town do not usually happen by accident.
• Understand how planning works in your town and its positive impacts.
• Know how you can make a difference in your town.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 4
What is Planning?
• Preparing for the future• Dealing with problems of the past• Profession• Organized problem solving
The Background andDevelopment of Planning
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What is Planning?
• Preparing for the future• Dealing with problems of the past• Profession• Organized problem solving
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Why do Communities Plan?
Planning as a Response to Problems of Urbanism
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Urbanization and Cities
• How does the ‘human condition’ vary from…• Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Megalopolis
• What is the nature of human relationships?• How specialized is society?• What are the traits of urban/non-urban cultures?• Why does government become more important
with cities and urbanization?
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The Dawn of Urbanism
• What is ‘urban’? What is a ‘city’?• Evolution Toward Urbanism
– ‘Sedentary Communities’ & Agriculture– Hamlets– Villages– Towns– Cities
• Urbanism and Culture
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Urbanism
• Advantages • Disadvantages
How are these ‘size/scale’ dependent?
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Urbanism, Government and Planning
• What is the role of government in an urban society?
• Planning in an urban society– Individuals and Families– Groups– Government
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Classical Urbanism(ie. Greeks & Romans)
• Who cares?• Greeks: City-states & ‘organic cities’
– Forms• Acropolis, Agora, Temples, Theaters, Sports• Unplanned
– Housing• Courtyard style• Mixed neighborhoods
– Quality of Urban Life– Urban Design
• Grids as a means of organizing space
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The Roman Impact
• Context of an Economic/Military Empire– Trade, Colonialism, and Wealth
• Roads• Trading towns• Military settlements (castra towns)
– Urbanization and Urban Development• Massive investment in major cities • Investment in Social & Physical Infrastructure
– Innovations: The Roman Arch & Concrete• Vaulted Ceilings• Basilicas• Concrete
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The Medieval Town(or Urbanism After Rome)
(400’s to 1450’s)
• What happens to the Roman cities?– Cities in an era of weak government
• Feudalism and cities• Feudalism and urban form• The Viking influence• Carcassonne as an example• Cities reflecting history & Modern Tourism
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End of the Medieval Period
• Mercantile Europe and its Cities• Life in a walled town• The Two-Part City• ‘New’ Urban locations• City as a Military Machine (bastides)• Venice as the ‘poster city’ of the period
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The Renaissance City(1450’s-1660’s)
• Planning and the City– Trade, Money, and Power– Changing defensive roll of the city
• Gunpowder• Rapid urbanization
– Grid patterns reintroduced– Public spaces an city life-squares, piazzas, etc.
• Practical uses• Symbolic uses
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The Baroque Period(1660’s to 1720’s)
• Context– Empires, Monarchies– Early Colonialism and its financial influences– City as home to the wealthy
• ‘Formal’ Cities– Elements– Versailles & Paris as model
• Who cares?– Impact on the communities of the western hemisphere– Baroque planning and capital cities
Planners and the Planning Process
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Planning is…
• goal-oriented.• future-oriented.• an organized thought process
– It leads to an action.• based on the past.• a political process.• a profession.
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What does it mean to be a professional?
• Someone who provides a service for others• Someone who is paid• Someone who is educated• Someone who is experienced• Someone who acts ‘professionally’• Someone who is certified (or equivalent)
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Some Professional Applications
• State/Regional/Town Planning• Environmental Management• Transportation Engineers• Emergency Management • Land Use/Development Law• Economic Developers/Realtors• Urban Designers/Facility Design• Campus Planners
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Types of Connecticut Town Government
• Mayoral• Managerial• First Selectman/Legislative• Town Meeting
(Chapters 7 & 8 of the CT State Statutes)–BENEFITS OF EACH–LIABILITIES OF EACH
• Planners are Civil Servants in government
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How do they differ?(Why shouldn’t a planner be a politician?)
• Politician • Civil Servant
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The Goals of Planning in Your Town
Improve the Quality of Life&
Provide Direction to the Community
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The Job of a Planner in Your Town
• Control/direct development• Preserve/improve community character• Protect/conserve the environment• Benefit the health and welfare of community
residents
***Improve the Quality of Life***
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What Do Planners Really Do???
• Planning Functions• Conduct Research• Create Policies• Make Plans and Programs• Implement Plans/Programs• Fund Plans/Programs $$$$
• Office Functions• Public Outreach• Technical Advising• Coordinate public sector
development activities• Review Proposals• Administer/Enforce• Budget
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Planners Don’t…
• Approve policies– They draft them for others’ approval
• Approve plans– The create them for others’ approval
• Decide on funding– They make proposals that others consider
• Planners role is advisory– Who do they advise?
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YOUPublic Participation in Local Government
• Value of Participation
• Liabilities of Participation
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Public Participation Through Planning Commissions
• Why do they exist?• What do they do?• Who are members?• How do they work?
• The Two Formats– Commission– Integrated
• Responsibilities– Start Planning Process– Draft Plans– Develop & Implement
Regulations– Oversee Planning
Process
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
The Origins of Cities andUrbanization in America
Lecture 2
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
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The Originsand Development of Cities
• What are cities?
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Theories of Urban Origins
• Agricultural Surplus:
• Religious Causes:
• Defensive Needs:
• Trading Requirements:
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Cities as Engines of Economic Growth: Capitalism, Industrialism, and Urbanism
• The New Trading Cities:
• A Capitalist Economy:
• The Revival of Urbanization:
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Structure and Form of Trading Cities
• Political and Economic Structure:
• Spatial Form:
• Industrial Cities:
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Industrial Revolution
• Changing Logic of City Locations:
• Elements of the Industrial City:
Urbanization in America:The Evolution of the
American Urban System
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The Evolution of theAmerican Urban System
• Urban Systems:
• Situation:
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The American Urban Hierarchy1630 - 2007
• Colonial Imprints:
• The Early Development of the U.S. Urban Hierarchy:
• Recent Shifts in the U.S. Urban Population:
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Metropolitan Dominance
• Urbanization and Industrialization Among U.S. Urban Centers:
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Borchert’s Transportation Epochs and American Metropolitan Growth
• Horse and Wagon Epoch 1790-1830:
• Regional Rail Network Epoch 1830-1870:
• National Railroad Network Epoch 1870-1920:
• Automobile-Airplane Epoch 1920-1960:
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Urbanization Process
• Urbanization Curves:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 42
Walter Christaller’sCentral Place Theory
• Centrality:
• Range of Goods:
• Threshold:
• Hexagonal Trade Areas:
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Rank-Size Rule
• Principal of Effort:
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Konderatiev Waves
• First Wave: Industrial Revolution 1770-1815:
• Second Wave: The Steam Engine 1840-1865:
• Third Wave: Fordism 1890-1920:
• Fourth Wave: Consumer Goods 1945-1980:
• Fifth Wave: Digital Telecommunications 2000-2035:
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Contemporary Urban-Economic Restructuring
• Empirical Examples:
• Amenities:
• Attracting Young Educated People:
• Recent Metropolitan Population Shifts:
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Types of Urban Places
• City and Town denote nucleated settlements, multifunctional in character, including an established central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses. Towns are smaller in size and have less functions.
• Suburb denotes a subsidiary area, a specialized function segment of a large urban complex, dependent on an urban area. Suburbs can be independent political entities, as in Connecticut.
• The Central City is the part of the urban area contained within the suburban ring; it usually has official boundaries.
• An Urbanized Area is a continuously built-up landscape defined by buildings and population densities with no reference to political boundaries.
• A Metropolitan Area, on the other hand, refers to a large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas and operating as an integrated economic whole.
Origins of Industrial Urbanism
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In Review from Last Time
• Planning as a way to improve our lives• Planning becomes more important when we live
in cities• Evolution of Cities/Planning
– What were cities like prior to the 1800– What was planning like prior to 1800– Rural ideal in U.S.
• Rebirth of capitalism & its urban influence
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Early ‘Urban America’
• The 1st American cities– European Traditions
• New England, New Amsterdam & village tradition• Tidewater and the ‘Town Acts’• The Carolinas/Georgia & Renaissance Style• L’Enfant-Washington DC & Baroque Style
– The Economics of Transporting Goods• In 1690 only 10% of the population was urban• Resource Exploitation and Trade• Population lived in small coastal/river valley villages
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Urbanizing America afterthe Revolutionary War
• The Revolutionary War and its Impacts• In 1800 only 6% of the population was urban• In 1800 85-90% of the labor force were farming• Only 24 communities with over 2500 inhabitants• NYC had 100,000 residents in 1800
• Stabilizing the frontier• Expansion of the frontier• Trading routes into the interior• Growing population providing markets for rural products• Relative drop in urban population
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What happens in the 1800’s
• The frontier becomes more distant & less appealing– The topography of the new frontier– Conditions on the frontier
• Massive immigration– many East Coast cities top 100,000– NYC 100,000 in 1800, over 2,000,00 by 1880
• Technology Change & Urban Growth– Water power to steam– Trains– Elevators and steel
• The Industrial and Urban Revolutions
An Industrial Utopia?
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The Evolution to IndustrialismCreation of an Urban America
• Industrialization • Crowding (Over) of the Central Cities• Closing of the frontier• Massive immigration & migration• The Railroad Flat & the Tenement• Problems of Sanitation & Health• Problems of Urban Unrest
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Impacts of Industrialization
• Industrialism Defined– Craft– Manufacturing– The move to the city
• Positive– Economic Growth– Job Creation– Material Production– Wealth Creation
• Negative– Increases Poverty– Concentrates Poverty– Decreases Skill Demand– Increases Child Labor– Pollution– Lowers Life Expectancy– Conflict
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We start off with…
• Pre-1800’s Urbanism• Add
– Industrialization– Immigration– New technology
• Results in rapidly growing urban centers• Results in rapidly growing problems
• How do we dealing with the problems?
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The 19th Century CityPhysical Changes
• Housing– Higher Density Housing-Tenements– Suburbs-Estates, Enclaves, Bedroom
Communities• Factories
– The Factory– Factory ‘Towns’-Pullman, Saltaire (1880’s)
• Mass Transit & Its Evolution• Evolution of the Skyscraper
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Dealing with the ChangesPrior to WWI
• Public Awareness of the Problems– Jacob Riis ‘How the Other Half Lives’ (1890)– Upton Sinclair ‘The Jungle’ (1905)– William Booth
• Poverty Surveys• The Salvation Army• Whitechapel
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Conditions in the Industrial City
VERY BAD
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What to do about the Problem?
• Zoning and the Public Health Movement– Regulations to benefit the human condition
• New Towns, Garden Cities, & Streetcar Suburbs– Bring housing to nature or start from scratch
• The City Beautiful and City Planning– The first generation of urban renewal
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• Cities as unhealthy places– Massive migration/immigration/population growth– Industrial Impacts– ‘The Great Stink’, Cholera, Tuberculosis, Alcoholism….
• Alcoholism, distillation & the Temperance Movement
• Some good things to know– Housing sanitation-NYC Tenement Law of 1867– Housing safety-NYC Tenement Law of 1901
• The ‘Dumbell’ Tenement– Parks movement & F.L. Olmsted
• Central Park (1866) Fenway (1880) Stanley Quarter Park– 1st Regulations against noxious uses in cities
Public Health Movement
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• Ebeneezer Howard ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow’– Anti urban ‘satellite’ cities (village life as ideal)
• Some good things to know….– Small self-supporting communities– Limited population– Greenbelts and open space– Letchworth, Welwyn, Hampstead G.S.– Columbia, MD
• Leads to New Towns Movement in the U.S.• ‘Satellite’ cities in U.S.S.R
Garden Cities
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• Big Projects as catalyst for growth & civic pride– See Adriaen’s Landing, Radio City, the Big Dig…
• Some good things to know…– The Columbian Exposition of 1893 ‘White City’– Daniel Burnham’s Plan for Chicago (1909)
• “Make no little plans they have no magic to stir men’s blood…”
– 1ST PLANNING COMMISSION-Hartford in 1907• What they learned
– Beautification and adornment (at huge costs) had limited practicality for most cities. Hmmmm…
The City Beautiful
Planning and UrbanismBetween the Wars
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Planning in the 20’s and 30’s
• Planning and the Car• Planning and Architecture• Planning and Economic Development• Regional Planning• Planning Regulations• Planning and the Courts
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Architects & the ‘Modern’ City
• Industrial age urban constructs• The Progressive Movement
– The ‘Modern’ context– 20th Century Architecture
• The Culturalists / Romanticists– The ‘Traditional’ context– Achitectural inspirations from the past
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The Culturalists
• Drawing from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement
• Garden Cities & Ebenezer Howard• City Beautiful & Burnham
– Nostalgic– Inspired by our cultural heritage– Criticizes current situation in light of the past– Work with and/or add to existing urban context
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The Progressives
• Breaking from tradition– Evolving from the public health movement
BUT
– Future oriented– Inspired by vision of social progress– Revolutionary visions– Breaks with the existing urban context
– Progressive evolves into ‘Modernism’
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Modernism
Modernism is a reaction against the crisis of urban disorder, impoverishment, congestion and anarchy
through the imposition of rational order.
• Modern=Rational & efficient. Machine as metaphor.– The city is the factory of modern life– The machine is our medium of modern design– The house is a machine for modern living
– Home is nothing more than a factory for the production of happiness (Good Housekeeping, 1910)
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Modernists…
• Modernists think…– Large scale, metropolitan wide, rational, efficient, functionalist
(form follows function), organized, and monumental
• Modernists are trying to come to grips with…– Explosive urban growth, industrialization, rural to urban
migration, failing urban health, social uprisings, and the ‘despair of the cities’
• You may be a modernist if you like…– 1970’s architecture, minimalism, multi-purpose sports stadiums
(with the old kind of artificial turf), glass box architecture, or anything from IKEA.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 70
Divergent trends in Modernism
• Arts & Crafts-Frank Lloyd Wright• Futurist-Walter Gropius & Tony Garnier• Radical-Le Corbusier• Why should we care…
– Dominated architecture into the late 1980’s
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Utopianism and Planning
• What is Utopia?• Utopia as a concept in writing, design, thinking• The Culturalist / Romantic Utopia• The Progressive/Modernist Utopia• What would we do with a blank slate?• Is one man’s utopia another man’s hell?
Post-War Urbanism and Planning
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Putting Modernism to Work
• Housing – Modernist attempts at housing– Different European contexts– The U.S.?
• Garden Cities & New Towns– 1920’s and 1930’s– Unwin and the ‘Greenbelt’ towns, Radburn N.J.– Modern versions of garden cities.
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Modernism and the State
• Modernism and Fascism
• Modernism and Socialism
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Planning & the Great Depression
• Boom to Bust in the U.S. Economy• Planning Impacts (the New Deal)
– Economic Development Planning– Environmental Conservation– Early Urban Renewal– Lots of housing legislation– Finance Programs– First Efforts at Highway Planning (parkways)– First Efforts at Regional Planning
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• Evolutionary track of regulations• Milestones
– First city plan (Cleveland 1903)– First state ‘enabling legislation’ (WI 1909)– First city-wide zoning ‘code’ (LA 1909)– Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1922)– Cincy adopts 1st comprehensive plan (1925)– Euclid vs. Ambler Realty (1926)– Standard City Planning Enable Act (1928)
Regulatory Planning
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Planning & the Post War Period
• Building on foundations of the 1930’s+• Growing car ownership +• Population growth & the Baby Boomers +• Urban Renewal and Economic Growth +• Highway Planning and the Suburb +• Growth in home ownership =
The 1960’s City
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 78
The Car and the City
• Growing automobile ownership• Benefits of the car vs. mass transit• Problems of the car vs. mass transit• Land use impacts of the car• Planning impacts of the car• The car and the suburbs
(See highway impacts)
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The ‘Baby Boom’ & Housing Changes
• The Baby Boom– Post-war fertility and birth rate growth– Short and long term effects
• Post War Housing– FHA & VA loan programs– Single family housing dominates– Levittown– Move up markets grow– Changes in who owns homes
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Economic Growth
•The Post-War Economic Boom –The U.S. Position after WWII–Devastation in Europe–The lack of competition
•Fueling Growth–Highways–Consumer Spending–Urban Renewal
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Urban Renewal
• Basic Concepts– The U.S. perspective– The European perspective
• Impacts• Urban Renewal, Housing, Public Housing• Problems
– Negatives– Costs– Ambitions– Economic downturns
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The Coming of the Highway
• Parkways• Highways• Justification/funding for highways• Construction of the highways• Impacts of highways between cities• Impacts of highways within cities
The 1960’s City and Beyond
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The Urban Crisis
• What was it?• The causes
– The world catches up– Industry moves out– Out-migration and urban poverty
• The taxation crisis• Declining urban environment• Racially/ethnically biased practices
• Catalysts– The Vietnam War– The assassinations of JFK & MLK
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Children of the 1960’s
• Public awareness of the problem• Responses to the Urban Crisis
– Grassroots Planning• Civil rights• Advocacy & Non profits
– Environmental Planning• The Media & ‘Silent Spring’• Federal Government Actions
– Regional Planning
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The Reagan Legacy
• Limiting Federal Involvement– Big government ‘slims’ down
• Independent Communities– Home rule not regions
• Funds and not Structures– Grant programs
• Planning for Economics– Growth pole economics
• NIMBYism
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The Shape of the Modern Metropolis
• The sections of the modern metropolis– Inner cities– Inner suburbs– Fringe suburbs– Urban realms
• Outside the metropolis– Small cities– Rural towns
What are their conditions, problems, goals?
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Planning, the Law, and Planning Documents Lecture 3
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
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How does government get us to do what it wants us to do?
• Regulations• Rewards• Advising
• How does each work?
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Planning as Regulation
• Planning as a Police Power– Public Interest– Public Health, Safety, and Welfare – Public Participation
(These give government authority over us and the authority to create laws)
– Legal Precedent
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• Enabling Legislation• Statutory Laws
Vs.
• Case Law
• Enabling Legislation– Basis– Terms Defined– Powers Established– Responsibilities Defined– Links to other Statutes– Administration
The Creation of Law
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Advancement of Government Power
• How did government power advance during the 20th Century?– Power to Control Land Use (late 1800’s)– Power to Plan (1920’s)– Economic Development & Housing (1930’s)– Civil Rights Powers (1950’s/1960’s)– Environmental Preservation (1960’s/1970’s)– Land Rights (1990’s)
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What Empowers Government?What Limits Government?
• Enabling Legislation/Statutory Laws• Case Law
(Both empower and limit)vs.
• The Constitution (limits)– Amendment 1– Amendment 5– Amendment 14
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Why single out the 5th Amendment?
• Planning today deals extensively with property (mostly land) issues.
– The ownership of property– The use of property– The value of property
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Why is land such an issue?
• Control/direct development– How, when public only owns about 10% of the land?
• Preserve/improve community character– How do you preserve/improve what you don’t own?
• Protect/conserve the environment– How, when most of the property is privately owned?
• Benefit the health & welfare of residents– How does your community generate revenues?– How does your community generate additional revenues?
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LAND as PropertyLAND as Rights
• Land Rights and the Cone of Ownership
• Surface Rights• Subsurface Rights• Supersurface Rights• Right of Access• Boundary Establishment• Adverse Occupance• Transient Resources
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WHAT IMPACTS LAND VALUE???
• Location• Quality of the land• Quality of associated resources
(unlimited use, reasonable use, use rights)• What is on the land• For what is the land useful• How the land is used• Regulations affecting the land• Land Value and Takings
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Land, Law, and ‘Takings’
• 5th Amendment and Property Seizure• Eminent Domain and Condemnation• The Concept of a Taking• The Concept of Rational Nexus
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Planning and the 1st Amendment
• When is a sign protected by it?• When isn’t a sign protected by it?• Does regulating a place of worship conflict with it?• Does regulating adult entertainment conflict with it?
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Government, the Law, and Ethics
Why do ethics matter in a discussion of government powers?
The 14th Amendment
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14th Amendment & Town Plans
• A town plan presents the community’s goals. It indicates what is in the ‘best interest’ of the community.
• Planning is meant to make those goals a reality.
• How can you use the tools of planning without having a plan to justify them?
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What makes planning political?
• Who benefits from planning?• Who pays for planning?
Town Plans
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What empowers local planning?
ACTUALLY HAVING A PLAN
• Need a reason to use the tools• Need a goal for use of the of the tools• A plan may be needed or required in order to justify
public expenditures
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The Types of Plans
• Branch Planning• Area Planning
– What are they?– Examples– What are their Pro’s and Con’s?– Who does them?– Why do they do them?
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Comprehensive Plans:Plan of Conservation and Development
• Comprehensive Plan– Definition– Requirements for Success – In Connecticut (Plans of Development)– Empowered by CT State Statutes– 10 year planning ‘windows’
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Comprehensive Planning Leads to….
• If you have a comprehensive plan then you have empowered…
– Site Planning– Departmental Planning– Capital Improvements Planning– Zoning– Subdivision Regulations– Historic District Regulations– Etc. Etc. Etc.
• These can be used to put the plan into effect
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The ‘Rational’ Planning MethodProblems--Plans--Actions--Results
• What’s the problem?• How do you know?• What are our goals?• Where are we now?• What are our limits?• What are our resources• Where are we going?
– Projection/Prediction
• Creating Solutions• Testing Solutions
• Evaluation and Selection
• Implementation
• Review
THE FOUNDATION PLAN CREATION
GOING FORWARD
LOOKING BACK
Social Issues in Planning:The Public Facilities Example
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Social Issues?
• To what extent are community problems a social issue?• To what extent are community amenities a social issue?• To what extent are social issues solved through social
services?• To what extent are social issues solved through
development (land or facilities)?
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Why Facilities?
• What are the advantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?
• What are the disadvantages of using facilities as the basis for solving social problems?
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Facility Planning Goals
• Public Facilities should add to the quality of life in the community
• Public Facilities should meet the current and future needs of the community
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Facilities Planning Basics
• Facility Need (performance standards)• Facility Design (architectural/design standards)• Facility Location (distribution standards)• Facility Alternatives• Facility Selection• Implementing (and how to pay for it)
• Facilities (structures) not Services
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Some things are just good for you whether you like it or not.
• NIMBY’s• LULU’s
– How to deal with NIMBY’s– Judging the potential problems
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Campus Facilities Planning
• What kinds of facilities are we talking about?
• Complexity of Task– Determining Need– Structural Needs– Location Requirements (economies of scale)– Location vs. Efficiency (human vs. capital)– Political Issues
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Public Response to Facilitiesand Service Providers
• Based on client characteristics• Based on the characteristics of the facility
– Type– Size– Number– Reputation– Appearance
• Characteristics of the host community• Distance to the facility• Number/type of alternatives
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How do you measure the costs?
• Are services/service facilities worth the money?• Cost issues-How do we measure costs?
• Cost-Benefit• Goals Achievement• Cost-Revenue• Cost-Effectiveness
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How does your town pay for its Services, Service Facilities?
• Current Revenue• Reserve Funds• General Obligation Bonds• Revenue Bonds• Special Assessments• Special Districts• Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
• Can these be used for services?
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Land Use, Land Use Planningand its Tools Lecture 4 & 5
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographFall 2009
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The Land Component of Comprehensive Planning
• Tools of Comprehensive Planning• Goals
– Avoid adversarial uses– Promote complementary uses– Improve the ‘look’ of a community– Promote efficient use of land– Minimize public costs– Increase public revenues– Promote social equity– Protect the public health, safety, and welfare
Zoning and Zoning Regulations
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Tools for Controlling Land Use
• Zoning Basics– ‘By right’ and permitted uses– Conditionally or special permit uses– Non-permitted uses– Bulk/density limitations– Accessory uses vs. Accessory buildings– Performance Standards– Hierarchies vs. Exclusivity in zoning– Overlay zoning– Variances
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Fine Tuning Zoning
• Downtowns http://www.pbase.com/image/4458987 or http://www.pbase.com/image/21440863
– Bonus zoning– FAR
http://www.dutchess29.org/figures/f9.1w.jpg
• The problems of mixed use– Planned unit developments
http://www.bluebacksquare.com/
• Open space preservation and…– TDR
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/tdr/index.htm
– Clusteringhttp://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~ruralma/Parsons.un.html
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Historic Preservation Basics
• What is it?• Who does it?• Why is historic preservation legal?• What is worth preserving and why?• Why should we care about preservation?• The National Trust for Historic Preservation
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 125
Historic Preservation Myths & Realities
• It is only for major buildings linked to famous people• Preservation is too expensive• It costs people the rights to their property • Listed houses are safe from demolition• It is bad for business• It only cares about the past
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 126
Historic Preservation: The New Orleans Example
• Vieux Carre Commission (The French Quarter)• The Historic District Landmarks Commission (for areas
outside the French Quarter)• Preservation Resource Center of New Orleans• New Orleans Planning Commission• U.N.O.’s H.P. Program
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 127
Why preserve?Preserve from what?
• Protect historic properties• Development incentive• Stabilize property values• Control new development• Public relations
• Problems of physical deterioration
• Economically-based redevelopment efforts
• Bad maintenance and redesign practices
• Obscurity
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 128
How do we preserve?
• Make it popular• Incentives
– Tax abatements– Tax credits– Tax freezes– Low interest loans– Professional guidance
and technical assistance
• Make it required• Regulations
– Zoning– Building codes– Historic/design district
regulations– Certificates of
Appropriateness
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 129
Development of a Historic District in CT
• Process– Create Historic District
Commission– Decide what is historic– Establish district boundaries– Classify properties as historic,
non-historic, intrusive
• Considerations– History of structure, site, and
occupants– Architectural compatibility– Landscaping and street furniture– Parking, sidewalks, public
spaces, signs, etc.
WHY?WHY?Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 130
Land Use Planning Tools
• Site plans• Subdivision regulations• Other land use planning tools
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 131
Tools for Controlling Land Development
• Development—Building—NOT USE!!!
• Site Plans• Subdivision Regulations
– Land Division– Preparation for building/use– Benefits for town, developer, buyer
• Impact and Development Fees-Exactions• Environmental Regulations
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
The Central City and Suburbanization Lecture 6 & 7
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 133
Urban Land Use:The CBD and the Growth of the Suburbs
• Central City Decline:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 134
CBD Centrality
• The Development of the Central Business District:
• The Decline of CBD Centrality and the Rise of Agglomeration Economics:
• CBD Agglomeration Linkages:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 135
Traditional CBD Characteristics
• The CBD Core-Frame Concept:
• Zones of CBD Assimilation and Discard:
• Daytime-Nighttime CBD Populations:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 136
CBD Redevelopment and Revitalization
• Packaging the Entrepreneurial CBD:
• Historic preservation and architectural integrity (Hartford Ordinance)• Downtown housing (Hartford 21, Trumbull, 55, Sage Allen) • Convention center (CT Convention Center)• Improved parking facilities (Morgan Street Garage)• Transit improvements (Rising Star Shuttle)• Waterfront development (Riverfront and Science Center)• Nightlife and entertainment (Restaurants and Bars)• Cultural attractions (Wadsworth, Hartford Stage, TheaterWorks, The Bushnell)• Tourism (Old State House, The Capitol)• New office construction and old building refurbishment• Sports stadiums and arena (Patriots, Hartford Civic Center)• Pedestrian spaces (Constitution Plaza, State House Square, Pratt Street)• Police protection and presence (New Public Safety Facility)
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 137
Planning for the Central City
• What should we do?• How can we plan to improve the CBD?• Must we save the city?• Redefining the central city?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 138
Contemporary CBD Activities
• Office• Residential• Entertainment• Conventions• Tourism
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 139
America’s New Downtowns
1. Major Attractions (Fun Zones).
2. Historic Districts.
3. Residential Neighborhoods.
4. Transportation Innovations.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 140
Models of Suburban Evolution inNorth American Metropolises
• Location Rent and Urban Land Use:
• Land and Property Value:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 141
Erickson’s Model of the Evolution of the Suburban Space Economy
• Spillover and Specialization:
• Dispersal and Diversification:
• Infilling and Multi-nucleation:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 142
The Hartshorn and Muller Model of Suburban Downtowns
• Sprawl 1950s:
• Independence 1960s:
• Magnet 1970s:
• High Rise/High Tech 1980’s:
• Mature Town Centers 1990s to Present:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 143
Suburban Sprawl
• Continuous Suburban Expansion
• Infill Growth
• Leapfrog Sprawl
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 144
A Discussion on the Effects of Suburbanization and Planning
• Who leaves the city?• What happens to the city?• What do cities do?• Who does it drive out?• What about jobs?• Suburbanization feeds on itself.• Economic Changes – Industry, Commerce, Retail/big box
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 145
Discussion Planning and Suburbanization
What are the planning trends?
• Inner-city: Revitalization and Redevelopment• Inner-suburb: Stabilization and Retention• Outer-suburb: Bracing for Impact• Rural communities: Beyond Impact
What is the role of planning in suburban growth?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 146
Smart Growth Policies
1. Limiting outward expansion, 2. Encouraging higher density development, 3. Encouraging mixed-use zoning,4. Reducing travel by private vehicles,5. Revitalizing older areas, and 6. Preserving open space.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 147
State of ConnecticutGrowth Management Policies
1. Redevelop and Revitalize Regional Centers and Areas with Existing or Currently Planned Physical Infrastructure
2. Expand Housing Opportunities and Design Choices to Accommodate a Variety of Household Types and Needs
3. Concentrate Development Around Transportation Nodes and Along Major Transportation Corridors to Support the Viability of Transportation Options
4. Conserve and Restore the Natural Environment, Cultural and Historical Resources, and Traditional Rural Lands
5. Protect and Ensure the Integrity of Environmental Assets Critical to Public Health and Safety
6. Promote Integrated Planning Across all Levels of Government to Address Issues on a Statewide, Regional and Local Basis
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Mid-Term Exam ReviewLecture 8 - Exam
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Housing, Housing Markets,and Neighborhood Regeneration
Lecture 9 & 10
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 150
Housing, Neighborhoods, and Planning
• Why is housing important?
• Why are neighborhoods important?
• What is the role of planning?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 151
Basic Housing and Housing Markets
• Sector of Housing Tenure:
• Housing as a Commodity:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 152
Sector of Housing Tenure
• Tenure: refers to the various ways in which residential units are secured and occupied (renter versus owner-occupied housing). Is title to the property held by a public entity or government agency or is the property privately owned?
• Conveyance: describes the pricing mechanism: Do markets set the prices and terms of occupancy, or are they established outside the markets? In the United States, 90 percent of housing is privately owned.
• Third-market housing: or social or nonprofit housing, contains units that are privately owned but are not conveyed by traditional markets.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 153
Housing as a Commodity
• Markets: Housing can be analyzed in terms of markets, like other commodities. Housing, unlike other commodities, is fixed, it is not movable. It is expensive, durable, and subject to strong neighborhood effects. Therefore, geographic immobility, introduce many complexities into our ability to understand housing.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 154
Housing Markets
• Housing Demand: Housing demand goes beyond just counting the number of households and the number of housing units.
• We must consider housing amenities: a dwelling’s features that determine its economic value.
• Geographic location: Housing value also depends on the geographic location of housing (spatial decision). (1) Site characteristics. (2) Relative location immediately proximate properties (use). (3) Position within your spatial configuration of your daily activities. All of these affect the market value of housing.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 155
Housing Markets
• Housing Supply: Housing supply is a complicated subject with many facets. (1) Produced on-site where it is used (production method is costly). (2) Affordability of Housing: One third of income, on average goes to housing. Low income households tend to pay more.
• Housing Affordability Problems: Recent trends.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 156
Housing Market Geographies
• Urban Ecology and Housing Markets – Invasion and Succession:
• Filtering and Vacancy Chains:
• Life-Cycle Notions of Neighborhood Change:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 157
Urban Ecology and Housing Market
• Invasion and Succession: According to ecological theory, cities’housing stock grows from the inside out. Invasion, the arrival of new immigrants causing existent residents to move further out (succession).
• The spatial mobility into the next zone outward is propelled by the desire for social distance from the most recent arrivals, but is made possible by upward socioeconomic mobility and cultural assimilation into a non-ethnic mainstream.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 158
Filtering and Vacancy Chains
• Homer Hoyt (1939), housing economist identified several patternsthat he considered inherent to the spatial functioning of urban housing markets.
• Hoyt believed that cities grew from the outside in and that the highest income households propelled urban growth on the edge of cities (outward movement for new larger homes with greater amenities).
• Creating a household shift or successive vacancies, each one in a progressively smaller and older housing unit closer to the core of the city (vacancy chains).
• Filtering: The construction of one additional housing unit on the edge of the city for an upper-income household filters its way through vacancy chains to result in a vacant housing unit close to the core of the city, available to newly arriving low-income households.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 159
Filtering Applied to Neighborhoods
• Hoyt explained that filtering applied to neighborhoods in the same sense that each new occupant of a housing unit was often of lower income and social standing than the departing household.
• Thus, over time, the once fashionable in-town neighborhood built and initially occupied by a high-income urban gentry became out-dated in terms of the modern conveniences it offered.
• The homes sold to families of lesser means with each sale creating a downward filtering of the neighborhood.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 160
Life-Cycle Notions of Neighborhood Change
• Other urban theorists have developed several similar life-cycle or stage models of neighborhood change.
• Each agreeing with Hoyt that as the housing stock in neighborhoods ages and becomes more out of date with contemporary tastes, the neighborhood inevitably decays, both physically and socially.
• This process was held to be inevitable because it was natural byproduct of properly functioning economic markets for housing.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 161
Hoover and Vernon Five Stages Neighborhoods (1962)
• Stage 1. Initial Urbanization – typically occurs on the edge of the city
• Stage 2. Transition – population growth continues, density increases, and multifamily housing begins to be built.
• Stage 3. Downgrading – older housing stock is converted to multifamily use, densities continue to increase, and the housingstock physically deteriorates.
• Stage 4. Thinning – population declines, household size shrinks, housing units become vacant and are abandoned.
• Stage 5. Renewal – obsolete housing is replaced with multifamily buildings, and the intensity and efficiency of the land use increases. Renewal was thought to often require public sector involvement.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 162
Anthony Downs - Neighborhood Stages (a continuum, moving up or down) 1981
• Stage 1. Healthy and viable
• Stage 2. Incipient decline
• Stage 3. Clearly declining
• Stage 4. Accelerating decline with heavy deterioration
• Stage 5. Abandoned and nonviable
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 163
David Boehlke and Charles BukiNeighborhood Typology
• Distressed Neighborhoods
• In-Transition Neighborhoods
• Healthy Neighborhoods
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 164
Market Realities: Ongoing Debates Over Equal Access to Housing
• Real Estate Agents and Differentiated Access:
• Discrimination in Lending:
• Accumulated Impacts of Housing Market Discrimination:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 165
Real Estate Agents and Differentiated Access
• Several forms of discrimination are experienced in housing market transactions (renters and owners) and was routine and overt in the early twentieth century.
• Steering: defined as “behavior that directs a customer towards neighborhoods in which people of his or her racial or ethnic group are concentrated.” Three steering techniques: (1) racially differentiated neighborhood recommendations, (2) racially differentiated inspections of housing units, and (3) racially differentiated commentary or editorializing about neighborhoods.
• Three forms of steering: (1) information steering - whites are given information about a wider variety of neighborhoods than minorities, (2) segregation steering - whites are encouraged to take housing in more predominantly white neighborhoods (reverse is true), (3) class steering occurs when whites are directed towards more affluent neighborhoods (reverse is true).
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 166
Discrimination in Lending
• Redlining: a practice by lenders where neighborhoods were deemed unacceptably risky due to racial or ethnic compositions were often bounded by red on maps used in loan approval and appraisal processes.
• Subprime lending: is a segment of the lending market that provides specialized loan products to consumers who need credit but have flaws in their credit history.
• Not all subprime lenders are predatory lenders, who use unscrupulous marketing tactics to generate business from unsophisticated homeowners, often elderly. (Table 9.5, page 233)
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 167
Accumulated Impacts of Housing Market Discrimination
1. Restricts minority households’ access to housing by reducing the number of units they see.
2. Makes the search process more unpleasant for minority households, increasing the efforts (time and money) required of them.
3. Increases the difficulty in finding appropriate financing (minorities are given less assistance in locating lenders and in making sureapplications meet minimum requirements).
4. Increases the chances that mortgage loan applications will be denied.
5. Increases the actual cost of moving.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 168
Housing Market Realities:Government Involvement
• Securing Home Ownership Through Loan Guarantees:
• A New System of Housing Finance - The Secondary Mortgage Market
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 169
Securing Home Ownership Through Loan Guarantees
• Home Owners Loan Corporation: early in the Depression to provide immediate relief to home-owning households.
• Federal Housing Authority (FHA). New program, rather than directly providing loans, the FHA provided incentives for private market lenders to increase lending for home ownership by providing guarantee to the lender on behalf of the homeowner.
• Federal guarantees had several important features: (1) longer amortized payback periods (20, then 25, then 30 years), (2) smaller down payments were required (20 percent), and (3) interest rateswere dramatically reduced because the feds bore the risks.
• Together, the new programs significantly reduced the total and monthly costs of buying houses.
• The feds also allowed mortgage interest to be deducted from income tax. These programs opened up homeownership to many more households. Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 170
A New System of Housing Finance
• 1940 to 1960 saw dramatic increases in homeownership. In the 1930s two privately held corporations had been chartered to facilitate the sale of mortgages back by the FHA and VA.
• Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac).
• Authorized to purchase government-secured mortgages from institutions that originally made the loans, keeping mortgage capital flowing. Later, there charters were expanded, allowing them to purchase conventional loans not guaranteed by the government. They could then package mortgage together and sell then again onthe new: Secondary Mortgage Market: to investors seeking a return on their investments. Given their important role in facilitating the circulation of capital through housing markets, we now refer to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as government-sponsored enterprises(GSEs).
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 171
Sprawl and the Suburbanization of Housing
• Antecedents and Preconditions of Post-World War II Suburban Sprawl:
• Postwar Sprawl:
• Supply and Demand Factor:
• Sprawl and the Federal Government – Housing Finance:
• Sprawl and the Federal Government Automobiles and Interstate Freeways:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 172
Antecedents and Preconditions of Post-World War II Suburban Sprawl
• Shift in the geography of housing that took place several centuries ago during the Industrial Revolution.
• For most of history people lived near where they worked. • With industrialization, urban dwellers increasingly lived in areas
distant from their shops. The work/home separation was an essential precursor to suburbanization.
• Urban expansion based on the forms of transportation. Streetcar suburbs focused on downtown employment.
• The introduction of the automobile in the first decade of the twentieth century, had a tremendous impact on metropolitan regions.
• Local governments shifted their transportation investment from fixed system to paving roads.
• Existing neighborhoods had to be retrofitted to accommodate cars. Households either converted existing outbuildings into garages, built garages and carports, or found parking on streets that increasing seemed crowded and narrow.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 173
Postwar Sprawl• Supply and Demand: Economic prosperity unleashed decades of
pent-up housing demand. Fordism and Consumerism - opportunity to buy homes. Demographics: returning military, marriages, kids, and families. Many families sought out homes with a new amenities considered conducive to raising children. “The American Dream.”
• Housing Financing: Most of the new home built were in suburbs based on government programs: (1) FHA/VA programs intensified the demand for housing, (2) programs had a geographic bias, directing most benefits to new housing located in the suburbs, (3) to prevent substandard housing programs were geared toward new construction, not existing buildings, (4) redlining had a geographic bias for the suburbs.
• Automobiles and Interstate Freeways: The Federal-Aid highway Act of 1956 called for a national network of highways connecting all major urban areas. Impact: (1) Providing easier, quicker and cheaper long-distance travel. (2) Linking the core areas to the hinterlands. (3) Economic boon to trucking and a decline in heavy rail transport. (4) Opened up areas further out to residential development. (5) Automobile provided flexibility in commuting--lower density auto-oriented residential housing development.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 174
“Blight” and the Fate of Inner City Housing
• Blight and Growing Redevelopment Pressure:
• The Housing Dynamics of Redevelopment:
• Displacement and Public Housing:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 175
Neighborhood Revitalization: Gentrification
• Rent Gap:
Planning and Housing
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 177
Planning and Housing
• Community Housing Goals– Safe/Efficient Places– Safe/Efficient Designs– Housing Aesthetics– Positive Economic Impacts– Limit Community Costs– Equitable Access
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 178
Planners and Housing
• Planners influence housing by influencing its…
– Design (direct)– Placement
And via planning for…
– Land Use (indirect)– Public Facilities– Transportation– Historic Preservation– Economic Development
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 179
Key Issues in Planning & Housing
• Access– Housing Affordability– Housing and low income populations– Housing and the poor
• Quantity– Housing Shortages
• Quality– Blight
• Impact of Land Use Planning on Housing• Failed Federal Housing Programs• Housing and Neighborhoods
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 180
Participants in the Housing Market
• What are their motivations?• Conflicting motivations
– Owners– Renters– Bankers (goals, profit, risk)– Builders– Real Estate– Government
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 181
Housing Market Participants
Goals Profit Risk
Owners
Renters
Bankers
Builders
Real Estate
GovernmentGeography 241 - Intro to Planning 182
Predatory Lending
• Sub-prime lending, risk, and foreclosures– Foreclosures as a risk-not desired result– Foreclosures most common in marginal group
• ‘Predatory’-Foreclosure as desired result– Excessive interest rates– Prepayment penalties– Balloon payments– Adjustable rates– Misrepresentation of loan terms– Flipping-excessive refinancing– Fee packing
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 183
What happens to people priced out of the Housing Market?
• Public Housing• Public Housing vs. Affordable Housing• Public Housing Problems
– Design problems– Vested interest– Concentration of poverty– Location problems
• Solution Strategies– Home Ownership Programs– Scattered Site Housing– Reconstruction
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 184
Connecticut and the Affordable Housing Problem
• Definition• Determining what is Affordable• The Connecticut Problem
– Costs, Profitability, Taxes, Zoning
• Impact• Solutions
– Institute affordable housing legislation– Make it cheaper to build– Make it cheaper to buy/rent
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 185
Planning and Housing QuantityShortages/Surpluses
• Why do shortages occur? • Where do they occur?
– Excess demand– Loss of existing units-Redevelopment– Limits on new development
• What is the impact of housing shortages?• Who is impacted most?• Solutions
– New Development– Increasing Capacity of Existing Units
• Surpluses?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 186
Planning and Housing Quality Blight
• Planning and housing safety• Planning and housing appearance• Planning and housing location
• What is blight? What are its causes?• The Problems of Old Structures
– Deterioration & Obsolescence• Neighborhood-Wide Impacts
– Neighborhood value cycle– The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 187
Blight and the Inner-City Why is it a Problem?
• Neighborhood Decline (Start with out migration)– Falling land values– Rents/Sale prices fall– Landlords increase density to deal w/falling prices– Produces overcrowding & degradation of buildings– Pushes values even lower– Pushes residents away
(Starts the cycle over again)
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 188
Blight Responses
• What to do with vacant/abandon property?– Infill Housing– Homesteading– Gentrification – Incumbent Upgrading (pre-abandonment)– Shift to non-residential uses
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 189
Housing in the Inner Suburbs
• Dealing with Adversarial Land Use Combos• Coming to Grips with ‘Build Out’• Maintaining the Housing Stock
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 190
Housing on the Urban Fringe
• Placing Housing in Suitable Locations• Creating Positive Environments• Preventing Adversarial Land Use Combos• Preventing Problems with New Housing
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Economic Development Planning and Landscapes of Production
Lecture 11
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 192
Understanding the Economies of Cities• Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities: Basic economic
activities generate income for the residents of the city. These activities export goods and services produced within the city and sell them outside of the city—the engine for economic growth. In contrast, nonbasic economic activities circulate income within the city—rather than bringing in income from the outside.
• Multipliers: One of the reasons that we make the distinction between basic and nonbasic economic activities is that basic activity is the engine for economic growth for the city. Without basic activity no income will be brought to the city.
• Agglomeration: Agglomeration refers to clustering, or a locationalconcentration of activities. Localization economies—savings occur when there is a concentration of similar kinds of manufacturing.Urbanization economies—are savings that accrue when there is a clustering of unlike activities, as occur in urban areas.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 193
Interurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Growth Pole Model: is a way of showing changes in the location of manufacturing over time among a group of urban areas.
• The model may apply to the national, regional, or state level. • An essential component of the growth pole model is that location ad
productivity of manufacturing activity is inherently uneven geographically. There will be one key center and many smaller ones. The key center will be the growth pole. It will have a disproportionate level of industrial productivity and will experience the most rapid population growth.
• The rest of the area outside the key urban growth center is the periphery, a slow-growth set of urban areas as well as nonmetropolitan rural regions. New expanded industrial enterprises will be attracted to the key or growth urban center, leading to further population growth and economic prosperity.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 194
Interurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Stanback Model: The Stanback Model is largely based on empirical observation and date. The model is characterized by the radical decline in manufacturing, especially the loss of jobs over the last quarter of a century, and the corresponding explosion of jobs in business and professional services and in the nonprofit sector.
• There are two basic tenets of the Stanback Model: 1. Metropolitan areas that were highly specialized in industrial production experienced a slower and more difficult adjustment to the new service economy. 2. Is that major corporations require many kinds of advanced or producer services.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 195
The Stanback Model Continued
• The massive decline in the goods-producing sector as providers of jobs in U.S. metropolitan economies has had major consequences for metropolitan areas in general. Stanback has offered five key observation:
1. The increasing importance of services as a source of job creation;2. The dominant role of metropolitan, in contrast with nonmetropolitan,
economies;3. The economic specialization of metropolitan areas such as in
manufacturing, finance, health services, and resort amenities asbroken down by population size;
4. The wide-ranging differences in patterns of growth in employment, earnings, and income among metropolitan areas;
5. The increased importance of nonearned income as a source of aggregate demand within metropolitan areas.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 196
Changes in Manufacturing Production
• Fordism: Traditional assembly line production. Raw materials storage, large runs, and final product storage.
• Fexible Production: Utilizes high tech systems, computers, software, and robots to produce many products at once on an assembly line.
• Just-In-Time Delivery: is an inventory strategy that eliminates inventory and warehousing
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 197
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location
• Three Key Processes for the Spread of Industry from the City to the Suburbs:
• 1. Is urban geographical industrialization, that is urban expansion has its base in industrial growth and capital accumulation—that creates new places attracting a labor force and new technologies, resulting in industrial districts in suburbs.
• 2. Is investment in real estate, where profits are made on the suburban fringe that lead to industrial concentrations, as well as to residential development and highway improvements.
• 3. Is the role of political processes, guided by business and government leaders.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 198
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Wheeler-Park Model: Captures the basic changes in manufacturing location within metropolitan areas since approximately 1850. It focuses in particular on differences and similarities between central cities and suburbs.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 199
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Wheeler-Park Model: It involves 5 phases:– Initial Centralization Phase (1850-1880): Manufacturing located in the
central city based on commercial activity and rail lines.– Central City Concentration (1880-1920): The heyday of the railroad
and where large manufacturing centers in the East and Midwest emerged. Central city and rail line focused.
– Continuous Growth (1920-1960): Continued outward growth and the emergence of the truck for transportation and distribution.
– Suburbanization-decentralization (1960-1980): Manufacturing exploded in the spacious suburbs and began to decline in the central city. Factories moved from the city to the suburbs, but also newfactories opened.
– Suburban Dominance (1980- ?): The continued decline of central city manufacturing and the ascendancy of the suburbs. High-tech principals have become the norm
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 200
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Product Cycle Model: The second conceptual approach to understanding the intraurban location of manufacturing is the product cycle model. The cycle involves three phases, with each phase associated with a different kind of intrametropolitan or nonmetropolitan location.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 201
Intraurban Industrial Production and Location
• The Product Cycle Model: The three phases are:– Initial: A new product is being developed and improved upon. This is
the risk phase and costs are important. The most important costs are research and engineering and urbanization economies. Favor central city locations for the urbanized economies. Today they prefer a location in or near suburban office parks.
– Growth: Assuming profits and success during the initial phase, the firmnow finds demand for the product. The firm is highly profitable. This may require a new and enlarged facility, urbanization economies are less important, and inexpensive suburban locations are desirable.
– Standardized or mature: The product has become standardized, with little innovative research and development improvement. . Normal and stable profits drive the company. Capitol is required to run day-to-day operation, less skilled labor is need to carry out production, and management is reduced. Therefore, urban locations are no longer needed, nonurban or out-of-country locations become desirable.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 202
Economic Development
• As a Profession:
• Strategies:
• Case Study:
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 203
PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT
• What is Economic Development?• What is the Economic Developers Role?• Why are Planning & Economic Development
Sometimes Thrown Together?• Economic Growth and Quality of Life• Business Growth and Business Types• Multiplier Effects & Value Added• ED and the Chamber of Commerce
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 204
MAKING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WORK
• Sell the Community• Build on Existing Strengths• Create New Opportunities• Develop Organizations
that can Help
The Basics• Business Attraction• Business Retention• New Business Creation• Retail and/or Industry• Bedroom Communities• Agriculture???• Retirement, Tourism & ED• Education and ED
Some Specific Strategies
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 205
Economic Development and Your Hometown
• What resources does your community have?• What liabilities does your community have?
– Fiscal– Infrastructural– Locational– Social– Environmental– Other
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 206
Tourism & Economic Development: A Planning Perspective
Development (Money, Jobs & Taxes)
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 207
The Growing Tourism Industry
• More Free Time +• More Disposable Income +• More Borrowing +• Greater World Knowledge +• Better Transportation/Housing +• World Business Expansion =
• MORE TOURISM SPENDING & REVENUE
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 208
Tourism and Development
• Multiplier Effects• Primary Business/Sources of Income• Secondary Business/Sources of Income• Distribution of Impacts• Impact in the Developing World• Impact Compared to Raw Material Exports
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 209
Tourism and Planning
• Goals of Planning-Primary– People and Revenues
• Goals of Planning-Secondary– Spread the Wealth– Protecting the Environment: Tourist Perspective– Protecting the Environment: Local Perspective– Sustainability
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 210
Issues for Planners Dealing with Tourism
• Lack of Experience• Process Complexity• Matching Markets and Products• Market Change• Seasonality• Taking the Good with the Bad
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 211
Planning for TourismPlanning vs. Vacation Types
• What are your goals?• Who are you planning for?• What are their goals?• What kinds of facilities will
be required?• What kinds of services will
be required?• How will this impact the local
population?
• Family Beach Vacations• Business/Convention
Tourism• Cruises• Seasonal Senior Residence
Tourism• College Spring Break
Tourism
Economic Development, Industry,and Retailing
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 213
Planning Industry and Retail Activities
• Planning to support development– Taxes, Jobs, Economic Development
• Planning to deal with side effects– Traffic, Pollution (noise, air, water, etc.)
• The Planners Job:– Planning to get the good without the bad– Economic development as a catalyst
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 214
Understanding the Business:Industry and Planning
Land, Transport, Inputs, Labor, Taxes
• Industrial parks-Traditional, Techno, R&D• Enterprise zones and other relatives• Brownfield development• Industry, airports, & seaports• Warehousing
• Strategies change over time
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 215
Understanding the Business:Retail & Planning
Thresholds, Market Areas, Orders of Goods, Competition, ACCESS
• Ideal is a location monopoly• Realities
– Protecting locations-Locate away from competitors– Market sharing-Locate close to competitors– Clustering-Locate close to other kinds of retailers
• Retail Landscapes– Clusters– Ribbons– Districts
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Cities, Consumption, and Sustainable Planning Lecture 12
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 217
What is Sustainable Development?
• The best and most well known definition of sustainable development was created by the United Nations Brundtland Commission, in a report called “Our Common Future” published in 1987. The definition states:
• "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of 'needs,' in particular the essential needs of theworld's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 218
Population Growth
• Over 6.4 billion people
• About 77 million increase per year since 1990
• China & India account for 38% of the world’s population
• U.S. population reached 300 million October 2006
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 219
Population Growth
• Doubling times
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 220
Demographic Equation
• Regional population change is a function of natural change (difference between births & deaths) and net migration (differences between in-migration and out-migration).
• Births – Deaths + Immigration – Emigration = Population Growth. When this equals out, it is known as zero population growth.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 221
World Population Distribution
• 90% of all people live north of the equator, 2/3 in midlatitudes
• A large majority occupies a small part of the land surface
• People congregate in lowland areas
• More people live on the continental margins, near oceans
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 222
Overpopulation
• A value judgment reflecting an observation or a conviction that an environment or territory is unable adequately to support its population.
• Overpopulation is a reflection of carrying capacity– The # of people an area can support on a sustained
basis given the prevailing technology
• Can be equated with conditions of life
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 223
Urbanization
• Cities have grown rapidly in the past 50 years
• Urban growth raises issues of housing, sanitation, employment, transportation, etc.
• Some of the developing world cities, often surrounded by concentrations of people living in uncontrolled settlements, slums, and shantytowns, are among the most densely populated areas in the world.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 224
Resource Terminology
• Renewable resources• Nonrenewable resources
• Resource reserves– Proven reserves
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 225
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
• Crude Oil• Coal• Natural Gas• Oil Shale & Tar Sands• Nuclear Energy
– Fission vs. fusion
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 226
Renewable Energy Resources
• Biomass Fuels– Wood– Waste
• Hydroelectric Power• Solar• Geothermal• Wind
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 227
Land Resources
• Soils• Wetlands• Forests
– Domestic forests– Tropical forests
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 228
Food Resources
• Food is plentiful but poorly distributed worldwide• Shortages can lead to malnutrition, which can have
health, social, and political consequences• Expansion of cultivated areas
– Most of the planet is not suitable– Much of available land is in tropical rainforest areas
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 229
Food Resources (continued)
• Increasing yields– Wheat, rice, & corn are key– Improved yields account for most of the gains in food
supply since the 1950s– Increasing yields is more costly– Yields in many irrigated or fertilized areas have
already been maximized• Increasing fish consumption may help solve widespread
protein deficiencies
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 230
Resource Management
• Environmentally sustainable economies– Soil erosion cannot exceed formation– Forest destruction cannot exceed regeneration– Species extinction cannot exceed evolution– Fish catches cannot exceed the regenerative capacity
of fisheries– Pollutants cannot exceed the capacity of the system
to absorb them
Planning and Cities and Consumption
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 232
What is Sustainable Development?
• The best and most well known definition of sustainable development was created by the United Nations Brundtland Commission, in a report called “Our Common Future” published in 1987. The definition states:
• "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
• the concept of 'needs,' in particular the essential needs of theworld's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs”
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 233
Cities and Consumption: Coffee and Tea
• Londoners drink enough tea or coffee to fill eight Olympic-size swimming pools every day.
• The UK drinks 165 million cups per day, or 62 cups per year, which is 23,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 234
Cities and Consumption: Water
• Londoners use approximately 30 gallons of water each day.
• Americans use over 90 gallons of water each day. • Africans use approximately 13.2 gallons of water each
day.• A 5-minute shower uses 10 gallons of water.• Bushing our teeth with the water running uses 1.6
gallons of water. • A dripping faucet uses 1 gallon of water a day• In 2000, London used 228 billion gallons of water, 50
percent in homes.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 235
Cities and Consumption: Food and Eating• Londoners eat over 3 million eggs each day.• The UK eats over 10 billion eggs each year.• Londoners consume 6,900,000 tones of food per year.• The UK eats 750 broiler chickens each year. • It takes 7 pounds of grain to add 1 pound of live meat to
an animal.• 70 percent of grain produced in the US and 40 percent of
the world’s supply is to feed livestock.• Food travels a long way—over half the vegetables and
95 percent of the fruit Londoners eat is imported.• For every calorie of carrot flown from South Africa, 66
calories of fuel are used.• The food chain, including agriculture, processing, and
transportation contributes for 22% of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 236
Cities and Consumption: Rubbish
• Approximately one third of all food grown for human consumption in the UK ends up in the trash bin.
• The UK throws away $30 billion worth of unused food each year.
• Londoners consume 24 million gallons of spring water each year—in plastic bottles.
• Londoners throw away more than 7 times their own weight in rubbish each year.
• 1.7 million disposable diapers are used in London each day.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 237
Cities and Consumption: Transportation
• About 1 billion trips are made on the London Underground each year.
• Each weekday, 6000 buses accommodate 4.5 million passengers.
• The average Londoner lives 8.5 miles from work.• The UK adds 800,000 motor vehicles per year.• The average Londoner spends nine days a year sitting in
their car. • In 1950 there were an estimated 70 million cars, trucks,
and buses on the world’s road.• In 2000 there were between 600 to 700 million.• By 2025 the figure is expected to pass 1 billion.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 238
Cities and Consumption: Materials –Cement, asphalt, and steel
• In 200 Londoners consumed 50 million tones of materials.
• 28 million tones were consumed by construction.• Building consume 40% of materials in the world.• In 2000 1.56 billion tones of cement were produced in
the world. 1/3 in China. Expected to double by 2040.• More than 65,000 square miles of land have been paved
in the lower 48 states to accommodate America’s 214 million cars. 3.9 million miles of roads. Could could cirlethe Earth at the equator 157 times.
• For every 5 cars added in the US, an area the size of a football field is paved over.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 239
Cities and Consumption: Materials – The Sears Towner
• 1454 Feet tall (110 stories).• Three years to build. Cost more than $150 million in
1973.• The building contains enough steel to build 50,000 cars.• Enough telephone wire to wrap around the world 1.75
times.• Enough concrete to build an 8-lane five mile long
highway.• More than 43,000 mile of telephone wire.• 2000 miles of electrical wire.• 25,000 miles of plumbing.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 240
Corporate Blandness
• 30,000 McDonald’s• 25,000 Subways• 11,000 Burger Kings• 11,000 KFCs• 6,800 Wendy’s• 6,500 Taco Bells• 11,000 Starbucks• 3,050 Gap• If we lined up the to 10 food chains they would stretch
halfway from NYC to LA
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 241
The Curse of Convenience
• Big four supermarkets in UK account for 75% of food retailing.
• Wal-Mart: worlds largest retailer. 3000 US Stores. 1,300 international. 1.4 million workers worldwide.
• Between 1997 and 2002, UK lost 13,000 specialty shops.
• In 2004 alone, 2157 independent stores were lost. Equals 50 per week.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 242
Questions for Consideration
• Do you think globalization impacts local character? Do all cities risk becoming similar?
• Can we balance local character with globalization? Of yes, how? If no, why not?
• Is out rate of population increase and urbanization sustainable? Can we continue consuming so many materials and resources?
• Are there alternatives? What can or should cities do to reduce consumption and conserve resources?
• What can we do as individuals to reduce consumption and conserve resources?
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Urban Design and New Urbanism Lecture 13
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 244
Urban Design
• Physical Structures…– can add to the quality/character of communities.– can be catalysts for growth and change.– can have significant visual impacts.
There is a physical and psychological relationship between people and the built environment which can be improved.
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 245
The Designer’s Perspective
• Physical Structures– should be Functional– should be Humane– should be Organized– should reflect accepted standards of Form
• THESE CAN & DO CONFLICT
“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder”
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 246
Seven Urban Design Themes
• Location -Placement within community• Form -Size/Height/Bulk• Scale -Fit or proportion• Use -Activities• Time -Timing of Use• Movement -Modes/Routes of…• Signature -Identifiers & unique items
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 247
Urban Design Stakeholders
• Government Officials• Neighbors• Users• Builders• Architects/Designers• Owners
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 248
How Urban Design is Done
• Regulatory Controls– Review Boards/Public input– Building Codes– Special Districts/Overlay Zoning/Bonus Zoning– Historic Preservation– Performance Standards
• Incentives– Monetary– Administrative & Technical Support
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 249
Redefining Urban Design In America
• The Big Dig• http://www.masspike.com/bigdig/index.html
• The WTC• http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp
• New Urbanism• http://www.civitasinc.com/downloads/NewUrbanism.pdf
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 250
Aesthetics
• Aesthetics Basics • Berman v. Parker• Appearance as an ‘amenity’• Aesthetics and Building Design
– Remember bonus/incentive zoning?– Design Review boards– Village Design Districts
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 251
Aesthetics and Signs
• Signs and the First Amendment• Signs and Business• Aesthetics, billboards, & highway signage
– Limiting Regulations– Eliminating Regulations– Skirting the Law– When is a billboard art? (http://www.siboliban.org/bio2/boondocks.html)
Introduction to PlanningGeography 241
Mobility and Transportation Planning Lecture 14
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 253
The Transportation System and its Planning
• Basic concepts– modes of transport– costs vs. benefits– link to land use
• Questions– What are you transporting?– How are you transporting it?– What facilities are involved in that form of
transportation?• The evolution of the transportation system
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 254
Goals of Transportation Planning
• Users• Community• Transportation Agencies
and Companies
• What are their GOALS?• Can you meet ALL of their
goals at the same time?
Common GoalsCommon Goalsmobility, safety, accessibility,mobility, safety, accessibility,dependability, aesthetics.dependability, aesthetics.
NonNon--Common GoalsCommon GoalsReduced travel time, costs Reduced travel time, costs (capital, operating, and user), (capital, operating, and user), pollution, economic and pollution, economic and environmentalenvironmentalimpacts.impacts.
Different Groups InvolvedDifferent Groups Involved
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 255
Major Issues in Transportation Planning
• Cars and Mass Transit– Pros and Cons
• Transportation & Economics• Transportation Subsidies• Transportation, Energy Use & Pollution• Transportation and Land Use• Transportation and Social Equity
– Acceptable and Fair Alternatives
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 256
Transportation ProblemsProblems, Causes, Solutions
• System Maintenance• Mode Requirements• Transportation Safety• System Policing• System Aesthetics• Traffic Misallocations
• Traffic Congestion
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 257
Traffic Congestion Problems
• Vehicles v. Capacity• Vehicles v. Time• Gridlock• Peak Load Problem• Black Hole of Highway
Investment• Transportation Systems are
Dynamic• Cumulative Causation
• New Construction• System Redesign• Mass Transit• Traffic Management• Manage and/or Modify Human
Behavior
• How do these compare for individual users, the community, and service providers?
SolutionsSolutionsBasic IssuesBasic IssuesIntroduction to Planning
Geography 241
Environmental Planning Lecture 15
Donald J. Poland, MS, AICPCentral Connecticut State University
Department of GeographyFall 2009
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 259
Environmental Planning: Basics
• Regulate how we impact the environment• Regulate how environment impacts us• Environment as a commodity• Environment as a resource• How we manage the environment• How we mismanage the environment
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 260
Environmental Planning:Purposes of...
• Protecting the environment from people– Environmental Protection
• Managing the environment for people– Environmental Conservation
• Protecting people from the environment– Environmental Hazards
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 261
Goals of Environmental Planning
• Minimize use of non-renewable resources• Properly manage, replenish, and/or recycle renewable
resources• Protect unique/critically endangered resources• Promote alternatives that minimize adverse environmental
impacts• Reduce/eliminate loss of life/damage due to environmental
hazards
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 262
Basic Problems of Environmental Planning
• Value– What is the environment worth?– How does that value vary?
• By packaging...• By viewpoint...
• Interactions– What does the environment interact with?
• Trade-offs: Environment-Society-Economics• Complexity
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 263
Environmental Protection
• The important questions– What is worth protecting?– How do we protect it?– How much do we to pay to protect it?
• Economic context• Social context
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 264
Environmental Conservation
• Important Concepts– Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources– Resource Depletion– Resource Degradation– Depletion & Carrying Capacity– Degradation & Pollution
• How do we solve the problem? • Whose problem is it?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 265
Hazards Planning
• Protecting the Public Health/Safety/Welfare• Important Concepts
– Area of Impact– Recurrence Interval– Magnitude
• Know the Hazards– How do they work?– What causes them?– How do they cause damage?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 266
Hazards Planning Process
– Identify Potential Hazards– Determine how hazard affects H/S/W– Determine the area of potential impact– Identify Means of Lessening impact to H/S/W– Determine the Recurrence Intervals– Determine the Magnitudes– Decide on appropriate hazards strategy
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 267
Environmental Planningin New Orleans
• Preservation• Conservation• Hazards
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 268
Planning and Action
• How can hurricane damage be prevented?– Storm surge– Wind damage & tornadoes– Flooding
• What is an appropriate course of action?– For you– For government
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 269
Follow Up to the Hazards Stuff
• Personal Responses to Hazards– Migration– Evacuation– Insurance– Hazards ‘proofing’
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 270
Environmental Conservation
• Important Concepts– Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources– Resource Depletion– Resource Degradation– Depletion & Carrying Capacity– Degradation & Pollution
• How do we solve the problem? • Whose problem is it?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 271
Hazards Planning
• Protecting the Public Health/Safety/Welfare• Important Concepts
– Area of Impact– Recurrence Interval– Magnitude
• Know the Hazards– How do they work?– What causes them?– How do they cause damage?
Geography 241 - Intro to Planning 272
Hazards Planning Process
– Identify Potential Hazards– Determine how hazard affects H/S/W– Determine the area of potential impact– Identify Means of Lessening impact to H/S/W– Determine the Recurrence Intervals– Determine the Magnitudes– Decide on appropriate hazards strategy