Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon.
Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and function of all living...
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Introduction to important molecules which comprise the structure and
function of all living organisms
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Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
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• Principle Elements
• Ratio of Various Elements
• Special Functional Groups
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Hydroxyl ( -OH )
Carboxyl ( -COOH )
Carbonyl (C=O)
O H
C O
C
O
O H
Alcohols
Aldehydes, Ketones
Carboxylic acids
NH
HAminesAmino ( -NH2 )
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Phosphate ( -H2PO4)
O
H
P O
OH
O
S HSulfhydryl ( -SH)
Organic phosphates
Thiols
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Monomer
• Subunits that serve as building blocks
• Connected by condensation reactions (dehydration) Polymers
• Covalent bonding occurs• Solubility in Water
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Monomer
Polymer
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Polymer
Monomers
H HO
H HO
H2O
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C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
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H2O
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Monomers
H HO
H2O
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Principle Elements: C, H, & O
H:O = 2:1
Many Hydroxyl Groups (-OH)
Monomers: Monosaccharides
Polymers: Polysaccharides
Water Soluble
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• Energy Metabolism• Structural Components• Cell-to-Cell Contacts and Recognition• Elimination of wastes (fiber)
APT cell
Helper-T cell
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Chemical FormulasC6H12O6
C6H12O6
From corn syrup
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Chemical FormulasC5H10O5 C5H10O4
deoxyribose
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MaltoseMaltose
SucroseSucrose
glucose + fructose
glucose + glucose
LactoseLactose
glucose + galactose
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glycogen
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• Principle Elements: C, H, & O
• Some With P & N
• H:O >>> 2:1
• Diverse Group of Biological Molecules
• Water Insoluble
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• Energy Storage
• Protection & Cushioning of Body Organs
• Structural Components of Membranes
• Chemical Messengers (hormones)
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• Triglycerides (neutral fats)• Phospholipids• Sterols• Waxes• Vitamins (D, E, K)
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GlycerolGlycerolFatty AcidFatty Acid
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GlycerolGlycerol
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
• Saturated with H+
• Most animal fats are saturated, ex. butter• Solid at room temp
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• Has one or more double bonds between carbons• Most vegetable fats• Liquid at room temp
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Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
phosphorous
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
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Nonpolar hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) exposed to oil
Polar hydrophilic heads exposed to water
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cholesterolBacon grease
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• Cholesterol: < 175 mg/dl• Triglycerides: 30-175 mg/dl• HDL: >35 • LDL: <130• Cholesterol/HDL ratio: <4.5
indicates heart disease
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• Family history of vascular disease • High levels of blood cholesterol • Smoking • Diabetes • Hypertension • Obesity
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• Eat healthy• Exercise• Lose wt.• Quit smoking• 1 glass wine or beer• Medication• Surgery
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• Principle Elements: C, H, O, & N
• Monomers: Amino Acids
• Polymers: Polypeptides or Proteins
• Generally Water Soluble
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Functional Groups of Amino Acids
• Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
• Amine (-NH2)
• R-Groups (variable - 20 different kinds)
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• Enzymes
• Structural Proteins
• Chemical Messengers (Hormones)
• Contractile
• Antibodies
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Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quarternary structure
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Primary structure: Linear sequence of amino acids
Levels of Protein Structure
Alpha helix
H-Bonds
Secondary structure:
Beta Pleated sheet
NH3 Leu Cys Val Asp Phe COO
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Levels of Protein Structure
Tertiary: 3D configuration Weak bonds between side chains
Quartenary: Two or more polypeptides e.g. Hemoglobin (Hb)
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Peptide bond
Dipeptide Water
AA1 AA2
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GLY SER ALA TYR ILE GLNLEUMET
GLY SERASP GLUILE GLN HISASN
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Enzymatic reactions are affected by:
Temperature pH Substrate conc. Enzyme conc.
• Catalysts- speed up a reaction• Not used up by reaction• Decrease activation energy of a reaction
(activation energy is needed to break chemical bonds)
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Are very specific for their substrate
Substrates: Bind only to a restricted region of the enzyme (active site) Held in place by weak interactions (H-bonds)
Lock and key
Specificity of enzyme:
Active site
Enzyme (sucrase)
Substrate(sucrose)
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The Functioning of EnzymesThe Functioning of Enzymes
active site
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Enzyme
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Principle Elements: C, H, O, N, & PPrinciple Elements: C, H, O, N, & P
Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides
Polymers: Nucleic AcidsPolymers: Nucleic Acids
Generally Water SolubleGenerally Water Soluble
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Nucleotide Components: Ribose (5-C) Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base
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• Genetic Instruction Set (DNA)
• Protein Synthesis (DNA & RNA)
• Energy Metabolism (ATP)
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Polymers made up of individual nucleotides
Nucleotides contain• Phosphate group• Five carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogen base
DNA contains information for almost all cell activities
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ATPATP
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Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism
ATP ATP ADP + ADP + PPii + Energy + Energy
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Role of ATP in Energy Role of ATP in Energy MetabolismMetabolism
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INQUIRY1. Describe the difference
between saturated and unsaturated fats.
2. Where are phospholipids found?
3. Cholesterol is the base molecule for what type of lipids?
4. Name a polysaccharide used to store energy.
5. Name the currency molecule for all the cells activities.