INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN MOVEMENT SCIENCE

Human Movement System Function

• The Human Movement System must:– Be aware of its relationship to its environments,

both internal and external.– Gather necessary information regarding them.– Produce appropriate motor responses.– This ensures optimum functioning of the HMS and

optimum human movement.

Human Movement System

• Nervous system (central and peripheral)

• Skeletal (articular) system• Muscular system

Represents the integrated functioning of the three main systems within the body, which are components and structures of the human movement system (HMS):

Biomechanics

• Science concerned with internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces

• Study of applying laws of mechanics and physics to determine how forces affect human movement

• Predicts performance in athletic events

Anatomic Location Terminology

• Superior―positioned above a point of reference

• Inferior ―positioned below point of reference

• Proximal―positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference

• Distal―positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference

• Anterior (or ventral) ―on the front of the body

Anatomic Location Terminology

• Posterior (or dorsal) ―on the back of the body

• Medial―positioned near the middle of the body

• Lateral―positioned toward the outside of the body

• Contralateral―positioned on the opposite side of the body

• Ipsilateral ―positioned on the same side of the body

Planes of Motion and Axes

• Universally accepted method of describing human movements is in three dimensions

• Based on system of planes and axes• When applying these principles, keep in mind

that anatomic nomenclatures occur according to the body in the:– Anatomic position―the position with the body

erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward

Sagittal Plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves• Sagittal plane movements

include:– Flexion―a bending movement in

which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

– Extension―a straightening movement in which the relative angel between two adjacent segments increases

– Hyperextension―extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

Flexion and Extension Movements

• Dorsiflexion• Plantar flexion• Knee flexion• Knee extension• Hip flexion: femoralon-

pelvic rotation• Hip flexion: pelvicon-

femoral rotation• Hip extension

Flexion and Extension Movements

• Spinal flexion• Spinal extension• Elbow flexion• Elbow extension• Shoulder flexion• Shoulder extension• Cervical flexion• Cervical extension

Frontal Plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. • Abduction― a movement in the

frontal plane away from the midline of the body

• Adduction― a movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Frontal Plane

Adduction and abduction movements:• Eversion• Inversion• Hip abduction• Hip adduction• Lateral flexion• Shoulder abduction• Shoulder adduction• Cervical lateral flexion

Transverse Plane

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.• Internal rotation―rotation of a joint

toward the middle of the body • External rotation―rotation of a joint

away from the middle of the body• Horizontal abduction―movement of

the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Transverse Plane

Horizontal adduction―movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior positionRotational movements:• Hip external rotation• Hip internal rotation• Radioulnar supination• Radioulnar pronation• Shoulder external rotation• Shoulder internal rotation• Shoulder horizontal abduction• Shoulder horizontal adduction• Spinal rotation• Cervical rotation

Scapular Motion

Motion of the shoulder blades are important for the fitness professional to:• Be familiar with proper

movement of the shoulder complex

• Ensure proper movement of the shoulder complex

Scapular Motion

Scapular movements include:• Scapular retraction―adduction

of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline

• Scapular protraction―abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline

• Scapular depression―downward (inferior) motion of the scapula

• Scapular elevation―upward (superior) motion of the scapula

Muscle Actions

The prefix iso means same or equal. The suffix tonic refers to tension. Kinetic refers to motion

Muscle Actions

Example of Muscle Actions• Squat– Flexing at the hips, knees,

and ankles– Extending at the hips,

knees, and ankles

• Biceps Curl– Flexing at the elbows– Extending at the elbows

Functional Anatomy of Muscles

Traditional perception is that muscles work concentrically and predominantly in one plane of motion.To design efficient training programs:• View muscles functioning in all planes of motion• Through entire muscle action spectrum (eccentric,

isometric, and concentric)

Muscular Force

Force• An influence applied by one

object to another• Results in an acceleration or

deceleration of the second object

Length-Tension Relationships• Refers to the resting length

of a muscle• Tension the muscle can

produce

Muscular Force

Force-Velocity Curve• Refers to the

relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities

• Concentric: Speed + - Force –

• Eccentric: speed +, Force +

Muscular Force

Force-Couple Relationships• Muscle groups moving

together to produce movement around a joint

• Muscles in a force-couple provide divergent pulls on the bones they connect with

Common Force-Couples

Muscular Leverage

• 1st Class• 2nd Class– Increase force production

• 3rd Class– Most abundant in the body– Increase speed and range of motion

Muscular Leverage

Muscular Leverage

• Rotary Motion ― movement of the bones around the joints

• Torque―a force that produces rotation

MOTOR BEHAVIOR

Motor Behavior

Study of motor behavior examines the manner by which the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems interact.

Motor Behavior

• Motor behavior―response to internal and external environmental stimuli

• Motor control―how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

• Motor learning―integration of motor control processes through practice and experience

• Motor Development – the ability of muscles to work in synergy

Motor Behavior

• Muscle synergies―groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

Motor Control

• Muscle synergies―groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement

• Proprioception―the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

• Sensorimotor integration― the cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement

Motor Learning

• Feedback―the use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

• Internal feedback―the process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

• External feedback―information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment