Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Body Organization C. Miller John Milledge Academy Human A & P.
Introduction to Human A&P
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Transcript of Introduction to Human A&P
Introduction to Introduction to Human Anatomy & Human Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Chapter 1: Introduction to Human A&PA&P
Unit 1: Levels of OrganizationUnit 1: Levels of Organization
Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy & Physiology
The functional knowledge of anatomy and The functional knowledge of anatomy and physiology can be used to solve problems physiology can be used to solve problems concerning the healthy or diseased body.concerning the healthy or diseased body.
– AnatomyAnatomy: the branch of science that deals : the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body partswith the structure (morphology) of body parts
Their forms and how they are organizedTheir forms and how they are organized
– PhysiologyPhysiology: concerns that functions of body : concerns that functions of body partsparts
What they do and how they do itWhat they do and how they do it
Anatomy ContinuedAnatomy Continued
Coined by Coined by Aristotle about Aristotle about 2300 years ago.2300 years ago.
Derived from the Derived from the Greek words Greek words meaning to cut meaning to cut ((tomytomy) apart ) apart ((anaana))
Anatomy’s Sub-Anatomy’s Sub-DivisionDivision Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy: Study of structure and the interrelation of the : Study of structure and the interrelation of the
parts of the body by dissectionparts of the body by dissection
Microscopic Anatomy/HistologyMicroscopic Anatomy/Histology: Study of the tissues of the body : Study of the tissues of the body under the microscopeunder the microscope
Regional/Topographical AnatomyRegional/Topographical Anatomy: Study of the body, region by : Study of the body, region by regionregion
NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy: Study of the structure and organization of the : Study of the structure and organization of the nervous systemnervous system
Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy: Study of projections of the arrangement of : Study of projections of the arrangement of internal structures on the surface of the bodyinternal structures on the surface of the body
Radiography AnatomyRadiography Anatomy: Study of structure and function of the : Study of structure and function of the body using radiographic techniquesbody using radiographic techniques
Embryology/Developmental AnatomyEmbryology/Developmental Anatomy: Study of growth and : Study of growth and development inside the uterusdevelopment inside the uterus
Sectional AnatomySectional Anatomy: Study of relationship of structure as visible in : Study of relationship of structure as visible in sections cut in different planessections cut in different planes
HistologyHistology
Testicle
Adrenal Gland
Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy
Sectional AnatomySectional Anatomy
Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy
What’s the Difference What’s the Difference b/n Anatomy & b/n Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology A&P are difficult to separate because A&P are difficult to separate because
the structures of body parts are so the structures of body parts are so closely associated with their function.closely associated with their function.
– A particular body part’s function A particular body part’s function depends on the way the part is depends on the way the part is constructedconstructed
ExampleExample: Organization of parts in the : Organization of parts in the human hand with its long, jointed fingers human hand with its long, jointed fingers makes it easy to grasp objects; hollow makes it easy to grasp objects; hollow chambers of the heart are adapted to pump chambers of the heart are adapted to pump blood through tubular blood vessels; Mouth? blood through tubular blood vessels; Mouth? Teeth?Teeth?
What’s the Difference What’s the Difference b/n Anatomy & b/n Anatomy & PhysiologyPhysiology Form begets function.Form begets function.
– This is another way of saying the This is another way of saying the same thing.same thing.
– A body part’s function (physiology) A body part’s function (physiology) is a direct result of its form is a direct result of its form (morphology/anatomy)(morphology/anatomy)
– This is a major theme in organismal This is a major theme in organismal studystudy
A&P: An Ongoing A&P: An Ongoing Ancient FieldAncient Field Researchers frequently discover new Researchers frequently discover new
information about physiology on the information about physiology on the molecular level.molecular level.
– Human genome (biochemical instructions Human genome (biochemical instructions that run the human body): discovering the that run the human body): discovering the activities of out 35,000 genes is revealing activities of out 35,000 genes is revealing new details of physiologynew details of physiology
Although unusual, new parts of human Although unusual, new parts of human anatomy are being discovered.anatomy are being discovered.
– A small piece of connective tissue between A small piece of connective tissue between the upper part of the spinal cord and a the upper part of the spinal cord and a muscle at the back of the head was muscle at the back of the head was recently discovered.recently discovered.
Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life ReviewReview MovementMovement ResponsivenessResponsiveness GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction RespirationRespiration DigestionDigestion AbsorptionAbsorption CirculationCirculation Assimilation Assimilation ExcretionExcretion
How are the How are the Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life Related to Metabolism?Related to Metabolism?
Metabolism - Metabolism - The acquisition of The acquisition of food and utilization of its energy, plus food and utilization of its energy, plus excretion, constitute metabolism.excretion, constitute metabolism.– All the chemical reactions that occur in All the chemical reactions that occur in
your cells constitute metabolism.your cells constitute metabolism.– Your Homework: Tell me how each of the Your Homework: Tell me how each of the
10 char. of life relate to metabolism!10 char. of life relate to metabolism!
Maintenance of LifeMaintenance of Life
The structures and functions of The structures and functions of almost all body parts help almost all body parts help maintain the life of the organism.maintain the life of the organism.
– Exception: an organism’s Exception: an organism’s reproductive structures which only reproductive structures which only ensure that its species will continue ensure that its species will continue into the futureinto the future
Requirements of Requirements of Organisms/LifeOrganisms/Life Water, Foods, Oxygen, Heat, and Water, Foods, Oxygen, Heat, and
Pressure.Pressure.
– Although organisms require all 5 of Although organisms require all 5 of these factors, they alone are not these factors, they alone are not enough to ensure survival.enough to ensure survival.
– Both the quantities and the qualities Both the quantities and the qualities of such factors are also very of such factors are also very importantimportant
Regulation for SurvivalRegulation for Survival
Body parts function only when the Body parts function only when the concentrations of water, nutrients, concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen and the conditions of and oxygen and the conditions of heat and ambient pressure remain heat and ambient pressure remain within certain narrow limits.within certain narrow limits.
– This condition of a stable internal This condition of a stable internal environment is called environment is called HomeostasisHomeostasis..
HomeostasisHomeostasis
This internal stability of the body This internal stability of the body is best described as a is best described as a dynamic dynamic equilibriumequilibrium or a or a balanced balanced changechange in which there is a in which there is a certain set point or an average certain set point or an average value for a given variable, and value for a given variable, and conditions fluctuate conditions fluctuate slightlyslightly around this point.around this point.
Homeostasis Homeostasis ContinuedContinued The functions of each body The functions of each body
system aid in maintaining system aid in maintaining homeostasis or internal stability.homeostasis or internal stability.
– Much of your physiology takes place Much of your physiology takes place in order to maintain homeostasis.in order to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostatic Homeostatic Mechanisms Maintain Mechanisms Maintain HomeostasisHomeostasis
The body maintains homeostasis through The body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulatory control a number of self-regulatory control systems or systems or Homeostatic MechanismsHomeostatic Mechanisms
Each homeostatic mechanism monitors Each homeostatic mechanism monitors an aspect of the internal environment an aspect of the internal environment and corrects any changes.and corrects any changes.
Components of Components of Homeostatic Homeostatic MechanismsMechanisms1.1. ReceptorsReceptors: which provide information : which provide information
about specific conditions (stimuli) in about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environmentthe internal environment
2.2. Set-PointSet-Point: tells what a particular value : tells what a particular value should be (i.e. body temperature)should be (i.e. body temperature)
3.3. EffectorsEffectors: respond to altered : respond to altered conditions in the internal environment, conditions in the internal environment, attempting to correct themattempting to correct them
How Does it Work?How Does it Work?
If the If the receptorsreceptors detect deviation from detect deviation from the the set pointset point, , effectorseffectors are activated are activated that can return conditions toward that can return conditions toward normal normal
As conditions return toward normal, As conditions return toward normal, the deviation form the set point the deviation form the set point progressively lessens, and the progressively lessens, and the effectors are gradually shut downeffectors are gradually shut down
Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback
Deviation from the Deviation from the set pointset point is is corrected corrected
– Moves in the opposite or negative Moves in the opposite or negative directiondirection
The correction reduces the action The correction reduces the action of the of the effectorseffectors
– This prevents a correction from This prevents a correction from going too fargoing too far
Biological ExamplesBiological Examples
Example 1Example 1: :
– Regulation of body temperatureRegulation of body temperature
Example 2Example 2: :
– Regulation of blood sugar levelsRegulation of blood sugar levels
Blood sugar Blood sugar homeostasishomeostasis The Pancreas acts as the The Pancreas acts as the receptorreceptor
– Detects blood sugar levelsDetects blood sugar levels– Initiates mechanisms that control levelsInitiates mechanisms that control levels
The The set pointset point is 90mg/100mL is 90mg/100mL– Low blood sugar is called Low blood sugar is called
hypoglycemiahypoglycemia– High blood sugar is called High blood sugar is called
hyperglycemiahyperglycemia
Blood sugar Blood sugar homeostasishomeostasis HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia
– Pancreas detects high blood glucosePancreas detects high blood glucose– Produces a hormone called Produces a hormone called insulininsulin, ,
which circulates in the bloodwhich circulates in the blood– High levels of High levels of insulininsulin make the make the liverliver
absorb glucose and store it as absorb glucose and store it as glycogenglycogen
– Hyperglycemia subsidesHyperglycemia subsides
Blood sugar Blood sugar homeostasishomeostasis HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia
– Pancreas Pancreas detects low blood glucosedetects low blood glucose– Produces a Produces a hormonehormone called called glucagonglucagon– High levels of High levels of glucagon glucagon make the liver make the liver
convert stored convert stored glycogenglycogen back into back into glucoseglucose & release it into the blood & release it into the blood
– Hypoglycemia is correctedHypoglycemia is corrected
Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback
Deviation from a set point is Deviation from a set point is amplifiedamplified– Exponential growthExponential growth– Rare in the human bodyRare in the human body– Ex: Blood clotting, childbirth, milk Ex: Blood clotting, childbirth, milk
productionproduction
Important Note!Important Note!
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a relatively constant internal relatively constant internal environment, yet physiological values environment, yet physiological values may vary slightly in a person from may vary slightly in a person from time to time or form one individual to time to time or form one individual to the next.the next.
– Both normal values for an individual and Both normal values for an individual and the the normal rangenormal range for the general for the general population are clinically important.population are clinically important.
Typical Homeostatic Typical Homeostatic ValuesValues Body Temperature: 98.6Body Temperature: 98.6ooF (37F (37ooC)C) Blood glucose: 90mg/100mLBlood glucose: 90mg/100mL Blood pressure: Blood pressure:
120mmHg/80mmHg120mmHg/80mmHg Heart rate: 70-80bpmHeart rate: 70-80bpm