Introduction to GIS ModelingIntroduction to GIS Modeling Week 10 — Future DirectionsWeek 10 — Future Directions

GEOG 3110 – University of DenverGEOG 3110 – University of Denver

Presented byPresented by Joseph K. BerryJoseph K. BerryW. M. Keck Scholar, Department of Geography, University W. M. Keck Scholar, Department of Geography, University

of Denverof Denver

GIS in Transition;GIS in Transition;Dominant IT Forces; Dominant GIS Forces;Dominant IT Forces; Dominant GIS Forces;

A Peek at The Bleeding Edge;A Peek at The Bleeding Edge;Dominant Human Forces Dominant Human Forces

……can can only improveonly improve your overall your overall grade (if you blow it, no problem)grade (if you blow it, no problem)

Available now; must be completed by Available now; must be completed by 5:00pm Tuesday, March 195:00pm Tuesday, March 19thth

Exam #2Exam #2

End of Term LogisticsEnd of Term Logistics

(Berry)

Optional Exercise #10 Optional Exercise #10

……or or any of the other Optional Exercisesany of the other Optional Exercises with Exercise #1 through with Exercise #1 through #9 #9

Must be completed by Must be completed by 5:00pm Friday, March 225:00pm Friday, March 22ndnd But now, log in to But now, log in to WebCentralWebCentral at at https://webcentral.du.edu/cp/home/displayloginhttps://webcentral.du.edu/cp/home/displaylogin

  

Click on the “Click on the “StudentStudent” tab, then click on “” tab, then click on “Course EvaluationsCourse Evaluations” on the right hand side of the page” on the right hand side of the page

(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) GeotechnologyGeotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)

GPS/GIS/RSGPS/GIS/RS

ModelingModeling involvesinvolves analysisanalysis of spatial of spatial relationships and relationships and

patterns patterns

((numerical analysisnumerical analysis) )

Prescriptive Prescriptive ModelingModeling

MappingMapping involves involves precise placement precise placement

(delineation) of (delineation) of physical featuresphysical features

((graphical inventorygraphical inventory))

Descriptive Descriptive MappingMapping

GeotechnologyGeotechnology is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and promises to promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize

spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications (U.S. Department of Labor)(U.S. Department of Labor)

WhyWhy So WhatSo What and and What IfWhat If

Global Positioning Global Positioning System System (location and navigation)(location and navigation)

Geographic Information Geographic Information Systems Systems (map and analyze)(map and analyze)

WhereWhere isis WhatWhat

Remote SensingRemote Sensing(measure and classify)(measure and classify)

The Spatial TriadThe Spatial Triad

Focus of this course

(Berry)(Berry)

GeotechnologyGeotechnology – one of the three “mega-technologies” for the 21st Century (the other two are Nanotechnology and Biotechnology, U.S. Department of Labor)   

http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/Papers/Other/http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/Papers/Other/GISmodelingFrameworkGISmodelingFramework/ /

70s Computer Mapping (Automated Cartography)

80s Spatial Database Management (Mapping and Geo-query)

90s Map Analysis Map Analysis (Spatial Relationships and Patterns)

  

Global Positioning System (Location and Navigation)

Remote Sensing (Measure and Classify)

Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems (Map and Analyze)  

History/Evolution of Map AnalysisHistory/Evolution of Map Analysis

Spatial StatisticsSpatial Statistics (Numerical context)

Surface Modeling (point data to continuous spatial distributions

Spatial Data Mining (interrelationships within and among map layers)

Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis (Geographical context)

Reclassify (single map layer; no new spatial information)

Overlay (coincidence of two or more map layers; new spatial information)

Proximity (simple/effective distance and connectivity; new spatial information)

Neighbors (roving window summaries of local vicinity; new spatial information)

Framework Paper

Organizational Structure of this Course

(Berry)(Berry)

ReclassifyReclassify operations involve operations involve reassigning map values to reflect new reassigning map values to reflect new information about existing map information about existing map features on a features on a singlesingle map layer map layer

OverlayOverlay operations involve operations involve characterizing the spatial coincidence of characterizing the spatial coincidence of mapped data on mapped data on two or moretwo or more map layers map layers

Classes of Spatial Analysis OperatorsClasses of Spatial Analysis Operators……all Spatial Analysis involves generating all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map valuesnew map values (numbers) as a (numbers) as a mathematical or statistical function mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)of the values on another map layer(s)

— —sort of a “sort of a “map-ematicsmap-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—

GIS Toolbox(Geographic Context)(Geographic Context)

(Berry)(Berry)

ProximityProximity operations involve operations involve measuring distance and connectivity measuring distance and connectivity among map locationsamong map locations

NeighborhoodNeighborhood operations involve operations involve characterizing mapped data within characterizing mapped data within

the vicinity of map locationsthe vicinity of map locations

Classes of Spatial Analysis OperatorsClasses of Spatial Analysis Operators (Geographic)(Geographic)

……all Spatial Analysis involves generating all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map valuesnew map values (numbers) as a (numbers) as a mathematical or statistical function mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)of the values on another map layer(s)

— —sort of a “sort of a “map-ematicsmap-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—

GIS Toolbox(Geographic Context)(Geographic Context)

(Berry)(Berry)

Spatial Data MiningSpatial Data Mining operations operations involve characterizing numerical involve characterizing numerical patterns and relationships within and patterns and relationships within and among mapped dataamong mapped data

Classes of Spatial Statistics Operators Classes of Spatial Statistics Operators (Spatial Statistics)(Spatial Statistics)

Surface ModelingSurface Modeling operations operations involve creating continuous spatial involve creating continuous spatial

distributions from point sampled datadistributions from point sampled data

……all Spatial Analysis involves generating all Spatial Analysis involves generating new map valuesnew map values (numbers) as a (numbers) as a mathematical or statistical function mathematical or statistical function of the values on another map layer(s)of the values on another map layer(s)

— —sort of a “sort of a “map-ematicsmap-ematics” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—” for analyzing spatial relationships and patterns—

GIS Toolbox(Numeric Context)(Numeric Context)

(Berry)(Berry)

The modern geotechnology recipe is The modern geotechnology recipe is one part one part datadata, , one part one part analysisanalysis and a dash of colorful and a dash of colorful rendering. That’s a far cry from the traditional mapping recipe of basically all data rendering. That’s a far cry from the traditional mapping recipe of basically all data

with a generous ladling of cartography. with a generous ladling of cartography. ……a cheesy cooking analogy—a cheesy cooking analogy—

Mixing It Up in GIS Modeling’s KitchenMixing It Up in GIS Modeling’s Kitchen

(Berry)(Berry)

Today’s maps are less renderings of “Today’s maps are less renderings of “precise placement of physical features for navigation and precise placement of physical features for navigation and record-keepingrecord-keeping” ” (meat and potatoes)(meat and potatoes) than they are interactive compilations of “ than they are interactive compilations of “interpretations of interpretations of

spatial relationships for understanding and decision-makingspatial relationships for understanding and decision-making” ” (haute cuisine)(haute cuisine)

……a rephrasing of an old saying seems appropriate—a rephrasing of an old saying seems appropriate—

““Bits and bytes may break my bones, but Bits and bytes may break my bones, but inaccurate modelinginaccurate modeling will surely poison me.” will surely poison me.”

Bits and Bytes Map Values

Ingredients Map Layers

GIS Modeling

Pantry Map Stack

Supermarket Database

WarehouseAll Available

Mapped Data

Display

Map-ematical StructureMap-ematical Structure

(Berry)(Berry)

The basic mathematical structure uses sequential processing of The basic mathematical structure uses sequential processing of basic mathematical operationsbasic mathematical operations to perform a wide variety of complex map analyses. By to perform a wide variety of complex map analyses. By controlling the ordercontrolling the order in which the in which the

operations are operations are executed on variablesexecuted on variables, and using a , and using a common databasecommon database to store the intermediate to store the intermediate results, a robust processing structure is developed—results, a robust processing structure is developed—

A "map-ematical" structure similar to traditional mathematics in which primitive operations, A "map-ematical" structure similar to traditional mathematics in which primitive operations, such as addition, subtraction, and exponentiation, are logically sequenced for specified variables such as addition, subtraction, and exponentiation, are logically sequenced for specified variables to form equations. However, in map-ematics the to form equations. However, in map-ematics the variables represent variables represent entire mapsentire maps consisting of consisting of

geo-registered sets of valuesgeo-registered sets of values in the form of in the form of grid-based map layersgrid-based map layers (matrices)(matrices)..

Application

Models

Key

Sub-Models

Generalized

Techniques

Fundamental

Operations

MathematicalStructure

“Operators”

“Equations”

SystemDynamics

“Models” Map-ematicalStructure

“Operators”

AccumulatedCost

“Equations”

Pipeline Corridor

“Models”

Map Analysis/Modeling—

is a conceptual extension of traditional mathematics in which arithmetic operators, such as addition and

subtraction, are used to express relationships among variables. “Map-ematics,” in an analogous manner, operates on entire maps at a time using fundamental operators to express relationships

among mapped variables.

AccumulatedCost Surface

End Optimal Route

Start

Atomistic/Holistic Atomistic/Holistic andand Analysis/Synthesis Modeling Analysis/Synthesis Modeling

(Berry)(Berry)

Atomistic / AnalysisAtomistic / Analysis — “consisting of many separate, often disparate elements” …a Reductionist’s — “consisting of many separate, often disparate elements” …a Reductionist’s approach of approach of breaking complex problems into simpler piecesbreaking complex problems into simpler pieces which can then be analyzed individually which can then be analyzed individually

Holistic / SynthesisHolistic / Synthesis — “emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and the whole” … an — “emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and the whole” … an Interactionist’s approach of Interactionist’s approach of seeing the world as an integrated wholeseeing the world as an integrated whole rather than a dissociated collection of parts rather than a dissociated collection of parts

……like Chemistrylike Chemistry, Map Analysis and GIS Modeling uses many of the same techniques to both , Map Analysis and GIS Modeling uses many of the same techniques to both AnalyzeAnalyze (break into individual elements (break into individual elements maps) and maps) and SynthesizeSynthesize (assemble elements into new compounds (assemble elements into new compounds models) models)

Housing DensityHousing Density

Road ProximityRoad Proximity

Sensitive AreasSensitive Areas

Visual ExposureVisual Exposure

Holistic / Synthesis

“Combining constituent elements into a whole”GIS Modeling

Map Analysis

Atomistic / Analysis

“Separating a whole into constituent elements”

Road

Proxi

mity

Road

Proxi

mity

Sensitive Areas

Sensitive Areas

Housing D

ensity

Housing D

ensity

Visual

Exp

osur

e

Visual

Exp

osur

e

Grad Student PresentationsGrad Student Presentations

(Berry)(Berry)

JamesJames— Wildfire Risk Modeling — Wildfire Risk Modeling (mini-Project 7)(mini-Project 7)

SarahSarah— — Jamaica’s Waste-to-Energy Paradigm: Potential for geospatial analysis

DarinDarin— — Inclusion of Cellular Automata in the Spatial Analysis of Plant Community Dynamics

GustavoGustavo— — Geo-business Analysis (mini-Project 4)

Historical Setting and GIS EvolutionHistorical Setting and GIS Evolution

Spatial Database ManagementSpatial Database Management links computer mapping links computer mapping techniques with traditional database capabilities techniques with traditional database capabilities ((80s80s) )

Multimedia Mapping/Geo-WebMultimedia Mapping/Geo-Web full integration of GIS, Internet full integration of GIS, Internet and visualization technologies and visualization technologies ((00s00s) )

Map AnalysisMap Analysis representation of relationships within and among representation of relationships within and among mapped data mapped data ((90s90s))

Computer MappingComputer Mapping automates the cartographic process automates the cartographic process ((70s70s))

Manual Mapping for 8,000 yearsManual Mapping for 8,000 years

ANALOGANALOG

Focus of this course

Mass AdoptionMass Adoption of both GIS of both GIS TechnologyTechnology and and Analysis ApplicationsAnalysis Applications making Geotechnology a “fabric of society” through a broad coalition of making Geotechnology a “fabric of society” through a broad coalition of

Information TechnologyInformation Technology, , GISGIS and and HumanHuman forces that forces that extend spatial extend spatial reasoning, understanding and dialogreasoning, understanding and dialog ((10s10s) )

Digital Maps <50 yearsDigital Maps <50 years

Geotechnology Geotechnology (GPS, GIS, RS)(GPS, GIS, RS)

DIGITALDIGITAL

(Berry)(Berry)

Systems Applications

GISSpecialists

GeneralUsers

SystemManagers

Data Providers

GISDevelopers

GeneralProgrammers

PublicUsers

#3 #3 Enlarging GIS CommunityEnlarging GIS Community (historical evolution)(historical evolution)

2010s – billions of general and public users (RS, GIS, GPS, GW, Devices)

1970s – a few hundred innovators establishing the foundation of geotechnology (Automated Cartography)

…minimal S&T knowledge

…a deep keel of knowledge in Science and Technology

1980s – several thousand pacesetters applying the technology to a small set of disciplines (RS, GIS)

1990s – hundreds of thousands GIS specialists and general users (RS, GIS, GPS)

2000s – millions of general and public users (RS, GIS, GPS, GeoWeb)

(Berry)

Dominant IT ForcesDominant IT Forces (three game changers)(three game changers)

#2 #2 CrowdsourcingCrowdsourcing — — Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an

employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call.employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call.

#3 #3 PhotosynthPhotosynth — — Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes them together to create a geometrically Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes them together to create a geometrically stable immersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to explore details of places, objects, and eventsstable immersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to explore details of places, objects, and events

#1 #1 Cloud ComputingCloud Computing — — Cloud computing is computation, software, data access, and storage services Cloud computing is computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the servicesservices

(Berry)(Berry)

VirtualizedScalableService

#1 #1 Cloud ComputingCloud Computing (“Hosted Elsewhere” environment)(“Hosted Elsewhere” environment)

SoftwareCapabilities

Maps and ImageryDatabases

Mobile

Devices

Server“Web Services”

“Object-Oriented” Technology

“Mash-ups”

“Enterprise GIS”

“Geography Network” “Interoperability”

“Distributed Systems”

“Mobile GIS”

Buzzwords

Old

“On-Line Office”

“On-Line Resources and Storage”

“3rd Party Integration”

“Software as a Service”

“On-Demand Apps”

“Grid Computing”

New

+ Lower operational costsLower operational costs, quicker development times and device independence, quicker development times and device independence+ Enables Enables heavy duty data crunchingheavy duty data crunching to better process and explore Internet information poolsto better process and explore Internet information pools+ Pay for usage Pay for usage reduces fixed expensesreduces fixed expenses on hardware, software, maintenance and support on hardware, software, maintenance and support

ProsPros

Data and processing is at the Data and processing is at the mercy of the service providermercy of the service provider and reliable Internet connectionand reliable Internet connection Capabilities limitedCapabilities limited by marketplace demand, standardization and provider incentives by marketplace demand, standardization and provider incentives Security concernsSecurity concerns, liability, legal position and data/processing ownership/responsibility, liability, legal position and data/processing ownership/responsibility

ConsCons

(Berry)(Berry)

In-house

Survey design, implementation and analysis—

For example, the public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task (also For example, the public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task (also known as “community-based design” and “distributed participatory design”), or help capture, systematize known as “community-based design” and “distributed participatory design”), or help capture, systematize

or analyze large amounts of data (citizen science). The term has become popular with businesses, or analyze large amounts of data (citizen science). The term has become popular with businesses, authors, and journalists as shorthand for authors, and journalists as shorthand for the trend of the trend of leveraging mass collaboration leveraging mass collaboration enabled by the enabled by the

InternetInternet..

CrowdsourcingCrowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call. contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call. — Wikipedia— Wikipedia

CrowdsourcingInternetCameraGPS

…a spatially consistent and interactive participatory device in every pocket

Outsourcing

Evolution in developing the Social Science knowledge base for most applications…

“Respondent”(independent survey samples, 1980s)

"Participant”(crowd , 2010s)

"Participant”(group discussions , 1990s)

#2 #2 Crowdsourcing for GIS Input/VerificationCrowdsourcing for GIS Input/Verification

(Berry)(Berry)

#3 #3 Phytosynth for GIS InputPhytosynth for GIS Input

http://photosynth.net/default.aspxhttp://photosynth.net/default.aspxhttp://photosynth.net/default.aspxhttp://photosynth.net/default.aspx

(Berry)(Berry)

http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=1f2b2961-de24-4899-8d3a-d7578e621796 RMNPhttp://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=ac9edfdf-785d-4f45-b130-d33de16d310b Violin

http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=1f2b2961-de24-4899-8d3a-d7578e621796 RMNPhttp://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=ac9edfdf-785d-4f45-b130-d33de16d310b Violin

Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes them together to create a them together to create a geometrically stable geometrically stable immersive 3D sceneimmersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to that allows the viewer to explore details of places, objects, and events.explore details of places, objects, and events.

……in a sense, it is analogous to airborne Lidar in a sense, it is analogous to airborne Lidar as it forms 3-dimensional point clouds that as it forms 3-dimensional point clouds that when rectified yields sub-meter XYZ when rectified yields sub-meter XYZ positioning within composited image using positioning within composited image using standard digital camera photo sets from standard digital camera photo sets from multiple angles.multiple angles.

Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes Photosynth takes sets of photos, mashes them together to create a them together to create a geometrically stable geometrically stable immersive 3D sceneimmersive 3D scene that allows the viewer to that allows the viewer to explore details of places, objects, and events.explore details of places, objects, and events.

……in a sense, it is analogous to airborne Lidar in a sense, it is analogous to airborne Lidar as it forms 3-dimensional point clouds that as it forms 3-dimensional point clouds that when rectified yields sub-meter XYZ when rectified yields sub-meter XYZ positioning within composited image using positioning within composited image using standard digital camera photo sets from standard digital camera photo sets from multiple angles.multiple angles.

3-dimensional Maps3-dimensional Maps3-dimensional Maps3-dimensional Maps

Dominant GIS ForcesDominant GIS Forces (three game changers)(three game changers)

#2 #2 Universal Spatial KeyUniversal Spatial Key — — use of the new referencing system to automatically join all databases by use of the new referencing system to automatically join all databases by

serving as a “spatially-enabled” serving as a “spatially-enabled” Universal KeyUniversal Key (Implicit Spatial Topology)(Implicit Spatial Topology)

……sort of like a three-sort of like a three-dimensional UTM grid cell dimensional UTM grid cell

(1 m(1 m22))

#3 #3 Alternative Geographic ReferencingAlternative Geographic Referencing (3D GIS) — (3D GIS) — our current “rectangular-based” our current “rectangular-based” coordinate system will be replaced by a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), and verticals (Z) coordinate system will be replaced by a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), and verticals (Z) defining an imaginary matrix of grid elementsdefining an imaginary matrix of grid elements

#1 #1 Boutique to Big BoxBoutique to Big Box — — continued movement of GIS from a “boutique discipline” to increased continued movement of GIS from a “boutique discipline” to increased mainstream use and subsequent redefinition of mainstream use and subsequent redefinition of What GIS IsWhat GIS Is and its and its Industry LeadersIndustry Leaders

Today

Tomorrow

CAD, dBase and CAD, dBase and Visualization IndustriesVisualization Industries

…etc.…etc.

GIS IndustryGIS Industry

(Berry)(Berry)

#1 #1 Boutique to Big BoxBoutique to Big Box

ScienceSystems

Specialist Solutions

GIS …four main perspectives of the trailing “S”

GISystemsGISystems — At the birth of the discipline, the “S” unequivocally stood for a — At the birth of the discipline, the “S” unequivocally stood for a SystemSystem of of hardware, software hardware, software and datawareand dataware with little or no reference to people or uses with little or no reference to people or uses

GISpecialistsGISpecialists — The idea that the trailing “S” defines — The idea that the trailing “S” defines SpecialistsSpecialists took hold in the 1990s as the result of two took hold in the 1990s as the result of two major forces, major forces, uniqueness and utility uniqueness and utility

…etc.

GIS IndustryGIS Industry

GIScienceGIScience — recognition of a more in-depth — recognition of a more in-depth Science-basedScience-based discipline has evolved the “practitioner” role discipline has evolved the “practitioner” role (what does it take to keep a GIS alive and how can it be used?) into a (what does it take to keep a GIS alive and how can it be used?) into a more “theoretical” rolemore “theoretical” role (how does GIS (how does GIS work, how could it be improved and what else could it do?) work, how could it be improved and what else could it do?)  

GISolutionsGISolutions — — early GIS solutions focused on mapping and geo-query that primarily automated existing business practices; the new focus seems to be on the new focus seems to be on entirely new GIS entirely new GIS SolutionsSolutions from iPhone crowdsourcing to from iPhone crowdsourcing to Google Earth visualizationsGoogle Earth visualizations to advanced map-ematical models predicting wildfire behavior, customer propensity and optimal routing

CAD, dBase and CAD, dBase and Visualization IndustriesVisualization Industries

…etc.

(Berry)(Berry)

Project AreaProject Area(Areal Extent)(Areal Extent)

NorthNorth

W

S

E

Caspian Sea off the coast of AzerbaijanCaspian Sea off the coast of Azerbaijan

… intersection with a mathematically inferred spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid/datum establishes the

Height (Z) from the center of the earth to any point on the earth’s surface`

… intersection with a mathematically inferred spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid/datum establishes the

Height (Z) from the center of the earth to any point on the earth’s surface`

Height (Z)

40o N

Latitude(Y)

50o E

Longitude(X)

#2 #2 Universal Spatial KeyUniversal Spatial Key (Cartesian coordinate system)(Cartesian coordinate system)

Earth’sCenter

Earth’sSurface

(Berry)(Berry)

……that form a complex that form a complex Address CodeAddress Code (x,y,z) for (x,y,z) for spatial reference of any record in a database that can spatial reference of any record in a database that can be used to join any other spatially referenced table– be used to join any other spatially referenced table–

Spatially-enabled Universal KeySpatially-enabled Universal Key

#2 #2 Universal Spatial Key Universal Spatial Key (grid space as key)(grid space as key)

Entire 3D volume containing the earth is pre-Entire 3D volume containing the earth is pre-partitioned into small partitioned into small Grid ElementsGrid Elements using basic using basic geometry equations…geometry equations…

100km, 10km, …1m gridlines

100km, 10km, …1m gridlines

WHERE is WHATWHERE is WHAT

(Berry)(Berry)

Consistent

distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements

Consistent

distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements

Inconsistent

distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements

(Orthogonal and Diagonal)

Inconsistent

distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements

(Orthogonal and Diagonal)

Tightly Clustered GroupingsContinuous Nested Grid Elements

Cubic Grid

(26 facets)

Square Grid

(8 facets)

HexagonalGrid

(6 facets) Hexagon

DodecahedralGrid

(12 facets)Dodecahedral

#3 #3 Alternative Geographic ReferencingAlternative Geographic Referencing

2D Grid Element(Planimetric)

Square

3D Grid Element(Volumetric)

Cube

Cartesian Coordinate System

Square Cube

(Berry)(Berry)

A Peek at the Bleeding Edge A Peek at the Bleeding Edge (2010 and beyond)(2010 and beyond)

Multimedia MappingMultimedia Mapping(IV -2000s)(IV -2000s)

Revisit AnalyticsRevisit Analytics(VI -2020s)(VI -2020s)

GIS ModelingGIS Modeling (III -1990s)(III -1990s)

Computer MappingComputer Mapping(Decade I -1970s)(Decade I -1970s)

Spatial dB MgtSpatial dB Mgt (II -1980s)(II -1980s)

The Early YearsThe Early Years

Contemporary GISContemporary GIS

Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Revisit Geo-referenceRevisit Geo-reference (V -2010s)(V -2010s)

Mapping focusMapping focus

Data/Structure focusData/Structure focus

Analysis focusAnalysis focus

……but those who but those who live by the Crystal live by the Crystal Ball are bound to Ball are bound to eat ground glass eat ground glass

Evan Vlachos

(Berry)(Berry)

Revamping Geographic ReferencingRevamping Geographic Referencing

1) 1) Geo-ReferencingGeo-Referencing …2) data structure…2) data structure

The Cartesian Coordinate SystemCartesian Coordinate System based on rectangular grid referencing will be replaced by HexagonHexagon and DodecahedronDodecahedron

(Berry)(Berry)

Revamping Map AnalysisRevamping Map Analysis

Map AnalysisMap AnalysisSpatial Analysis—

1) recoding of all operations to take advantage of increased precision/accuracy in the new geo-referencing and data structures; 2) incorporate dynamic influences on effective movement/connectivity (e.g., direction, accumulation, momentum); and3) uncertainty and error propagation handing for all analytical processing.

Spatial Statistics—

1) uncertainty and error propagation handing for all analytical processing; 2) CART, Induction and Neural Networks techniques requiring large N will replace traditional multivariate data analysis; and 3) grid-cell will become the de facto primary key for database referencing /analysis (vector for mapping).

Geo-referencing Geo-referencing and and Data Structure Data Structure advances will lead to revised/new techniques in…

2) 2) Data StructureData Structure …1) geo-referencing…1) geo-referencing

Traditional 3D GIS3D GIS (X,Y and Attribute) to 4D GIS 4D GIS (X,Y,Z and Attribute) and possibly to 5D GIS 5D GIS (X,Y,Z,Time and Attribute)

…emphasis on Data Accuracy

(vs. Precision)

((BerryBerry))

Dominant Human ForcesDominant Human Forces (three game changers)(three game changers)

#1 #1 The The “-ists“-ists” and the ” and the “-ologists“-ologists”” — — a continuing “Tool” versus “Science” dichotomy of a continuing “Tool” versus “Science” dichotomy of perspective of what GIS is and isn’t perspective of what GIS is and isn’t

The “-ists” focus a GIS The “-ists” focus a GIS specialist’s command of the specialist’s command of the toolstools needed to display, query and process spatial data. needed to display, query and process spatial data.

The “-ologists,” focus on users (e.g., ecologists, The “-ologists,” focus on users (e.g., ecologists, sociologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, etc.) who sociologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, etc.) who

understand the understand the science behind the spatial relationshipsscience behind the spatial relationships..

The “-ists” focus a GIS The “-ists” focus a GIS specialist’s command of the specialist’s command of the toolstools needed to display, query and process spatial data. needed to display, query and process spatial data.

The “-ologists,” focus on users (e.g., ecologists, The “-ologists,” focus on users (e.g., ecologists, sociologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, etc.) who sociologists, hydrologists, epidemiologists, etc.) who

understand the understand the science behind the spatial relationshipsscience behind the spatial relationships..

#2 The Softer Side if GIS The Softer Side if GIS — the data-centric perspective of the specialists (mapping and geo-query) the data-centric perspective of the specialists (mapping and geo-query) dominated the analysis-centric needs of the managers, policy and decision makers (spatial reasoning and modeling)dominated the analysis-centric needs of the managers, policy and decision makers (spatial reasoning and modeling)

#3 #3 Enlarging GIS EducationEnlarging GIS Education — — need to engage applied “domain expertise” in GIS education need to engage applied “domain expertise” in GIS education through outreach across campus that is as important (and quite possibly more important) than honing technical skills through outreach across campus that is as important (and quite possibly more important) than honing technical skills of core professionalsof core professionals

The “Bookends “ are The “Bookends “ are currently driving GIScurrently driving GISThe “Bookends “ are The “Bookends “ are currently driving GIScurrently driving GIS

(Berry)(Berry)

TechnologyTechnologyExpertsExperts

““-ists”-ists”DomainDomainExpertsExperts

““-ologists”-ologists”Solution

Space

Together the Together the ““-ists-ists” ” and the and the ““-ologists-ologists” ” frame and develop the frame and develop the SolutionSolution for an application. for an application.

…understand the “tools” that can be used to display, query and

analyze spatial data

Data and Information focus

…understand the “science” behind spatial relationships that can be used for decision-making

Knowledge and Wisdom focus

The “-ists” The “-ologists”— and —

#1 #1 The “-ists” and the “-ologists”The “-ists” and the “-ologists”

(Berry)(Berry)

“Policy Makers”

“Stakeholders”

““Decision Makers”Decision Makers”

Decision Makers Decision Makers utilize the utilize the SolutionSolution under under StakeholderStakeholder, , PolicyPolicy & & PublicPublic auspices. auspices.

TechnologyTechnologyExpertsExperts

““-ists”-ists”DomainDomainExpertsExperts

““-ologists”-ologists”SolutionSolution

SpaceSpace

Application SpaceApplication SpaceGeotechnology’s CoreGeotechnology’s Core

#1 #1 The “-ists” and the “-ologists”The “-ists” and the “-ologists” (a larger tent)(a larger tent)

(Berry)(Berry)

Knowledge (interrelationships among relevant facts)

Wisdom (actionable knowledge)

Philosopher’s Progression of Understanding —

Data (all facts)

Information (facts within a context)

…GeoExploration emphasizes tools for data access and visualization (general user)

Mapping focus

…GeoScience emphasizes tools for spatial reasoning and understanding of spatial patterns and relationships (application specialist)

Data/Structure and Analysis focus

#2 #2 The Softer Side of GISThe Softer Side of GIS

(Berry)(Berry)

Philosopher's Levels of

Understanding

Data

– all facts

Information– facts within

a context

Knowledge– interrelationships

among relevant facts

Wisdom

– actionable knowledge

Pre

scri

pti

on

In

cre

as

ing

Ab

str

ac

tio

n —

D

escr

ipti

on

Cognitive Levels of

Judgment

Facts

– Earth circumference is 24,900 mi– Britney Spears was born 12/2/1981

– Britney Spears is 25 years old– the temperature is 32o F

:

Relevant Facts– the temperature

is 32o F

Perception– it sure is cold

(Floridian)

– it sure is nice (Alaskan)

Opinions/Values

– I hate this weather(Floridian)

– I love this weather(Alaskan)

Spatial Processing

Collect

– direct acquisition of primary information

(e.g. elevation)

Calculate– uses algorithms to

derive secondary information (e.g., slope)

Calibrate/Weight– translates information

into relative scales (preference & importance)

Simulate

– “what if” investigation of

alternative scenarios(multiple perspectives)

Map Types

Base

– measured features, conditions and characteristics

(fact)

Derived– inferred conditions and characteristics

(implied fact)

Interpreted– adjusted to reflect

expertise and presumption

(judgment)

Modeled

– potential solution within model logic and

expression (conjoined judgment)

#2 #2 The Softer Side of GISThe Softer Side of GIS (within a GIS context)(within a GIS context)

(Berry)(Berry)

Social Acceptability as 3rd filter

#2 #2 The Softer Side of GISThe Softer Side of GIS (the NR experience)(the NR experience)

Podium

Historically Ecosystem Sustainability and Economic Viability have dominated Natural Resources discussion, policy and management.

But Social Acceptability has become the critical third filter needed for successful decision-making.

Spatial Reasoning, Dialog and Consensus BuildingFuture Directions:

Public Involvement

Banquet Table

Increasing Social Science & Public Involvement1970s 2010s

Inter-disciplinary Science

Team Table

(Berry)(Berry)

……for geotechnology to achieve its Mega-technology future, the non-GIS communityfor geotechnology to achieve its Mega-technology future, the non-GIS community must become involved in spatial reamust become involved in spatial reasoning soning (map analysis and modeling)(map analysis and modeling)

Computer Computer ProgrammerProgrammer––

……develops GIS develops GIS toolstools; ;

……mostly mostly computer computer

science skills science skills with some with some

experience in experience in GISGIS

Solutions Solutions DeveloperDeveloper––

……develops develops applications applications

that link GIS to that link GIS to real-world real-world problems;problems;

……mostly mostly GIS/CS GIS/CS

background background with some with some discipline discipline expertiseexpertise

Systems Systems ManagerManager––

……develops and develops and maintains maintains

spatial spatial databasesdatabases and and connections connections within (LAN) within (LAN) and outside and outside (Internet) the (Internet) the organization; organization;

……CS and GIS CS and GIS balancebalance

DataDataProviderProvider– –

……develops GIS develops GIS databasesdatabases; ;

……good skills in good skills in GPS and GPS and Remote Remote

Sensing with Sensing with strong skills in strong skills in

GIS data GIS data formats and formats and

geodetic geodetic referencingreferencing

GIS GIS SpecialistSpecialist––

……interactsinteracts with with other GIS other GIS

professionals professionals and users to and users to implement implement

spatial spatial solutions;solutions;

……GIS with GIS with considerable considerable

discipline discipline expertiseexpertise

General General User–User–

……applies GIS applies GIS operations, operations, techniques, techniques,

procedures and procedures and models to models to

address real address real world processes world processes

in support of in support of decision-decision-making;making;

……strong strong discipline discipline

expertise with expertise with GIS awarenGIS awarenessess

The “Bookends “ are The “Bookends “ are currently driving GIScurrently driving GISThe “Bookends “ are The “Bookends “ are currently driving GIScurrently driving GIS

#3 #3 Enlarging GIS EducationEnlarging GIS Education (historical evolution)(historical evolution)

(Berry)(Berry)

Where From Here?Where From Here?

(Berry)(Berry)

……where will you be in GIS 10 years from now?where will you be in GIS 10 years from now?

……keep in touch!!!keep in touch!!!