Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps) Lying with Maps Maps and graphs Map misuse.
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Transcript of Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps) Lying with Maps Maps and graphs Map misuse.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Lying with Maps
• Maps and graphs
• Map misuse
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps and Graphs
Graphs can be associated with maps as map symbols or as supporting illustrations.
They can convey various quantitative information and can also visualize various social attributes that are assigned to each geographical location.
Maps and graphs can be used independently. Some maps and graphs are used as a pair, while in some instance, a map may actually contain a graph.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Thematic Maps
Educatinal Attainment in Kansas
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Utilization of Graphs as an Aiding Tool
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Population Profiles
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Climatograph Showing the Seasonal Climate Change
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Map MisusePower of Maps: Maps have credibility, but it can be complex and is never totally objective.
Map content and presentation are selective.
—Map misuse can be accidental, but it my also involve deliberate manipulation such as systematic propaganda.
1. simple design, lack of a scale, a missing graticule
2. inappropriate projections (exaggeration of distance or size)
3. strong colours and bold symbols
4. mapping of purely imaginary events or features
Given all of the possible ploys, map users must be wary of propagandastic products.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps are Powerful
• Perception that maps are credible and objective
• Lack of user-knowledge• Be critical:
– Who made the map, and why?– What is included and what is left out?– What is the source of the information on the
map?
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Map Inaccuracy
• Errors– Overgeneralization– Poor boundary placement– Misclassification
• Deliberate errors– Copyright protection
Oversimplification of county boundary lines and poor boundary
placement
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Why would a map-maker lie?
• For self-promotion (advertising)
• Security, defense, warfare
• For political or ideological reasons (propaganda)
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Ways map-makers deceive
• Symbols, colors, graphic design
• Choice of projection– Emphasize or de-emphasize different areas
• Selectivity– The map-maker includes things that are
important for the message he or she is propagating
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Graphic design elements
• Color– Logical use of color
• To show an increase in intensity:
• To show positive and negative relationships:
• To emphasize demarcations:
Low High
Loss Gain
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Color preferences and meaning
• Vary with culture, life cycle and demographics– Preschoolers prefer bright, primary colors
• RED = fire, warning, heat, blood, anger, courage, power, love, military force, Communism
• PINK = feminine; BLUE = masculine, water• GREEN = calm, lush vegetation; YELLOW =
wealth, desert
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Symbolization
• Text, TEXT, text, text,, text, text, text, text
• Action symbols
• Place symbolsQuick, bold action Indecisive, wandering
Capital CityNowheresville
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Other symbols and design techniques
• Inclusion of icons, logos, graphs and tables
• Feature size, placement
• Orientation: which way is north?
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Projection and Power: The Peters Map
• A world projection devised by the German Marxist Arno Peters, released in 1973.– “An Area Equal Map”
• Peters argued that maps were inherently political.– The traditional Mercator gave far too much
emphasis on the northern hemisphere countries.– The Peters map was advertised as being egalitarian
and was adopted by several prominent international aid organizations.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
The Peters Projection
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
PetersProjection
MercatorProjection
The Peters Projection
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Criticisms of Peters
• Suspiciously similar to another projection developed by Gall (and the projection is now sometimes referred to as the Gall-Peters map).
• Serious shape distortion.• Associated with “a dangerous dogmatism”
(Black, J. Maps and Politics. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago: 1997 p.36-37)
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps that advertise
• Many examples of selective map design
• Note use of symbols, text, color
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps that advertise
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps that advertise
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps that advertise
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps that advertise
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Defense Maps
• Issues of national security– Cities and road networks– Power and weapons facilities– Camp David
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Propaganda maps
• Propaganda– “The systematic propagation of information or ideas
by an interested party…in order to encourage or instill a particular attitude or response. Also, the ideas, doctrines, etc., disseminated thus; the vehicle of such propagation.” (Oxford English Dictionary)
– “Deliberate introduction of misleading information into map products.” (Campbell)
• Maps are great for propaganda purposes.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
German WWII maps
• Effective and prolific exploitation of the map as a Nazi propaganda tool
• Bold, black-and-white maps published in Facts in Review (1933-1945)– Germany as a threatened nation
– Britain as the aggressor
– Justified Germany’s advancing western front
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
German WWII maps
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
German WWII maps
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps of the Cold War
Grumman aircraft advertisement published in January 1953 edition of Life showing a fantasy bobbing of the Soviet Union.
In the March 10, 1952 Life, this map shows the threat of creeping communism that reaches all the way into north Africa.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Other propaganda maps
• Environmental activists
• Political lobbyists
A map showing human-induced threats to the coral reefs in south-east Asia. High threat is in red, low threat is in blue.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps, territory and power
• Maps that show territorial boundaries are persuasive tools for staking a claim
• Expeditions of “discovery”– When European explorers mapped “newly
discovered” lands, they were exerting the power of their sponsoring nations over that land.
• The importance of place names
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
1556 map of New France
Long Island, NY in 1556
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Maps of Africa:A continent without history
A “Map of African Literature”, in Winwood Reade’s An African Sketchbook (1873), directs students to the writings of European explorers in Africa.
In the Oxford Historical Atlas (1929), this “historical” map of Africa shows only the history of the European colonial powers, with an emphasis on Britain.
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Gerrymander
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Introduction to GIS: Lecture #11 (Lying with Maps)
Summary
• Map misuse may be accidental or deliberate– Maps should always be critically evaluated—never
take a map at face value.
• Map-makers can employ a variety of techniques to mislead their audience, including choice of projection and graphic design.
• Maps reflect the culture, politics, and agenda of the map-maker.