Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
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Transcript of Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
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Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
In this lesson you will learn:
• the definition and basic structure of GIS
• the reason for GIS
• GIS as a tool of visualization
• the ways GIS is used in today’s world
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Definition of a GIS
A geographic information system (GIS):
• focuses on geography and the geographic relationships between places or things• consists of information, or data, describing the characteristics or properties of geographic entities• systematically enables us to manage, organize, manipulate, analyze, and display that information
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Information Systems
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“In a closed system, no two electrons can occupy the same state.” -Exclusion Principle of Wolfgang Pauli, describing the behavior of electrons in an atom.
Why Geography?
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Why Geography?
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Why Geography?
The Corn Palace, Mitchell, S.Dak.
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Geography Matters!
Understanding geography helps us:
• make better use of resources and the natural environment
• lessen the risk of exposure to natural hazards and reduce the costs of damage
• place businesses, schools, parks, and other services in locations where they can best serve our needs
• lessen the risk of exposure to human-caused hazards
• appreciate human cultures and the sovereignty of nations
• allocate personnel or limited resources to where they are most needed and can do the most good
• manage or even avoid conflict
• produce the abundance of food, fiber, and oil crops that feed, clothe, and house us
• minimize destructive impacts on habitats and ecosystems
• recognize social injustice
• understand the natural world itself
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Components of GIS
The IS side
• data
• software
• hardware
• spatial data capture tools
The Operational side
• questions/needs for information
• people
• skills
• management
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Technology of GIS
Montage of photos: computer, CD-ROM disk, GPS unit, scanner, satellite image
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Visualizing across maps
GIS gives us the ability to organize spatial data from disparate sources in a single common viewing frame.
?
Map images from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources
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Asset management: who owns what?
A county-level Land Information System. source: De Kalb County Government, Information Management Office, http://www.dekalbcounty.org/imo_index.html
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Asset management: where is my --------?
Photo courtesy of the Arkansas, Louisiana & Mississippi Railroad; www.almrailroad.com
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Getting help to where it’s needed
Hampton Roads Hurricane Evacuation Routes, web-interactive map courtesy of the Virginia Department of Transportation
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Protecting the environment
Invasive species on the island of O’ahu. Source: Pacific Basin Information Node, Mapping Service, http://pbin.nbii.gov/
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Efficient use of resources
Variable rate prescription map for post-harvest application of lime in an Illinois corn/soybean field.
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Managing costs/increasing profits
Optimizing elementary school catchment districts in Fayetteville, AR; image courtesy of the Fayetteville Public Schools G.I.S. Program
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Preserving the past
Interactive Cahokia Map, from the Illinois State Museum GIS Lab, http://www.museum.state.il.us/research/GISlab/
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Understanding ourselves, understanding our world
Naturally occurring arsenic in potable ground-water resources of the continental United States; map image from the U.S. National Atlas, http://nationalatlas.gov
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What you have learned:
• GIS is an information system built upon spatial data, that allows us to explore the geography of places and events in our world and the geographic relationships between phenomena.
• GIS applications range from simple mapping and asset management to scientific inquiry and education, and abound in nearly every industry and scientific field you can imagine.