INTRODUCTION TO ETHNOGRAPHIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING OF …jhansen/hildebrand23july.pdf · sell maize...
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INTRODUCTION TO ETHNOGRAPHIC LINEAR
PROGRAMMING OF
SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
Peter Hildebrand
SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
• ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX
• HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES
• HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER-RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES
• SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES
SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
• ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX
• HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES
• HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER-RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES
• SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES
SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
• ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX
• HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES
• HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER-RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES
• SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES
SMALL FARM LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
• ARE HIGHLY COMPLEX
• HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES
• HAVE A HIGH DEGREE OF INTER-RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENTERPRISES
• SHOW INCREASING DEPENDENCY UPON INFRASTRUCTURE WITH INCREASING POPULATION PRESSURES
MARKET
CROPS ANIMALS
HOUSEHOLD
FOREST OR BUSH
Modeling Small Farm Household Livelihood
Systems
WHY?Linear Programming helps us understandthe highly diverse livelihood systems which serve as the basis for simulating household livelihood strategies.
HOW?To accurately simulate household livelihood strategies, ELP requires ethnographicethnographic data obtained with the participationparticipation of the farmers in the livelihood system.
TO DO WHAT?ELP helps us to design alternatives for
incorporation into highly diverse systems, and to predict responses to changes in technology, infrastructure, policy or environment.
This helps to maintain and promote diversity and improve the potential for sustainable development.
Linear Programming Matrix and its Components
End year cash
(e.g., maize, cotton, livestock)
Activities
(e.g., land, labor)
Resources(e.g., food consumption, available cash)
Constraints and Goals
The basic unit to be modeled is the household
Household composition affects:
Amount and kind of labor available
Amount of food required
And cash for necessary expenses
To start, let’s consider a household that
Produces:MaizeHayGoats
And uses its:LandLaborCash
>> V ar iab les >> M A IZ E H A Y G O A T S
>> Amoun t >> 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 R E S O U R C E R E S O U R C E O R
R E S /C O N S T ha ha h e ad A M O U N T S U S E C O N S TR A IN T
L A N D h a 1 1 0 . 1 < = 3 0 L A N D
L A B O R d ay s 40 30 7 < = 11 5 0 L A B O R
H A Y A C C TG t o ns 0 -4 0 . 6 < = 0 0 H A Y A C C TG
C A S H $ 2 00 1 50 49 < = 70 0 0 C A S H
C A S H I N C O M E $ 1 8 00 0 3 30 > = 1 00 0 0 C A S H I N C O M E
>> V ar iab les >> M A IZ E H A Y G O A T S
>> Amoun t >> 2. 88 0. 00 0. 00 R E S O U R C E R E S O U R C E O R
R E S /C O N S T ha ha h e ad A M O U N T S U S E C O N S TR A IN T
L A N D h a 1 1 0 . 1 < = 3 2 . 87 5 L A N D
L A B O R d ay s 40 30 7 < = 11 5 11 5 L A B O R
H A Y A C C TG t o ns 0 -4 0 . 6 < = 0 0 H A Y A C C TG
C A S H $ 2 00 1 50 49 < = 70 0 57 5 C A S H
C A S H I N C O M E $ 1 8 00 0 3 30 > = 1 00 0 5 17 5 C A S H I N C O M E
But the family needs to eat maize
SE LL M A IZE C A S H R AI S E
V ar iab le s > > > M A IZ E HA Y M A IZ E S TO R A GE TR A NS F E R GO A TS
V alue > > > 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0 0 . 00 0 . 00 0. 00 R ES O U RC E R ES O U RC E ORR E S /C O N ST ha ha c w t c w t $ he a d AM OU N T U SE C O N S TR AI N T
LA N D 1 1 0 0 0 0. 1 < = 3 0 LA N D
LA B O R 40 30 0 0 0 7 < = 115 0 L AB O RH A Y A C C T G 0 -4 0 0 0 0. 6 < = 0 0 H A Y A C C T G
M ZE A C C T G -3 0 0 1 1 0 0 < = 0 0 M ZE A C C T G
M ZE C O N S' N 0 0 0 -1 0 0 < = -3 5 0 M ZE C O N S' NC S H B E G YR 2 00 1 50 0 0 1 49 = 700 0 C S H B E G Y R
C S H E N D YR 0 0 6 0 -0 1 3 30 > = 1 00 0 0 C S H E N D Y R
SELL M AIZE CASH RAISEVar ia b les >>> MAIZE HAY MAIZE STORAGE TRANSFER GOATSValue >>> 2. 8 8 0. 0 0 5 1 . 2 5 3 5 .0 0 12 5 . 00 0. 0 0 RESOURC E RESOURC E ORRES/CONST ha ha cwt cwt $ he a d AM OUNT USE CONSTRAINTLAND 1 1 0 0 0 0.1 <= 3 2 .875 LANDLABOR 40 30 0 0 0 7 <= 11 5 11 5 L ABORHAY AC C TG 0 -4 0 0 0 0.6 <= 0 -1 .3 32E- 15 HAY ACC TGM ZE AC C TG -3 0 0 1 1 0 0 <= 0 0 M ZE ACC TGM ZE CONS'N 0 0 0 -1 0 0 <= -3 5 -3 5 M ZE CONS'NC SH BEG YR 2 00 1 50 0 0 1 49 = 70 0 70 0 CSH BEG YRC SH END YR 0 0 6 0 -0 1 3 30 >= 1 00 0 3 20 0 CSH END YR
Once we are satisfied with the model, we simulate the livelihood strategies of
different types of households that are subject to that
livelihood system.
And begin to ask it questions:
What if the price of maize dropped?What if the price of goats increased?What if we could spend $25 for more fertilizer and increase maize yield by 20%?What if we knew what the climate would be six months from now?
Sources of Diversity in ELPs
1) Seasonality: Crop resource requirements, commodity prices, and yields vary seasonally and annually.
2) Household composition and competing goals.
3) Resource availability, family consumption, and household requirements.
4) Renting land
5) Credit
6) Traditional activities and new enterprises
7) Hired labor
8) Off-farm labor
9) Irrigation
10) Mechanization
Sources of Diversity in ELPs