Munyaradzi Tsodzo 210227869

Blessed Mhungu 210226935

Gerard Theron 209106999

Elisha Chakanyuka 210226811

Eugene Mafurutu 210227656

Ethnographic Research vs

Participatory Research

Definitions

Ethnographic Research

• Researcher observes the subject in the natural or social environment.• Data is collected based on observations.• Recorded data is refererred to as "field notes".

(Richards, 2010:40)

Participatory Research

• Researcher interacts with the subject in the natural or social environment.• Direct involvement is used to collect data.• Also referred to as Participatory Action Research (PAR).

(Marshall & Rossman, 2006:7)(Willis, 2012:232)

Common Applications

Ethnographic Research• Market Research• Branding• Social Sciences

(Alasutari, 1995:88)(Camtools, 2013)

Participatory Research• Product Design• Web Design• Academia• Health Care

(Fountain, 2010)(AHRQ, 2009)

Typical Research Process

Identify The Problem

Interact withSubject

IdentifyResearch Group

ObserveSubjects

CompileData

Reflection and Analysis

ProposeSolutionParticipatory Research

Ethnographic ResearchColour Guide

(Creswell, 2013:182)(Fountain, 2010) (Phill-Brett, 2011)

Research Tools

Participatory Research• Notebooks• Pre-research kits for the target group• Interviews• Audio recorders

• Data collection: “collective” or group analysis, experiential analysis(Pant, 2013:99)

.Ethnographic Research• Diaries and notebooks• Photography• Video and Film• Audio recorders• Interviews

• Data is usually analysed through a narrative context.(Creswell, 2013, 96)(Phill-Brett, 2011)

Data Coding Process

• Codes = keywords, phrases, concepts, ideas, and other pieces of data.

• Field notes and participatory data are labeled, categorised and sorted according to common patterns.

• Memoirs are used to analyse the coding process.• Categorising refers to arranging data according to similar traits.• Sorting refers to the logical way in which data is categorised.

(Creswell, 2013:184) (Phill-Brett, 2011)

Research Effectiveness

Ethnographic Research

Benefits• Researcher gains direct

knowledge and experience.• More accurate data is extracted

from the subject.• Data is more likely to retain

viability after an extended time period

(Camtools, 2013)

Flaws• Subjects may refuse to reveal key

information due to privacy issues (Marshall & Rossman, 2006:84).

• Researcher must not disrupt the natural behaviour of the subject

(Bazanger & Dodier, 2009:11).

Research Effectiveness

Participatory Research

Benefits• Researcher is able to get involved in

the subject's activities (Marshall & Rossman, 2006).

• Researcher is able to utilise the resources available in the study location (Watters, 2010:7).

• Helps develop critical thinking skills, as well as networking abilities (Watters, 2010:7).

Flaws• collaborative nature of research

requires full participation of participants.

• More time is needed to train the participants and extract necessary data .

(The Community Tool Box, 2013)

Points To Ponder

• Both research methods help to improve observational skills.

• It is important to keep a meticulous record of collected data.

• Informal sources can also be effective research tools.

• Culture is an important factor in the research process.

• Critical thinking skills are enhanced through social interaction.

Thank You.

Bibliography

• AHRQ. 2009. AHRQ Activities Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Health

Care Disparities. AHRQ. [Online]. Availabe: http://www.ahrq.gov/research/cbprbrief.htm. [19 February

2013].

• Alasutari, P. 1995. Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies. London: Sage Publications.

• Bazanger, I. & Dodier, N. 2009. Ethnography: Relating The Part To The Whole. In: Qualitative

Research: Theory, Method and Practice. Edited by: Silverman, D. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, London,

New Delhi, Singapore & Washington D.C: Sage Publications.

• Camtools 2013. Ethnographic and Field Study Techniques. Camtools. [Online]. Available:

https://camtools.cam.ac.uk/wiki/site/e30faf26-bc0c-4533-acbc-cff4f9234e1b/ethnographic%20and%20f

ield%20study.html.

[20 February 2013].

• Creswell, J. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los

Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, & Washington D.C: Sage Publications.

• Fountain, L. 2010. Usability Techniques To Help: Communicate Creative Ideas. System Concepts Ltd. &

YouTube LLC. (Video Recording). [Online]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vXUCNlicQQ. [19

February 2013].

• Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. 2006. Designing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, London & New Delhi:

Sage Publications.

• Pant, M. 2012. Participatory Research. UNESCO. [Online]. Available:

http://www.unesco.org/education/aladin/paldin/pdf/course01/unit_08.pdf. [18 February 2013].

• Prill-Brett, J. 2011. Ethnographic Research Methods. University of the Philippines Baguio. [Online]. Available:

http://www.tebtebba.org/index.php/all-resources/category/108-day-5?download=805:ethnographic-research-meth

ods

. [20 February 2013].

• Richards, L. 2010. Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi,

Singapore, & Washington DC: Sage Publications.

• The Community Tool Box. 2013. Participitory Evaluation. University of Kansas. [Online]. Available:

http://ctb.ku.edu/TempDocuments/en/36.6_000.ppt. [20 February2013].

• Watters, J. 2010. Participatory Action Research: An Educational Tool For Citizen-Users Of Community Mental

Health Services. University of Manitoba. [Online]. Available:

• Willis, J. 2007. Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches. Thousand Oaks,

London & New Delhi: Sage Publications.