Introduction to Ecology or howeverythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.
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Transcript of Introduction to Ecology or howeverythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.
![Page 1: Introduction to Ecology or howeverythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649dff5503460f94ae8514/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Ecology or
howeverythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse
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Key Ideas in EcologyThe Levels of Organization Studied by Ecologists
Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
Definition of Ecology:study of interactions between organisms and
their environmentliterally means “study of the house”Studying disturbances in the ecosystem
Increase in Lyme Disease Flowers budding earlier
Climate versus Weather“the clothes you buy versus the clothes you wear”
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Reminders…. Population versus Community
One species or many Able to interbreed?
Ecosystem All living and non-living factors Biotic Factors: The biological influences on organisms within an
ecosystem Examples: birds, trees, mushrooms, and bacteria
Abiotic Factors: Physical, non-constant, nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems Examples: temperature, precipitation, humidity, pH, salinity,
availability of necessary compounds
Biosphere 20km thick 1/600th of the Earth’s diameter All organisms are found within the biosphere Living things are not distributed evenly
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Energy in an ecosystemA large part of the interactions between organisms has to do with
every organisms need for energy:
All living things require energy and materials to survive
In MOST ecosystems, energy is constantly being supplied by sunlight. Exceptions: Organisms living without sunlight Bacteria in these areas
“make” their own food through chemosynthesis
Energy is NOT cycled in an ecosystem. Energy is “lost” at each level of the food chain when organisms
use it to survive Lost energy is “lost” as heat Trophic Levels In an ecosystem there is a FLOW of energy, NOT a cycle 10% Rule of Energy Flow
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Climates of the PastClimate is studied through direct
and indirect methodsDirect: Actual measurements of
temperature, precipitation, ect. Indirect: measurements of things that
have been effected by climate Biological Data: trees, pollen, coral,
fossils Cryological: ice cores Geological: silt, rocks Historical
Temperatures have gone up ~ 7°C and down ~4°C causing warmer and cooler periods.
Some scientists think that this change in temperature appears to be due to changes in CO2 levels.
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Factors effecting ClimateThe Sun and Variations in
Earth’s orbitThe suns temperature
does vary Sun spots
Different orbits allow for different intensities of light to hit the Earth
Change in location of continentsLand forms absorb carbon
dioxide Volcanoes
Large eruptions can release carbon dioxide and other chemicals into the environment
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Feedback LoopsNegative feedback
Minimizes the effect of a disturbance and returns systems to normal state
Examples: Thermostats Shivering
Positive feedbackIncreases the effect of the
disturbance and can destabilize a system and return to a normal state may be impossible
Examples: Child Labor
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Greenhouse Effect vs. Global Warming Greenhouse Effect: Natural phenomena that allows our planet to stay warm despite the cold temperatures of space, greenhouse gasses Global Warming: Occurring because of a thickening of greenhouse gasses, raising global temperatures
Is estimated to be 1.5-4.5 degrees higher by 2035 Caused by fossil fuels, particulates in the air Thickening on the greenhouse gasses
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Why is everyone talking about CO2?What is
current sunlight?
What is ancient sunlight? Why are we
using so much ancient sunlight right now?
Solutions?Solutions?
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4 Ways to Think about Climate Change
Hundreds of Years
Billions of Years
Millions of Years
Thousands of Years