Honors ~ Ecology introduction 1112
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Transcript of Honors ~ Ecology introduction 1112
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Scope of Ecology
• Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
• These interactions determine distribution and abundance of organisms and their abundance
• Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere
Fig. 52-1
Eschrichtius robustus
What environmental factors determine geographical distribution?
How do variations in their food supply affect the size of populations?
Fig. 52-2Organismalecology
Populationecology
Communityecology
Ecosystemecology
Landscapeecology
Globalecology
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Organismal ecology studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area
• Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A community is a group of populations of different species in an area
• Community ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• An ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact
• Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• A landscape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems
• Landscape ecology deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems
• Global ecology examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
Fig. 52-4
Fig. 52-5
Kangaroos/km2
0–0.10.1–11–55–1010–20> 20Limits ofdistribution
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Ecologists consider multiple factors when attempting to explain the distribution of species
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Climate
• Four major abiotic components of climate are temperature, water, sunlight, and wind
• The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute its climate
• Macroclimate consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level
• Microclimate consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log
Fig. 52-20
Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert
Temperatebroadleafforest
Northernconiferousforest
Arctic andalpinetundraA
nn
ual
mea
n t
emp
erat
ure
(ºC
)
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
30
15
0
0–15
100 200 300 400
Fig. 52-21g
Great Smoky MountainsNational Park in North Carolina
Coral Reefs
Acropora millipora
Orange Bushy Coral
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Coral Combat
Kane’ohe Bay
Eucheuma denticulatum
Urchin Side
Non-urchin Side
Florida Key Reef Monitoring
Coral Bleaching
Decline Timeline
1973-74: Black band disease makes its appearance in the Caribbean. 1978-79: Staghorn and elkhorn corals suffer die-off in Florida. 1980-81: Staghorn and elkhorn corals die in Jamaica. 1982-83: Staghorn and elkhorn corals die throughout the Caribbean
(major El-Niño).Sea urchin Diadema, a key reef herbivore, dies throughout the Caribbean, allowing algal infestation of dead corals.
1985-87: Black band disease rampant in Florida.Corals bleach throughout the Caribbean and seas grasses die in Florida (major El-Niño).
1990: Corals bleach in Florida. 1994: Corals bleach in Florida. 1998: Corals bleach throughout the Caribbean (major El-Niño).
Black Band Disease