Introduction to Introduction to ClassificationClassification

Why do we classify Why do we classify things?things?

To organizeTo organize To see relationships between To see relationships between

organismsorganisms

How do we classify How do we classify things?things?

By grouping things according to By grouping things according to similar traits or characteristicssimilar traits or characteristics

How do we classify How do we classify organisms?organisms?

Taxonomy Taxonomy – science of classification– science of classification

We classify organisms into We classify organisms into 55 KingdomsKingdoms– Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animal, PlantMonera, Protists, Fungi, Animal, Plant

What are the levels of What are the levels of classification?classification? Kingdom -Kingdom - Largest group – fewest Largest group – fewest

traits traits in commonin common PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus Species -Species - Smallest group – all Smallest group – all

traits in traits in commoncommon

How can we remember How can we remember this?this? KKingsize ingsize PPotato otato CChips hips

OOften ften FForm orm GGrease rease SStainstains

KKing ing PPhilip hilip CCame ame OOver ver FFrom rom GGermany ermany SSwimmingwimming

What is a scientific What is a scientific name?name?

Name used to identify an Name used to identify an organismorganism

BinomialBinomial – 2 names– 2 names Example:Example:

Common Common NameName

GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

HumanHuman HomoHomo SapienSapienDogDog CanisCanis FamiliarisFamiliaris

What is Binomial What is Binomial Nomenclature?Nomenclature? Two Name – Naming SystemTwo Name – Naming System Genus and Species NamesGenus and Species Names First letter of each name:First letter of each name: Genus – CapitalizeGenus – Capitalize Species – lower caseSpecies – lower case

What are the Five What are the Five Kingdoms?Kingdoms?

MoneraMonera ProtistsProtists FungiFungi AnimalAnimal PlantPlant

SummarySummary Why do scientists classify things?Why do scientists classify things? How are organisms classified?How are organisms classified? What is a scientific name?What is a scientific name? What is binomial nomenclature?What is binomial nomenclature? What are the 7 levels of classification?What are the 7 levels of classification? What are the 5 Kingdoms?What are the 5 Kingdoms? What is the science of classification?What is the science of classification?

Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

What is a Monera?What is a Monera?

A single-celled organism which A single-celled organism which lacks lacks a Nucleus!a Nucleus!

What are some What are some Monerans?Monerans? Some Examples of monerans are:Some Examples of monerans are:

– Bacteria Bacteria – Blue-green bacteriaBlue-green bacteria

How are Monera How are Monera Named?Named? Monera are named based on their Monera are named based on their

shape. There are three shapesshape. There are three shapes– Round – “cocci”Round – “cocci”– Rod shaped – “bacilli”Rod shaped – “bacilli”– Spiral – “spirilli”Spiral – “spirilli”

How are Monerans How are Monerans helpful?helpful?

Monerans are helpful in many Monerans are helpful in many ways:ways:– Decomposers in the environment.Decomposers in the environment.– Feed on dead organisms and Feed on dead organisms and

wastes.wastes.– Produce foods like yogurt.Produce foods like yogurt.– Help in digestion.Help in digestion.

How are Monerans How are Monerans Harmful?Harmful?

Some monerans can be harmful Some monerans can be harmful by:by:– Causing disease.Causing disease.– Make foods spoil.Make foods spoil.

Protist KingdomProtist Kingdom

What is a Protist?What is a Protist? A protist is a Single-celled A protist is a Single-celled

organism which organism which has a nucleushas a nucleus!! There are 2 groups:There are 2 groups:

– Algae and Algae and – Protozoa.Protozoa.

What are Algae?What are Algae? Algae are Plant-like protistsAlgae are Plant-like protists They can photosynthesize.They can photosynthesize. Some examples of Algae are:Some examples of Algae are:

– Diatoms and Diatoms and – Spyrogyra.Spyrogyra.

What are Protozoa?What are Protozoa? Animal-like protists.Animal-like protists. Protozoa can move and must Protozoa can move and must

injest food to survive.injest food to survive. Some examples of Protozoa are:Some examples of Protozoa are:

– Amoeba Amoeba – Paramecium and Paramecium and – Euglena.Euglena.

How do Protists move?How do Protists move? Protists move using a few Protists move using a few

different techniques:different techniques:– Pseudopods – False feet.Pseudopods – False feet.– Flagella – Long hair, whiplike.Flagella – Long hair, whiplike.– Cilia – Small hairsCilia – Small hairs– Some have No movement and use Some have No movement and use

air and water to get around.air and water to get around.

AmoebaAmoeba

EuglenaEuglena

ParameciumParamecium

Protists can perform Protists can perform all life processes.all life processes.

How do Protists How do Protists Reproduce?Reproduce? Protists reproduce through Protists reproduce through

Mitosis (fission). Mitosis (fission).

How do Protists get How do Protists get energy?energy?

Protists get their energy by doing Protists get their energy by doing respiration in their Mitochondria.respiration in their Mitochondria.

How do Protists get How do Protists get nutrients?nutrients?

Protists get food and water Protists get food and water through transport (passive/active) through transport (passive/active) across the cell membrane.across the cell membrane.

How do Protists How do Protists excrete wastes?excrete wastes?

Wastes are released through the Wastes are released through the cell membrane.cell membrane.

Fungi KingdomFungi Kingdom

What are Fungi?What are Fungi? Single-celled (Yeast) or Single-celled (Yeast) or Multi-celled (mushrooms, mold) Multi-celled (mushrooms, mold)

organisms.organisms. HaveHave Nucleus and cell walls. Nucleus and cell walls. NONO Chloroplasts! Chloroplasts!

What are some What are some examples of Fungi?examples of Fungi?

YeastYeast

Mold Mold

MushroomsMushrooms

How do Fungi Eat?How do Fungi Eat? Fungi release digestive enzymes Fungi release digestive enzymes

into their food source through into their food source through hyphae (hair-like “root” hyphae (hair-like “root” structures) and digested material structures) and digested material is then absorbed.is then absorbed.

How do Fungi How do Fungi Reproduce?Reproduce? Yeast – do budding (Mitosis)Yeast – do budding (Mitosis)

Mushroom and Mold – Produce Mushroom and Mold – Produce spores spores

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

What are Plants?What are Plants? MultiMulti-cellular organisms.-cellular organisms. CanCan Photosynthesize (make their Photosynthesize (make their

own food).own food). HaveHave cell walls. cell walls. Can Can NotNot move. move.

Plants Contain many Plants Contain many specialized specialized

tissues/organs.tissues/organs. What are the Parts?What are the Parts?

– RootsRoots – Anchor the plant, absorb – Anchor the plant, absorb water, store food.water, store food.

– LeavesLeaves – Produce food through – Produce food through Photosynthesis.Photosynthesis.

– StemsStems – support plant. – support plant.– BarkBark – protects stem cells. – protects stem cells.– Vascular tissueVascular tissue – transports food – transports food

and water.and water.

How do Plants How do Plants Reproduce?Reproduce?

AsexuallyAsexually - through vegetative - through vegetative propagation (root and Leaf propagation (root and Leaf cuttings).cuttings).

SexuallySexually – with cones and – with cones and flowers.flowers.

Animal KingdomAnimal Kingdom

What is an animal?What is an animal? MultiMulti-cellular organism.-cellular organism.

CanCan move. move.

Can Can NotNot make own food. make own food.

How are animals How are animals Classified?Classified? Animals are classified into two Animals are classified into two

main groups.main groups.

– Invertebrates and Invertebrates and

– Vertebrates.Vertebrates.

Two Main groups of Two Main groups of Animals.Animals.

Invertebrates – Lacks an internal Invertebrates – Lacks an internal skeleton (skeleton (NoNo Backbone). Backbone).

Vertebrates – Have an internal Vertebrates – Have an internal skeleton (skeleton (HaveHave Backbone). Backbone).– Vertebrates can be either warm or Vertebrates can be either warm or

cold-blooded.cold-blooded.

Vertebrate CatagoriesVertebrate Catagories Cold-bloodedCold-blooded – Use environment – Use environment

to get body heat.to get body heat.– Ex: Snails, bees, jellyfish, worms.Ex: Snails, bees, jellyfish, worms.

Warm-bloodedWarm-blooded – – CanCan produce produce own body heat and maintain own body heat and maintain constant body temperature.constant body temperature.– Ex: Birds, Mammals (Humans).Ex: Birds, Mammals (Humans).

Non-cellular KingdomNon-cellular Kingdom

What is a Virus?What is a Virus?

A Virus is a A Virus is a nonnon-living particle -living particle which contains material for which contains material for reproduction (DNA).reproduction (DNA).

Is it Alive?Is it Alive?

NONO, because they do not perform , because they do not perform all of the life functions.all of the life functions.

What do Viruses do?What do Viruses do? Viruses reproduce themselves Viruses reproduce themselves

with the help of a host cell.with the help of a host cell. The virus duplicates inside the The virus duplicates inside the

host cell.host cell. The host cell then bursts and The host cell then bursts and

dies.dies.

How do Viruses cause How do Viruses cause disease?disease?

Disease comes from the infected Disease comes from the infected and dead cells.and dead cells.

Viruses are considered Viruses are considered ParasitesParasites because they damage host cells.because they damage host cells.

Virus ReproducingVirus Reproducing

How do Viruses look?How do Viruses look?