Introduction to biopesticides - AHDB Horticulture Gwynn.pdfBiopesticides Micro- orgs Semio- chems...
Transcript of Introduction to biopesticides - AHDB Horticulture Gwynn.pdfBiopesticides Micro- orgs Semio- chems...
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Macro- organisms
Biopesticides
Micro- orgs
Semio- chems
Botanicals
Agro- ecosystem
Crop botany
Monitoring
Fungi
Virus
Phero mones
Synthetic Chemical pesticides
Bact.
Nema todes Insect
IPM – sustainable crop protection
IPM
IPM
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0
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1.5
2
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2007 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
$ b
illion
Year
Biopesticide markets
• Market annual growth: biopesticides 15%, conventional chemical pesticides 3%
• Global market = $1.3 billion in 2011. To reach $3.2 billion by 2017
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Figures in bracket = pending
Biopesticides – EU active substances
Insect Fungi Weeds Nematodes Other
Micro-organism Bt 9 - - - -
Micro-organism non-Bt 11 (2) 24 (9) - 2 -
Botanical 5 (2) 7 1 1 7
Semio-chemical 28 (2) - - - -
Other 8 1 1 0 0
Total 61 (6) 32 (9) 2 3 7
Updated October 2014*
106 (15) = 121 * Definition of biopesticide not fixed so approximate numbers only
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What are biological control agents or biopesticides ?
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• Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna
• No fixed global or EU definition
Macroorganisms – natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products
Biological control agents - biopesticides
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Nematodes
Parasitoids
Predators
Macrobial/Invertebrate Control Agents
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Registration exempted ‘biopesticide’ products in the UK
Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s)
Steinernema feltiae Nemasys Entompathogenic nematode
Sciarids, leafminer, WFT
Steinernema kraussei Nemasys L Entompathogenic nematode
Vine weevil
Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode
Vine weevil
Heterorhabditis megidis Lavanem Entompathogenic nematode
Vine weevil
Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode
Grubs
Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode
Codling moth
Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode
Hylobius sp., Lepidoptera
Steinernema carpocapsae Capsanem Entompathogenic nematode
Lepidoptera
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Nemaslug slug parasitic nematode
Slugs
Trichoderma harzianum strain T22
Trianum Micro-organism Soil diseases
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Registration-exempt biopesticide products
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• Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna
• No fixed global or EU definition
Macroorganisms – natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products
Biological control agents - biopesticides
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Semio-chemicals • Pheromones are semiochemicals that modify the behaviour of other individuals of the same species • Semio-chemicals “… chemicals emitted by plants, animals, and other organisms - and synthetic analogues of such substances - that evoke a behavioural or physiological response in individuals of the same or other species”
Semio-chemicals
Delta Trap in Olive Tree
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SCLP’s • Straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones (SCLPs) … unbranched
aliphatics having a chain of 9-18 carbons, containing < 3 double bonds, ending in an alcohol, acetate or aldehyde functional group. This structural definition encompasses the majority of known pheromones produced by insects in the order Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and moths.
Semio-chemicals
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Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species, thereby disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae.
The Principle of Mating Disruption
Semio-chemicals
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Matrix Systems for Controlled Release
Frustrate PBW
• Control of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton
• 250 devices/ha applied once
• Lasts 3-4 months
Selibate CS
• Control of Chilo suppressalis in rice
• 40-100 devices/ha applied once
• Lasts 3-4 months
Semio-chemicals
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Reservoir Systems for Controlled Release of Pheromones – timed released formulations
Semio-chemicals
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Other Control Strategies using Semiochemicals
• Lure and Kill
• Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide and not the insecticide to the insect
• Key again is to attract females
• Mass Trapping
• Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can
• Key is to attract and trap females
• Kairomones becoming increasingly important
Both techniques can be integrated with other techniques for IPM
Semio-chemicals
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Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s)
8,10-dodecandien-1-01
Exosex CM Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly
Semio-chemicals – UK
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• Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna
• No fixed global or EU definition
Macroorganisms – natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products
Biological control agents - biopesticides
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What are plant derived pesticides or botanicals ?
Thyme
Tagetes sp.
Clove
Spearmint
Garlic
Orange Cymbopogon sp.
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From the EU Botanical Guidance document (rev. 8) A 'botanical' active substance: obtained by subjecting plants or parts of plants to a process such as pressing, milling, crushing, distillation and/or extractions. The process may include further concentration, purification and/or blending, provided that the chemical nature of the components is not intentionally modified/altered by chemical and/or microbial processes. The plants are live or dried plants or parts of plants, including fruits and seeds but excluding genetically modified plants.
What are botanicals?
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Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s)
Maltodextrin Eradicoat Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly
Maltodextrin Majestik Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly
Fatty Acids Savona Fatty Acids Whitefly, thrips, mite, aphids
Laminarin Vacciplant Plant extract Cereal diseases
Citronella oil Barrier H Plant extract Herbicide
Garlic concentrate Eagle Green Care Plant extract Free living nematodes
Botanicals etc. – UK
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• Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna
• No fixed global or EU definition
Macroorganisms – natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products
Biological control agents - biopesticides
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Micro-organism biopesticides
Beauveria bassiana
Bacillus thuringiensis
Metarhizium anisopliae
Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma asperellum
Bacillus subtilis
Ampelomyces quisqualis
Coniothyrium minitans
Cydia pomonella granulosis virus
Clonostachys rosea
Bacillus firmus
Fusarium oxysporum
Lecanicillium lecanii
Isaria fumosoroseus
Pasteuria penetrans
Gliocladium catenulatum
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Microbial biofungicides – MoA
Trichoderma spp.
Bacillus subtilis
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Microbial bioinsecticides – MoA
Entomopathogenic fungi
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Baculoviruses – MoA
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Microbial Biopesticide production
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Microbial Biopesticide production
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Micro-organism bioinsecticides/nematicides – UK
Active Substance Product Name Target(s)
Adoxophyes orana gv Capex Summer fruit tortrix
Bacillus firmis strain I-1582 Flocter Free-living nematodes
Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp.
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis strain AM65-52
Vectobac 12AS Chironomid larvae
Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain ABST351
DiPel DF Lepidoptera pests
Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain EG2348
Lepinox Plus Lepidoptera pests
Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC74040 Naturalis-L Whitefly, thrips, spidermite
Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Carpovirusine Codling moth
Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Cyd-X and Cyd-X Extra
Codling moth
Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale
Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 Met 52 Granular Black vine weevil
* Not yet marketed in UK
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Micro-organism biofungicides etc. – UK
Active Substance Product Name Target(s)
Ampelomyces quisqualis strain M10 AQ10 Powdery mildew
Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp.
Candida oleophila strain O Nexy1 Post harvest diseases
Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08 Contans WG Sclerotinia spp.
Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 (new species name Clonostachys rosea)
Prestop Botrytis, soft rots
Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale
Peniophora gigantea PG Suspension PGR
Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 Mycostop* Soft rots
Trichoderma atroviridae strain T34 T34 Fusarium sp. on dianthus
* Not yet marketed in UK
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• Production of alarm compounds to attract predators and parasites of pest herbivores – phytohormone stimulation
• Stimulation of new biosynthesis of phytochemicals – terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty-acid derived green leaf volatiles
• Stimulation of plant defense mechanisms – jasmonic acid and salicylic acid.
• Potentially improve ability of plant to withstand environmental stresses. Induction in roots, shoots and leaves – treatment of seeds, soil and foliar
Biopesticides – plant interactions
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Microbial Biopesticide application
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Biopesticides – benefits to farmers and growers
• Efficacy – killing target pest
• Efficacy - yield and quality improvement
• Host specificity
• Use in IPM programmes
• Useful for resistance management
• Useful for residue management
• Growers - crop management
• Worker safety
• Favourable environmental footprint • Use in organic production
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Exercise
Impact of interactions with
chemical pesticides?
What effects expected?
What are the disdvantages ?
How to get the best results ?
What is efficacy? What are the advantages?
Do biopesticides work?
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Biopesticides – efficacy
0
10
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Con
tans
WG
CyD
-X
DiP
el D
F
Exo
sex CM
Majes
tik
Myc
otal
Nat
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Ser
enad
e ASO
% e
ffic
acy
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Damage
threshold
Biological control agents – programme use
0.00
10.00
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Popula
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Time
Biopesticide 2 Biopesticide 1
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Biopesticides – important characteristics
• Product – quality – improved formulations
• Effectiveness:
mostly 40-70% 80-90%
• CONSISTENCY & LIMITATIONS
• Environmental robustness
• How it should be used – relative to target
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Good practice to get good efficacy • Timing of application relative to the pest or disease
• Frequency of application
• What effect is needed
• IPM programme
• Consider application water volumes • Consider techniques and equipment
Biopesticides – efficacy
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Plant Protection Product Registration EU timelines
1107/2009 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
A.S. Dossier Submission
Completeness check
Rapporteur evaluation
DAR completed
EFSA comment on DAR
EFSA peer review
Standing committee vote
Positive List (Annex I)
Application - zonal product
Zonal evaluation
Country evaluation
Product approval
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Biopesticide – Cost of development
Activity $ Millions
Research and Development 3 - 5
Formulation 1 - 2
Development 2-3 (USA)
20 - 30 (ROW)
Registration 1 (USA)
3 - 10 (ROW)
Product launch 0.1 - 20
(over > 50 global)
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Registered
Biopesticides (microorganism, semiochemicals,
botanicals)
Biorational substances (acetic acid, gibberelins, ferrous
sulphate, fatty acids)
Out of scope for registration
Plant strengtheners/growth promoters/stimulants
Root symbionts
Registration Exempt
Entomopathogenic nematodes
Physically acting agents
Biopesticides -biorationals – grey products
Grey Products
Passing-off of ‘similar’ microbial agents
Claiming ‘plant strengthener or
biostimulant’ but for crop protection use