Intro to Atoms Notes 4-1. What’s an atom? Smallest particle of an element.
Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush
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Transcript of Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush
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Intro to Particle and Nuclear
Physics and the Long Island Gold
Rush
Steven ManlyUniv. of Rochester
REU seminarJune 1, 2005
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Inquiring minds want to know ...Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?Yo! What holds it together?
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Fermi National Accelerator Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)Laboratory (near Chicago)
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CDFCDF MinosMinos
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Stanford Linear Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterAccelerator Center
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Event display from the SLD Event display from the SLD experiment at SLACexperiment at SLAC
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What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
How do they interact?
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Force Source Range StrengthGravitation mass infinite 10-39
Electromagnetism Electriccharge
infinite 10-2
Strong nuclear Colorcharge
10-15 m 1
Weak nuclear Weakcharge
10-18 m 10-5
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quarks leptonsGauge bosons
u c t
d s b
e
e
W, Z, g, Gg
Hadrons
Baryons qqq qq mesons
p = uud
n = udd
K = us or us
= ud or ud
Strong interaction
nuclei
e
atomsElectromagnetic
interaction
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Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101
Lesson 1:Lesson 1:
Size actually does matter.Size actually does matter.
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Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem
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Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem
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Problem!
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
Cannot have perfect
knowledge of both the position
and velocity
Heisenberg
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Dear Steve,
Party
relatively hard!
-Al
The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particlesThe fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles
Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
e-
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Much ado about NOTHING:Much ado about NOTHING:
Nothing is somethingNothing is something
Nothing has energy Nothing has energy
Nothing interacts with somethingNothing interacts with something
-R. Kolb
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The essence of mass at the quantum levelThe essence of mass at the quantum level(quantum field theory)(quantum field theory)
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-MSSL astrophysics group
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BANG!
TIME
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Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles
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At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form
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At 3 minutes, light nuclei form
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At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely
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t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again
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Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe
Another form of time travel !
What were forces like at those temperatures?
What types of particles existed?
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Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD
Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge
q q
distance
energy density, temperature
rela
tive
stre
ngth
asymptotic freedom
qq qq
confinement
q qqq
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Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory
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The view from above
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STAR
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Au-Au collision in the STAR detector
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The PHOBOS Detector (2001)
Ring Counters
Time of Flight
Spectrometer
• 4 Multiplicity Array
- Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters• Mid-rapidity Spectrometer• TOF wall for high-momentum PID• Triggering
- Scintillator Paddles Counters- Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC)
Vertex
Octagon
ZDC
z
yx
Paddle Trigger Counter
Cerenkov
1m
137000 silicon pad readout channels
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Central Part of the Detector
(not to scale)
0.5m
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Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector
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Collision region is football shaped
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Elliptic flow12
63
9
12 3 6 9 12
Num
ber
of p
arti
cles
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(reaction plane)
Flow quantifiedFlow quantified
dN/d(R ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (R) + 2V2cos (2(R) + ... )
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b (reaction plane)
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Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
(PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal)
Hydrodynamic limit
STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402
PHOBOS preliminary
Hydrodynamic limit
STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402
PHOBOS preliminary
Thanks to M. Kaneta
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Flow vs Pt and Hydro describes low pt
vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high-
T. Hirano
(consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)
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Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links
http://pdg.lbl.gov
http://particleadventure.org
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html
http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html
http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/
http://www.fnal.gov/
http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html
http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm