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Intro to Genetics. Human Traits How do we get our traits? Why are we tall, short, blonde? What...
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Transcript of Intro to Genetics. Human Traits How do we get our traits? Why are we tall, short, blonde? What...
Intro to Genetics
Human Traits How do we get our traits? Why are we tall, short,
blonde? What makes us us?
Genetics Every living thing – plant or animal, microbe or
human being – has a set of characteristics inherited from its parent or parents.
Since the beginning of recorded history, people have wanted to understand how inheritance is passed from generation to generation
What is Genetics? Genetics- the branch of biology that studies
heredity Heredity- the passing on of traits from parents to
offspring Traits- Characteristics that are inherited
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, made
important discoveries about inherited traits Mendel was born in 1822 in what is now the Czech
republic He studied to be a priest and spent several years
studying science and math
Mendel Mendel spent the 14 years of
his life working in the local monastery and teaching high school
While there, Mendel was in charge of gardening and spent most of his time tending to and studying the plants around him
Observations Mendel observed seven traits that
are easily recognized and only occur in two forms
Flower color: purple or white Flower position: axil or terminal Seed color: yellow or green Seed shape: round or wrinkled Pod shape: inflated or constricted Pod color: yellow or green Stem length: long or short
Why these traits? Were these genetic or environmental factors?
Experiments Mendel performed experiments with pea plants by
forcing plants with different traits to pollinate each other
The experiments are called genetic crosses
Offspring Mendel noticed that many times the second
generation plants showed different traits from the parents
Pea Plants Pea plants reproduce sexually, meaning they have
both male and female sex cells
Gamete cell= sex cell. half of the chromosomes
Somatic cell= the rest of the cells in your body. full set of chromosomes
Offspring Phenotype= the physical characteristics of an
organism. Ex. Blue eyes or brown eyes. Genotype= the gene combination of an organism
that determines its phenotype.
Alleles Alleles= the gene form for each variation of a
trait. (Written as capital or lower case letter ex. B or b )
Dominant= the observable trait that masks a recessive form of a trait. (Written as a capital letter)
Recessive= a hidden trait that is masked by a dominant trait but carried in the genes (Written as a lower case letter)
Alleles Homozygous= when the two alleles for a trait are
the same. Ex. BB or bb
Heterozygous= when the two alleles for a trait are not the same. Ex. Bb
Chromosome – gene – allele - trait