International Migration Between ASEAN

Australiaby

Graeme HugoARC Australian Professorial Fellow

Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide

Presentation to International Population Conference on Migration, Urbanisation and Development, Faculty of Economics and

Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 

8 July 2013

 

Outline of Presentation

• Introduction• Global Context – Migration and

Development• International Migration and ASEAN• Permanent Migration to Australia• Temporary Migration• Characteristics of Migrants• Return Migration• Policy Issues• Conclusion

Global Context

• Increase in Personal Mobility• Increased Diversity of Movement• Major Developments in Migration Thinking and

Policy

- Migration and Development

- The Role of Diaspora

- Migration and Environment

- Transnationalism Vs Permanent Settlement

- Regional Co-operation

‘Population dynamics and the restructuring of economies have contributed to increasing awareness among policy makers about the key role that international migrants play in satisfying labour demand in particular sectors and in maintaining the international networks necessary for the operation of the global economy … international migration is an integral part of the development process and the functioning of modern economies’.

UN Secretary General 2010, 3

Migration and Development

‘… populations of migrant origin who are scattered among two or more destinations, between which there develop multifarious links involving flows and exchanges of people and resources: between the homeland and destination countries, and among destination countries’.

Van Hear, Pieke and Vertovec (2004, 3)

Transnationalism

Key Developments

• UN High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development October 2013

• Post 2015 UN Development Agenda

• Global Forum on Migration and Development

Global International Migration, 1980-2013Source: United Nations, 2011 and 2013

Year Number of Migrants

% of Total Population

1980 99,300,000 2.2 1990 155,518,065 2.9 1995 165,968,778 2.9 2000 178,498,563 2.9 2005 195,245,404 3.0 2010 213,943,812 3.1 2013 232,000,000 3.2

The number of international migrants: absolute change and percentage change between 2000 and 2013, by region

Source: United Nations 2013

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Mill

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-20

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20

40

60

80

100

120

140Absolute change % change

World International Migrant Stock in Destination Countries in Thousands, 2010

Source: United Nations, 2011

Migrant Stocks by Country of Origin, 2010Source: World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix

International Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 2010 (millions and percentages)

Source: United Nations, 2012, p. 1

Key International Migration Trends in ASEAN

• Increased scale and diversity

• Increased intra-ASEAN migration

• Migration to OECD countries

• Temporary Labour Migration

• Temporary Skilled Migration

• Marriage Migration

• Student Migration

• Forced Migration

Migrants from ASEAN by Country of Destination, 2010

Source: World Bank Bilateral Estimates of Migrant Stocks in 2010

Largest ASEAN Migrant Stocks 2010Source: World Bank

United States 3,670,575 Saudi Arabia 861,774 Australia 699,623 Canada 653,103 Japan 332,501 United Kingdom 305,165 Germany 257,903 France 248,718 Netherlands 187,648 Italy 147,091 Qatar 125,324 UAR 120,801 Jordan 120,534 Korea 117,145

Intra ASEAN Migration Stocks 2010Source: World Bank

Malaysia 1,882,987 Singapore 1,162,960 Thailand 448,218 Cambodia 320,573 Brunei Darussalam 120,578 Philippines 11,234 Lao PDR 10,134

ASEAN: Emigration Rates Around 2000Source: Dumont, Spielvogel and Widmaier 2010

ASEAN Country% Migrants Tertiary

Educated

% of Tertiary Educated Living

Outside

Brunei Darussalam 32.5 19.7

Cambodia 15.5 43.7

Indonesia 14.1 2.4

Laos 13.7 10.8

Malaysia 30.4 9.3

Myanmar 15.2 1.9

Philippines 44.3 15

Singapore 37.4 4.7

Thailand 26.3 3.5

Vietnam 23.0 18.4

Southeast Asia: Remittance Inflows, US$ Million, 2000-12

Source: World Bank

2000 2012

% Change

p.a. % of GDPCambodia 121 257 6.5 1.9Indonesia 1190 7207 16.2 0.8Lao PDR 1 117 48.7 1.3Malaysia 342 1272 11.6 0.4Myanmar 102 566 15.4 -Philippines 6961 24453 11.0 10.3Thailand 1697 4124 7.7 1.2Vietnam 1340 1000 18.2 6.9

Australia: Distribution of Birthplace of Overseas-Born, 2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

Distribution of Birthplace of Settlers to Australia, 1970

Source: DIMIA 1972 Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics

Australia: Birthplace Country of Settler Arrivals, 2010-11

Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: ASEAN-born Population, 1911 to 2011Source: Australian Censuses

Australia: Growth of the Population by ASEAN Birthplace Country, 2006 to 2011

Source: ABS 2006 and 2011 Censuses

ASEAN Country 2006 2011% Growth Per

Annum

Myanmar 12,378 21,760 11.94Cambodia 24,528 28,328 2.92Laos 9,375 9,932 1.16Thailand 30,554 45,464 8.27Viet Nam 159,850 185,036 2.97Brunei Darussalam 2,392 2,626 1.88Indonesia 50,974 63,159 4.38Malaysia 92,335 116,195 4.70Philippines 120,540 171,233 7.27Singapore 39,972 48,647 4.01East Timor 9,317 9,226 -0.20

• permanent movement – persons migrating to Australia and residents departing permanently;

• long term movement – temporary visa holders arriving and residents departing temporarily with the intention to stay in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more, and the departure of temporary visa holders and the return of residents who had stayed in Australia or abroad for twelve months or more;

• short term movement – travellers whose intended or actual stay in Australia or abroad is less than twelve months.

Australia: ASEAN Countries Birthplace by Visa Category, 2003-04 to 2011-12

Source: DIAC unpublished data

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

Number

Year

FAMILY MIGRATION SKILL MIGRATION

HUMANITARIAN NON-PROGRAM MIGRATION

Australia: Eligibility Category of Permanent Additions born in ASEAN and Other Regions, 2002 to 2011

Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues

% of Total ASEAN

Number % Number %

Family 94476 39.6 347593 24.3 21.4

Skill 119791 50.2 725962 50.8 14.2

Special Eligibility 685 0.3 4029 0.3 14.5

Humanitarian 13368 5.6 111517 7.8 10.7

NZ Citizen 5323 2.2 230764 16.2 2.3

Other 1688 0.7 11438 0.8 12.9

Total 238654 100.0 1428012 100.0 14.3

ASEAN Other Origins

Australia: Permanent Additions of ASEAN-Born, 2001-02 to 2010-11

Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues

Onshore Offshore Total

Percent

Onshore

2001-02 5204 14462 19668 26.5

2002-03 5761 15276 21037 27.4

2003-04 6082 16799 22881 26.6

2004-05 6817 16868 23685 28.8

2005-06 6382 18078 24460 26.1

2006-07 6723 19469 26192 25.7

2007-08 6896 21164 28050 24.6

2008-09 9263 21008 30271 30.6

2009-10 10075 20581 30656 32.9

2010-11 13496 17938 31434 42.9

Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by Ancestry, 2011

Source: ABS 2011 Census

Ancestry (Multiple Response)

Country of Birth Chinese Indian Other Total Indonesia 28222 207 34730 63159 Malaysia 79714 7502 28980 116196 Philippines 6160 137 164936 171233 Singapore 27739 4766 16142 48647 Thailand 4171 170 41123 45464 Brunei Darussalam 1650 104 871 2625 Burma (Myanmar) 2180 476 19104 21760 Cambodia 10445 4 17880 28329 Laos 1628 6 8298 9932 Vietnam 42166 92 142781 185039 ASEAN 204076 13459 474847 692382

PERCENT

Indonesia 44.7 0.3 55.0 100.0 Malaysia 68.6 6.5 24.9 100.0 Philippines 3.6 0.1 96.3 100.0 Singapore 57.0 9.8 33.2 100.0 Thailand 9.2 0.4 90.5 100.0 Brunei Darussalam 62.9 4.0 33.2 100.0 Burma (Myanmar) 10.0 2.2 87.8 100.0 Cambodia 36.9 0.0 63.1 100.0 Laos 16.4 0.1 83.5 100.0 Vietnam 22.8 0.0 77.2 100.0 ASEAN 29.5 1.9 68.6 100.0

Australia: ASEAN Birthplace Countries by Top 5 Ancestry Groups, 2011

Source: ABS 2011 Census

Birthplace Top 5 Ancestry Groups Indonesia Indonesian Chinese Dutch Australian English Malaysia Chinese Malay Indian English Australian Philippines Filipino Spanish Chinese English Australian Singapore Chinese Indian English Singaporean Australian Thailand Thai Chinese Karen Khmer English Brunei Darussalam Chinese English Malay Bruneian Australian Burma (Myanmar) Burmese Karen Chinese English Chin Cambodia Khmer Chinese Vietnamese English Australian Laos Lao Chinese Hmong Vietnamese English Vietnam Vietnamese Chinese English Australian Khmer Total ASEAN Chinese Filipino Vietnamese Thai Indonesian

Percent with Post School Education (Population 15+)

Australia-born 45.7ASEAN-born 50.1Indonesia-born 60.3Malaysia-born 66.0Cambodia-born 22.2Vietnam-born 31.4Philippines-born 61.0Singapore-born 62.2

Australia: Level of Post School Qualification of Total Australia- and ASEAN-Born Population,

2011Source: ABS 2011 Census

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Degree and Higher Advanced Diploma andDiploma Level

Certificate Level No Post School Education

Percent

Level of Post School Education

ASEAN

Australia-born

Labour Force: ASEAN Countries and Australia-born, 2011

Source: ABS 2011 Census

Country of Birth %

Unemployed Participation

Rate Australia 5.3 67.2 Indonesia 8.6 64.9 Malaysia 6.8 67.5 Philippines 5.3 74.8 Singapore 7.1 64.0 Thailand 8.0 66.4 Brunei Darussalam 6.7 66.4 Burma (Myanmar) 9.2 52.5 Cambodia 9.3 59.0 Laos 8.1 63.1 Vietnam 9.9 61.0 ASEAN 7.6 66.0

Occupation – Percent Managers and Professionals

Australia-born 33.9ASEAN-born 33.7Indonesia-born 35.1Vietnam-born 27.0Malaysia-born 56.1Singapore-born 52.5

Australia: Median Weekly Income of Australia- and ASEAN-born, 2011

Source: ABS 2011 Census

Country of Birth Median

Income ($) Australia 597.6 Indonesia 505.5 Malaysia 703.6 Philippines 673.7 Singapore 603.7 Thailand 390.4 Brunei Darussalam 702.6 Burma (Myanmar) 374.4 Cambodia 383.3 Laos 503.7 Vietnam 391.1 ASEAN 528.5

Australia: Age-Sex Distribution of ASEAN Countries Birthplace, 2011

Source: ABS 2011 Census

50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

Number

Age

Males Females

ASEAN: Stock of Temporary Residents in Australia (Minus Students)

Source: DIAC Immigration Update, various issues; Khoo et al., 2009

Year (at 30 June) Visitors

Present

Temporary

Residents

Present Minus

Students

457s

2011 27,054 21,934 17,551

2010 28,094 25,304 20,022

2009 31,456 25,717 23,006

2008 31,645 22,363 19,684

2007 28,192 15,863 13,292

2006 24,815 10,345 7,767

2005 26,076 7,542 4,779

2004 25,653 7,272

2003 27,615 6,799

2002 26,069 6,289

2001 26,123 6,145

2000 27,616 6,290 4,189

1999 28,539 6,166 3,382

1998 2,132

Australia: Long Term Arrivals from ASEAN, 1991-92 to 2011-12

Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Overseas Students from ASEAN, 1987-2012

Source: DEST Overseas Student Statistics, various issues and Australian Education International

Development Impacts

• Diaspora Relationships

• Return Migration

• Remittances

A Model of the Australia/ASEAN Migration System

Australia: Departures to Malaysia, Former Settlers, 1962-63 to 1986-87 and Total Departures to Malaysia by Birthplace,

1987-88 to 2011-12Source: DIMIA Australian Immigration: Consolidated Statistics, various issues; DIAC Emigration and Immigration Update; DIAC

unpublished data

Australia: ASEAN Country of Origin, Permanent Arrivals and Permanent Departures (Overseas and

Australia-born), 1994-95 to 2005-06Source: DIAC Unpublished data

Country of Origin Settler Arrivals

Permanent Departures Overseas born

Permanent Departures Australia born

Permanent Departures

Permanent departures as percent of Settler Arrivals

South East Asia Mainland Burma (Myanmar) 2,027 43 66 109 5.4

Cambodia 5,493 346 219 565 10.3 Laos 478 145 120 265 55.4 Thailand 15,075 3,193 3,341 6,534 43.3 Viet Nam 26,946 4,627 1,554 6,181 22.9 Maritime SE Asia

Brunei 1,378 499 981 1,480 107.4 East Timor 92 80 88 168 182.6 Indonesia 28,686 5,573 4,447 10,020 34.9 Malaysia 29,214 3,085 3,187 6,272 21.5 Philippines 38,639 1,816 1,233 3,049 7.9 Singapore 43,394 9,114 13,547 22,661 52.2 South East Asia 191,422 28,521 28,783 57,304 29.9

Migration to Third Countries

• Only one third of Malaysia-born leaving Australia return to Malaysia

• Main destinations Singapore (19%), Hong Kong (10.4%), UK, New Zealand, USA and China

Australia: Age-Sex Composition of Permanent Departures To ASEAN, 1993-94 to 2011-12

Source: DIAC unpublished data

12000 8000 4000 0 4000 8000 12000

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65+

Number

Age

Males Females

Australia: Number of Malaysia-Born Individual Persons Travelling Into and Out of Australia

Temporarily According to Their Resident Status, 1998‑2006

Source: DIAC, unpublished data

Malaysia-Born Persons’ Resident StatusNumber Travelling

Into Australia Out of Australia

New Settlers 1998-200618,116 1,322

Visitors 1998-2006162,184 146,187

Australian Residents Who Settled Prior to 199883,136 83,946

Australia: Number of Temporary Moves Into and Out of Australia Made by Malaysia-Born Persons According

to Their Resident Status, 1998-2006Source: DIAC, unpublished data

Resident Status

Percent of Individuals

Total 1-4 moves 5-9 moves

10+

moves Total

New settlers 1998-2006 44 29 27 100 18,116

Visitors 1998-2006 20 32 48 100 162,184

Australian residents who settled before

1998 8 25 66 100 83,136

Australian residents settling before 1998

and who have permanently left

Australia between 1998-2006

18 32 50 100 1,322

Australia: ASEAN-born Short Term Arrivals and Departures, 1993-94 to 2011-12

Source: DIAC, unpublished data

Australia: ASEAN Countries, Reasons for Short Term Arrivals and Resident Departures, 2011-12

Source: DIAC unpublished data

Percent

Reason Travel

Short Term

Visitor

Short Term

Resident

Short Term

Visitor

Short Term

Resident Other 36718 12199 4.8 2.3Exhibition 2007 552 0.3 0.1Convention / Conference 22476 8980 2.9 1.7Business 65794 36802 8.6 6.9Visiting friends/relatives 158765 230642 20.8 42.9Holiday 360056 215210 47.2 40.1Employment 33173 10273 4.4 1.9Education 68445 2855 9.0 0.5Not stated 14764 19715 1.9 3.7Total 762197 537228 100.0 100.0

Key Questions

• Can the outflow be reduced?

• Can the rate of return of diaspora be lifted?

• Can the diaspora be more effectively engaged?

Return Migration Policy

• Permanent, temporary and virtual

• Targeting key individuals

• Focus on young families

• Attached to foreign spouses

Diaspora Strategies Other than Return• Following the Chinese and Indian models of encouraging the

diaspora to invest in development related activity either as individuals or in the roles they have in foreign based companies. A range of incentives can be used.

• Development of ‘knowledge networks’ with counterparts in business and research positions in foreign nations to encourage knowledge transfer and regular interaction with counterparts living in home country.

• Develop a program for encouraging key skilled Asian diaspora overseas to hold joint positions which involve visits and working with counterparts in ASEAN. This would involve the introduction of dual citizenship.

• Using ASEAN connections overseas as bridgeheads for ASEAN exports and trade.

• Diaspora tourism• Diaspora philanthropy• Leveraging of remittances

Conclusion

• Limited knowledge of ASEAN international migration

• Need to investigate existing secondary sources

• Policy issues

• Capacity issues