International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering (Vol 2 Issue 2)

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Polymer Science & Engineering

The International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering publishes an original research article that

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Focus and Scope of the Journal Biopolymer

Conjugated microporous polymer

Biopolymer

Conjugated microporous polymer

Polyanhydrides

Polymer adsorption

Polymer separators

Polymerization

Polymersome

Plastics engineering

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Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Alexander RussellMechanical Process Engineering,

University of Magdeburg, Germany.

Dr. Animes K GolderDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.

Dr. Asif MahmoodDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University

of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.

Dr. Bharat ModheraDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

India.

Prof. C. M. NarayananDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.

Dr. Chandi Charan MalakarDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of

Technology, Imphal, India.

Prof. Chang-Yu Sun,China University of Petroleum, Beijing,

China.

Dr. Dharam Pal,Department of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of

Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. M. Jhansi L. KishoreDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.

Dr. Mohamed Abashar,Department of Chemical Engineering,

College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao KanidarapuBapatla Engineering College (Autonomous),

Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus,Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.

Dr. P. A. PawarDepartment of Chemical Technology,

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India.

Prof. Radha DasDepartment of Chemical Engineering,West Bengal University of Technology,

India.

Dr. Rajendrasinh JadejaDepartment of Chemistry,

The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.

Saeed SoltanaliResearch Institute of Petroleum Industry

(RIPI), Iran.

Saeed SoltanaliResearch Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI),

Iran.

Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat,Pravara Rural Engineering College,

Maharashtra, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Shi-Peng Sun,National University of Singapore,

Singapore.

Dr. Shivkumar RanganathanR & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems

Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri,Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis,Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,

Calcutta, India.

Dr. Srinivasan Anandan,Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder

Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Stoyan Novakov NedeltchevHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany.

Dr. Suryya K RanaDungarpur College of Engineering &

Technology, India.

Dr. Suyogkumar V. TaralkarChemical Engineering Department,

MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India.

Dr. T. K. RadhakrishnanDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.

Dr. V. Venkata Basava RaoFaculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for

Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator, University College of Technology (A),Osmania University Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Vangalapati Meena,Department of Chemical Engineering,

A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh,

India.

Prof. Velluru SrideviDepartment of Chemical Engineering,A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra

University, India.

Dr. Vijaya Kumar BulasaraDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Thapar University, Patiala, India.

Dr. Vipan Kumar SohpalDepartment of Chemical Engineering &

Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India.

Dr Wenming Yang,National University of Singapore,

Singapore.

Dr. Zhi ShangLouisiana State University, United States.

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering. This journal is part of

the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Polymer Engineering issues,

from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Polymer Science &

Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Polymer Engineering

community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering in JournalsPub is to propagate

novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional

research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Polymer Science & Engineering in

general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently,

well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the

realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction

engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial

science, Molecular dynamics & Chemical kinetics, and many more.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Polymer Science &

Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an

innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new

developments in the field of Polymer Engineering.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial

staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Polymer Engineering readers

and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Polymer Science & Engineering.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12) Hitkam Pandya, Jinkal Mistry, Lokesh Jain, Kathan Patel, Sandeep Rai 1

2. Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior Mahaveer Jain 13

3. Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung OilRishabh Singh Kuperkar 18

4. Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab TreeJohn Jacob 24

5. Plastics Product Design and AnalysisMujahid A. Ansari, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde 31

Contents

IJPSE (2016) 1-12 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide

6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12)

Hitkam Pandya1, Jinkal Mistry

1, Lokesh Jain

2, Kathan Patel

3, Sandeep Rai

1,3*

1GRP Limited, Panoli Industrial Estate, GIDC, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

2Narmada Valley Rubber Pvt Ltd, GIDC, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

3Shorff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

Polyamide 6 or nylon 6(PA 6) and polyamide 12 or Nylon 12 (PA 12) are well known

engineering semi-crystalline polar polymers characterized by the presence of amide linkage

(-CONH-) in the repeating units of their chains. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA

6 and PA 12 is ~50 and ~37°C, respectively. PA 6 is widely used for gears and bearings,

fittings in automobile industry for under hood parts and also as a material for power tools

housings. PA 12 is mainly used for special applications in automobile industry like, to

prepare fuel tank and oil-gasoline resistant pipes/tubes. When any polymer is used for a long

period of time, it becomes aged. Heat aging process affects not only the material property

but also decide the service life of polymer. Therefore study of heat aging properties of

polymers is a fundamental topic both from academic and industrial view-point. In the present

study, Injection molded specimens of PA 6 and PA 12 were heat-aged in an oven at a

temperature ranging from below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA and above the Tg

for a specific period ranging. The heat aging effects on PA 6 and PA 12 in terms of

mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (E), tensile yield strength (σy), elongation at

break (εb) and Izod impact strength were investigated under various conditions. Extensive

literature survey revealed that, no such systematic aging studies for Nylon 6 and Nylon 12

are reported so far.

Keywords: polyamide, heat ageing effect, mechanical properties, morphology

INTRODUCTION

Now a day’s polyamides are useful in

different types of applications like

Electric and Electronics applications,

under hood parts of automobiles, to

make safety air bags to make ropes which

are used by rock and ice climbers, brush

filaments, wire coating, coil forms, and

gears, etc.

As Polyamides have tough, possessing

high tensile strength, elasticity, luster and

also have good chemical resistance, so if

we want to apply such applications

according to its properties, then we need

to study how polyamides behave after a

long age in atmosphere. Polyamides have

high heat distortion temperature (HDT)

and good mechanical properties, such as

tensile strength and tensile modulus.

Polyamide can also be used in high

temperature environments. However,

when polyamides is exposed to a high

temperature for a prolonged period, such

as, in case with objects that serve in

automotive under-the-hood applications

and in electric and electronic applications,

the polymer generally starts to show


International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering

eISSN: 2455-8745

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior

Mahaveer Jain* Department of Chemistry, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad, U.P., India

ABSTRACT

In this paper mechanical parameters of polypropylene (PP) to a limit of 15 wt% of copolymer

are investigated. The PP/SEBS blend with 15 wt% of copolymer is then changed to 14, 16, 31

and 55 wt% of sal wood. The tensile properties like modulus, strength, and impact strength

are observed. The effect of salt spray on these properties is also the part of study. The results

were found to be very mesmerizing.

Keywords: polypropylene, sal wood, salt spray, SEBS, wood flour

INTRODUCTION

Due to a growing environmental

awareness throughout the world by the

environmentalists, it has triggered a

paradigm shift towards selecting materials

compatible with the environment. Owing

to their excellent mechanical properties,

composite materials have been widely

used throughout the last four decades. The

use of natural fibers, as reinforcing fibers

in both thermoplastics and thermosets

matrix composites provides positive

environmental benefits with respect to

ultimate disposability and raw material

utilization.[1]

Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer with a

very simple chemical structure which is

probably the most used mineral filled

thermoplastic polymer for injection

molding applications.[2,3]

Fillers into

polymer, find applications in the polymer

industry almost exclusively, e.g. to

improve mechanical, thermal, electrical

properties and dimensional-stability.[4–6]

Over the past two decades, natural fibers

have been replacing synthetic fiber

reinforcement such as glass fiber in

polymer.[7,8]

The advantages of these fibers

are low density, low cost, acceptable

specific strength, good thermal insulation

properties, reduced dermal and respiratory

irritation, reduced tool wear, renewable

resource and recycling possible without

affecting the environmental damage, and

together with biodegradable ability.[9–13]

Polymer with fillers based composites has

received considerable interest in the

materials field because of their potential

for large gains in mechanical properties.

The understanding of mechanical

properties of the fillers, mainly wood flour

and PP based composites is very important

in order to use in different applications,

such as, the automotive and building

industries in which they are used in

structural applications as fencing, decking,

outdoor furniture, window parts, roofline

products, door panels, etc.[14,15]

Although there are several reports in the

literature which discuss the of

wood/polymer composites;[16–19]

however,

very limited work has been done on effect

of addition of wood flour into

polypropylene on its mechanical behavior.

Generally these composites are also used

corrosive environment. In this paper, a

study of effect of addition of Sal wood



Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung Oil

Rishabh Singh Kuperkar* Department of Applied Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath,

Surat, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

Polyurethane (PU) formulated from natural polyols obtained from Tung oil (TO) have

improved hydroxylation of the double bonds in the fatty acid chains of the unsaturated oil

followed by the alcoholysis of the hydroxylated oil. The comparative chemical analysis

between unmodified and modified TO suggested that the hydroxyl content increased

significantly after the hydroxylation and alcoholysis reactions. Incorporated wood flour

(WF), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or rice husk ash (RHA) as fillers in modified TO

imparts between formulation in physical, thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced

rigid PUs.

Keywords: composites, foams, polyurethanes, thermosetting polymers, tung oil

INTRODUCTION

Use of renewable natural products as an

alternative source for nonrenewable

material has gained enormous importance

in the research and industries since decade.

Vegetable oils are relatively low cost

materials and offer prior quality of

biodegradation. Chemically, they are

composed of triglyceride molecules

obtained from esters of glycerol and fatty

acid chains with 16–22 carbon atoms with

0–3 double bonds per chain. It is the

unsaturated fatty acid which offers many

reactive sites to obtain the desire

polymeric product according to industrial

applications [1].

Tung oil obtained from the seeds or nuts of

the tung tree belongs to the family of

Euphorbiaceae [2, 3]. This oil is

interesting because of its major constituent

α-eleostearic acid (77–82%) with three

conjugated double bonds, oleic acid (3.5–

12.7%) with one double bond and linoleic

acid (8–10%) with two non-conjugated

double bonds structural formula is

presented in Figure 1 [4, 5]. The exothermi

c reaction between isocyanates and

alcohols is the most important reaction in

PU synthesis leading to the production of

urethane [-NH-COO-] linkages.

There is no -OH (hydroxyl) group and free

acids in the unmodified TO. The carbon-

carbon double bonds can be used to

introduce new reactive groups through a

hydroxylation reaction. Additionally, the

triglyceride molecules can be cut through

transesterification reaction with molecules

such as glycerol or triethanolamine, which

also allows in increasing the concentration

of hydroxyls per molecule. The resulting

oil-based polyols can be used as a

replacement of synthetic polyol to produce

PUs which is used in paints and varnish

industries [1, 2, 6–8].

Structurally, these long pendant chains and

modified fatty acids with the hydroxyl

groups imparts effective thermosetting

nature, flexibility, high strength elasticity

and hydrolytic resistance to the network,



Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab Tree

John Jacob* Department of Physics, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Elastomeric blends of natural rubber and exuded resin of Ailanthus malabaricum tree have

been prepared from solution casting technique. Benzene was used as the common solvent for

both the constituent polymers. Compared to the elasticity of natural rubber, the resin exhibits

excellent elasticity. The combination of both the elastomers with different composition

showed a considerable enhancement in elasticity of rubber. Universal testing machine was

employed to study the tensile properties of the resulting blend system. Tensile strength,

elongation at break and modulus at various elongations were determined from this

experiment. Tensile strength of natural rubber reduced and elongation at break increased by

the addition of exuded resin. Modulus of the samples was also reduced with the addition of

exuded resin. Surface hardness of the blend was measured from Shore A durometer and it

shows a reduction in hardness with the incorporation of resin into natural rubber. From the

overall tensile and hardness studies, it can be concluded that the resin collected from

Ailanthus malabaricum tree has been used to enhance the elastic performance of natural

rubber.

Keywords: Ailanthus malabaricum tree, elastomer, natural rubber, tensile strength

INTRODUCTION

Blending of two or more polymers has

been one of the major areas of research

and development in the field of polymer

science. The technology of polymer blends

is a best solution to achieve desired

material with suitable properties for the

end use application. It reduces the research

and development expense compared to the

development of new polymers or

monomers [1–3].

The phase structure of the resulting

material can be either miscible or

immiscible when two or more polymers

are mixed. Most of the blends are

immiscible and its physical properties are

poor compared to their constituent

polymers. This problem can be solved by

the addition of compatibilizers into the

blend by enhancing the favorable

interaction between the blend phases [4,

5]. Formation of interpenetrating polymer

network is the other way to obtain the

blend with better stability. Interpenetrating

polymer networks (IPNs) are unique type

of polymer alloys consisting of two or

more cross-linked polymers with no

covalent bonds or grafts between them [6].

When one of the phases is cross-linked,

pseudo- or semi-IPNs will be formed.

When both phases are cross-linked full-

IPNs are developed [7].

These intimate mixtures of cross-linked

polymers are held together by permanent

entanglements lead to forced miscibility

compared with usual blends and the

resulting materials exhibit good

dimensional stability. IPN materials offer

great promise for the future in view of the

increasing number of applications of these

IJPSE (2016) 31–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31


Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Plastics Product Design and Analysis

Mujahid A. Ansari*, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, India

ABSTRACT

Product design of commonly used articles like key-chains is to make it more attractive, user

friendly, cost effective yet durable and providing longevity. Therefore, this work deals with

the designing of optimized 3D model of key-chain if suitable shape and size and doing its

analysis in Moldflow analysis software to study the material flow behaviour, impact of

processing parameters on the product and possible defects after one complete cycle of

processing. Lastly by trial and error method we could minimize the defects and could

optimize the product design for better and smooth production.

Keywords: moldflow, optimize, product design

INTRODUCTION

Why design a product specifically made of

plastics material? Usually, the reason to

design products made of plastics is either

to create new products, never made before,

or to create something similar to existing

old products but which is better, more

appealing to the user, or more economical

to produce.

"The design is the problem of anticipating

or trying to do what will be required in

future and improving what is being

already produced”.

Plastic products† are a dominant part of

the manufacturing world. It is very likely

that you the reader could, at this moment,

reach out and touch a plastic product from

where you sit.

Successful product design requires

knowledge, intelligence, and flair. The

knowledge requirement may in turn be

subdivided into[1–3]

:

(1) Knowledge of the requirements of the

product.

(2) Knowledge of the behaviour of

plastics materials.

(3) Knowledge of plastics processes.

(4) Knowledge of all relevant economic

and psychological factors.

Intelligence is required to relate this

knowledge, and flair to bring the design to

a successful reality

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED

WHILE DESIGNING A PRODUCT While designing a product, several factors

are considered, some of them are:

Materials: Materials should be cheap and

should be able to withstand design

requirements. During production wastage,

should be minimized.

Manufacturing facility: Product design

should commensurate with the facilities

available in the factory about to equipment,

labour, and layout.

Aesthetic: The product should be good in

appearance and should have attractive

colours.

Tolerance: It should have desired

tolerances, as tight tolerances will result in

increased rejection and thereby adding to

the cost of product.

plymer

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International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering (Vol 2 Issue 2)

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Transcript of International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering (Vol 2 Issue 2)