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Managing Director

1. Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications: A Review A. Ashok, C.R. Rejeesh, R. Renjith 1

2. Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal and Cerebral Palsy Patients Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia 12

3. Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between Right and Left Foot)Ravinder Kumar, Dhananjoy Shaw 16

4. Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating Overover Ti6Al4V ImplantsP. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari 23

5. Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb Exoskeleton Using Human Machine Interface TechnologyShilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar 28

Contents

IJBBM (2016) 1-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications:

A Review

A. Ashok1, C.R. Rejeesh2*, R. Renjith1 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, India

2Centre for Sustainable Manufacturing and Renewable Energy, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, India

ABSTRACT

Stable life offered by the synthetic plastic and their nonrenewable source results in waste disposal and environmental pollution. Bio degradable plastics can be developed from the synergic combinations of agricultural biology and micro biology. Starch, cellulose based bio degradable zero waste plastics can replace with the nonrenewable plastics with comparable packaging properties. Packaging industries have wide applications and the requirement for each area is unique. Food packaging industries requires shelf life improving characters while industrial packaging requires high mechanical properties which can resist mechanical damaging. This paper reviews suitability factors and emerging techniques for the improving packaging properties of bio plastics. Keywords: biodegradability, bioplastic, packaging, starch, sustainability INTRODUCTION

The term packaging also referred to product protection, security and improving usability allows with provision for safe handling and use. Commonly used packaging materials are wood, paper, glass, metals, plastic and composites. Plastics are widely used for packaging as it shows superior properties like of non-permeability, inert to environment, durability, lightness, stability and availability. These properties of plastic also make them last in the environment forever and accumulate as solid waste, if not recycled properly.[1,2] Additives, plasticizers and colorants in plastic make serious environmental issues during disposal of the same.[1,3] Bioplastics derived from renewable resources (which are biodegradable and less pollutant) are thought to be a replacement for synthetic polymers.[4]

Biopolymers are mainly processed from starch, proteins, cellulose, DNA, RNA and peptides. The monomer molecules of bio plastics are sugar, nucleotides and amino acids. Bio based packaging materials require multistage processes required in designing and manufacturing of bio based packaging materials.[5] Some of the preferable properties a good packaging material shell possesses include permeability (gas and vapour), sealing and resistance to chemicals, UV and light, transparency, mechanical properties, machinability. Cost and availability are the key factors in any designing process of bio plastic. Finally, shelf life and disposal method of the bioplastic should also be taken into account.[5–9] Most products leave the production facility with three levels of packaging Primary

IJBBM(2016) 12-15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal

and Cerebral Palsy Patients

Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

ABSTRACT

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a lifelong disability arising due to morbidity or lesion in the immature brain. Clinically it implies increased muscle tone, deep tendon reflex and involuntary physically moments. Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical imaging technique that uses real time display of electrical activity of the brain waves. It records the electrical activity through surface of the human brain by placing metallic electrode on the targeted area. EEG is the one of the electro biological imaging tool which is widely used in research and medical field due to its low cost, non-invasive use and high resolution property. The purpose of this study was to compare the alpha and theta waves frequency of CP and normal children, which is the one of underlying causes of brain disease in CP children. For that raw EEG data of total 10 children (5 normal and 5 CP) was collected for six minutes duration while the participant was awake without influence of any sedation. Nexus-10 neurofeedback inbuilt data analysis software system was used for EEG and statistical analysis. This compared the mean values of targeted points (F3-F4, C3-C4, P3-P4 and O3-O4) to observe variations in mean values of alpha and theta waves. Results showed that alpha and theta waves in parietal and occipital regions are significant in CP children when compared to normal children. However, the alpha and theta waves in frontal region were similar in both the groups due to the fact that CP children have good registration of perceived information by the environment and the society. We concluded that level of alpha and theta waves activity indicated that the CP children have good sense of visual and auditory processing especially from the occipital and parietal regions since it plays pivotal role in normal auditory and visual perception.

Keywords: brain waves, cerebral palsy, electroencephalography INTRODUCTION

Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical imaging technique[1] that is used to read electrical activities of the brain. In EEG, the electrical signals are recorded from the scalp surface of the human brain through metal electrodes by employing a conducting media usually jelly or paste. EEG is a noninvasive procedure that is applied repeatedly to patient, normal adults, and children with virtually no risk or reported limitations if proper precautionary care is taken during patient

preparation. Electrical brain signals consists of Na+, K+, Ca+, and Cl+ ions, which generate signals that are pumped through neuron membranes in the direction of membrane potential. Different types of neurotransmitters help to activate neurons which lead to generation of electrical activity in the brain that are recordable on the surface area of scalp. During EEG recording, electrode and neural layers current penetrates through skin, skull and several other layers which gets displayed on computer screen in form of waves. For

IJBBM (2016) 16-22 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male

Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between Right and Left

Foot)

Ravinder Kumar1, Dhananjoy Shaw2* 1Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

2IGIPESS, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the subject of bio-mechanics, particularly among practitioners and students of physical therapy, Physical education, sports science, bioengineering and several branches of medicine including orthopedics, rheumatology, neurology and rehabilitation. Gait analysis is the systematic study of human walking using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movement, body mechanics and the activity of the muscles. It is often helpful in the medical management of those diseases which affect the locomotor system. Gait analysis helps us to understand Kinematic analysis, temporal analysis, angular kinematic analysis, muscular activity, force analysis, pressure distribution analysis, joint dot analysis etc. There is negligible study on kinematic analysis on Indian sportspersons, hence a research gap was evident and a group of research scholars from Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, (University of Delhi) are motivated to investigate of foot pressure dominance of contralateral aspect considering the morphological and functional asymmetricity of right and left lateral foot of male sportsperson. Ideally it is hypothesized that such findings will generate a new dimension of analogy of gait analysis and thereby their implication in the field of biomechanics and kinesiology. For this purpose twenty seven (48) male sportspersons, who has at least participated at state level competition (age 17 to 25 years) were given a walking gait test to compare between left and right foot pressure distribution. The parameters were measured by using the portable pressure measurement system from Zebris.Inc, Germany (40×30cm), supported with WinFDM-S software, (Germany). Dynamic test for left and right foot was measured in step phases to determine the foot pressure distribution. The selected variables were Left Gait Line Length Le (LGLL), Right Gait Line Length (RGLL), Left Dynamic Test (LDT) and Right Dynamic Test (RDT). Collected data was computed using SPSS software for mean, standard deviation and t-test. The pressure distribution in regard to selected variables was found to be different between right foot and left foot. It was concluded that the foot pressure distribution of walking gait are different.

Keywords: foot pressure distribution, male sportspersons, pressure plate, walking gait

INTRODUCTION

Everyone's walking style is unique, and it has been shown that both humans and computers are very good at recognizing known gait patterns. It is therefore

unsurprising those dynamic foot pressure patterns, which indirectly reflect the accelerations of all body parts, are also

IJBBM (2016) 23–27 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating over

Ti6Al4V Implants

P. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari1* Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, UP,

India

ABSTRACT

Need for the development of biocompatible coating over implant may alleviate the problems related to the implants like infection, inflammation and pain. Biocompatibility of the biomaterial used in coating depends on its chemical properties and its behaviour on the surroundings. It is also a known fact that the biocompatibility and chemical properties are widely depends on compositions, morphology (shape), size of the particles, etc. This work mainly deals with the efforts made to see the effect of addition of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide in hydroxyapatite for coating over Ti6Al4V implant.

Keywords: carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and antibacterial, hydroxyapatite INTRODUCTION

Coatings of hydroxyapatite (HA) have good potential as they can exploit the biocompatible and bone bonding properties of the ceramic, while utilising the mechanical properties of substrates such as Ti6Al4V and other biocompatible alloys. While the metallic materials have the required mechanical properties, they benefit from the HA which provides an osteophilic surface for bone to bond to, anchoring the implant and transferring load to the skeleton, helping to combat bone atrophy. Tsui et al.[1] performed coating of HA on Ti6Al4V implant and adhesion strength, the OH¯ion content and the purity were evaluated. Later it was shown that their method lead to a significant decrease in the degree of adhesion. To overcome the aforementioned drawback Chou et al.[2] analysed cohesive and adhesive strengths of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on Ti6Al4V that were further strengthened by adding ZrO2 particles as a reinforcing

second phase (HA-ZrO2 composite coating). Intermediate ZrO2 layer between the HA coating and the Ti alloy substrate were used as a bond coat (two-layer HA-ZrO2 coating). It was found that the interface between the HA coating and the Ti alloy is a site of critical weakness when compared to the cohesive strength of the inter- and intra-lamellar structure of the HA coating. Zhang et al.[3] performed work on dense and uniform fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) coatings that have been deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates by sol–gel dip coating method. The load at which complete removal of the coating occurs is taken as an indication of the adhesion strength. With increase of fluorine concentration and firing temperature, adhesion strength increases; and at the same time, the coating-substrate interfacial failure mode changes from brittle to ductile. A major breakthrough was achieved to solve the adhesion problem by Milev et al.[4] used sol–gel method to prepare the solution of HA. This

IJBBM (2016) 28–33 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb

Exoskeleton Using Human Machine Interface Technology

Shilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar Department of Biomedical Instrumentation, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes an alternative exoskeleton control system using human-machine interactive environment. Exoskeletonis an active external mechanical structure attached to a part of human body to augment power or increase the mobility of that body part. For a smart control system, a novel method for graphical user interface is developed. Graphical User Interface is a compelling approach in embedded environment. It is the combination of control functions and implemented to alleviate operating effort in exoskeleton. Designing and implementation of a communication interface based on touch screen graphical user interface is done. The control algorithm of this communication interface has been implemented on GEMstudioTM, software of Amulet Technologies and graphics programs in GEMscript programming. Graphical user interface serves as control and monitor tool for exoskeleton operations include various modes for positioning with analyses and monitoring of device data. The main purpose of this graphical user interface in a touch display is the self-diagnosis system. It is a new technology provide extraordinary power to those who proficient this touch module which is the best way to explore information graphically. The proposed concept of the human machine interactive control system aims to provide high usability, increase mainstream acceptance of exoskeleton technology so it can be fully exploited to benefit humankind.

Keywords: exoskeleton, graphical user interface, real time control, touch display INTRODUCTION Powered lower limb exoskeletons named as EXOD are wearable robots that augment human physical capabilities (e.g., strength, speed, power and endurance) are directly controlled by human users. Various user interfaces are implemented for human machine interaction for real time control of exoskeleton. During last years, there is emphasis put on development of devices which are user-friendly and easy to control. One of the instruments that allows to achieve this point is to use high-resolution touchscreens.

Early User Interfaces Human machine interactive technology implements various user interfaces as control strategies for an orthotic device[1–7] like touch computer display, voice recognition, joystick based, wrist watch and figure mounted user interfaces. With the development in speed of technology, these interfaces lacking for those who are not familiar with the use of EXOD. For more intuitive and flexibility, user interfaces are needed to increase the success of robotic exoskeletons.[1]

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Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

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Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

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