Interactions between a Gall Making Fly, Dasineura ...

University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Massachusetts Amherst

ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst

Open Access Dissertations

2-2013

Interactions between a Gall Making Fly, Dasineura Oxycoccana Interactions between a Gall Making Fly, Dasineura Oxycoccana

(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), And Its Host Plant, Cultivated Cranberry (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), And Its Host Plant, Cultivated Cranberry

(Vaccinium Macrocarpon) (Vaccinium Macrocarpon)

Sunil Tewari University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Part of the Entomology Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Tewari, Sunil, "Interactions between a Gall Making Fly, Dasineura Oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), And Its Host Plant, Cultivated Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon)" (2013). Open Access Dissertations. 710. https://doi.org/10.7275/etrn-a140 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/710

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!! ,)D&!!ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... v

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER

1. INJURY TO APICAL MERISTEM OF CRANBERRY BY DASINEURA

OXY COCCANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) REDUCES

PRODUCTION OF FLORAL-UNITS IN THE NEXT GROWING

SEASON ................................................................................................................. 1

!Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1

Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 6

Upright-level Effect: Tagging Study ....................................................................... 6

Site-level Effect: Sampling Study ........................................................................... 8

Plot-level Effect: Suppression Study ..................................................................... 10

Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 11

!Results ......................................................................................................................... 14

!Upright-level Effect: Tagging Study (Massachusetts) .......................................... 14

Upright-level Effect: Tagging Study (Maine) ....................................................... 18

Site-level Effect: Sampling Study (Massachusetts) .............................................. 19

Site-level Effect: Sampling Study (Maine) ........................................................... 23

Plot-Level Effect: Suppression Study ................................................................... 25

!Discussion ................................................................................................................... 26

!2. IMPACT OF EARLY SEASON APICAL MERISTEM INJURY BY

GALL-INDUCING, DASINEURA OXY COCCANA (DIPTERA:

CECIDOMYIIDAE), ON REPRODUCTIVE AND VEGETATIVE

GROWTH OF CRANBERRY .............................................................................. 36

!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 36

Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 40

!Upright-level field study (Year 1: 2010) ............................................................... 40

!

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Upright-level field study (Year 2: 2011) ............................................................... 42

Greenhouse Study ................................................................................................. 42

Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 44

!Results ......................................................................................................................... 46

!Upright-level field study (Year 1: 2010): Impact of early season apical

meristem injury on number of flowers, fruit set, and fruit weight .................. 46

Production of side-shoots in response to early seson tipworm and simulted

apical meristem injury ..................................................................................... 48

Upright-level field study (Year 2: 2011): Impact of apical meristem injury

on vegetative growth and flowering in the next growing season .................... 49

Greenhouse study .................................................................................................. 53

!Discussion ................................................................................................................... 53

!3. PHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION PLAYS KEY ROLE IN

CRANBERRY TOLERANCE OF DAMAGE BY TIPWORM LARVAE,

DASINEURA OXY COCCANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) .................... 61

!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 61


!Determining the role of current season growth in tolerance of apical

meristem injury (Field Study) ......................................................................... 66

Effect of girdling on growth and movement of assimilates in intact

cranberry uprights (supplement of field study) ............................................... 67

Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 69

!Results ......................................................................................................................... 71

!Determining the role of physiological integration in the tolerance of

tipworm feeding injury .................................................................................... 71

Effect of girdling on growth and movement of assimilates in intact

cranberry uprights ........................................................................................... 74

!Discussion ................................................................................................................... 75

4. DEVELOPING FRUITS INHIBIT THE REGROWTH OF CRANBERRY

SHOOTS AFTER APICAL MERISTEM INJURY BY LARVAE OF

DASINEURA OXY COCCANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) .................... 80

!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 80


!

!

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Comparing flowering and vegetative uprights for the production of side-

shoots after tipworm injury (Field Study 1) .................................................... 84

Determining impact of flower bud removal on the production of side-

shoots in tipworm injured flowering uprights (Field Study 2) ........................ 84


shoots in tipworm injured flowering uprights (Greenhouse Study) ................ 85

Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 86

Results ......................................................................................................................... 87

!Comparing flowering and vegetative uprights for the production of side-

shoots after tipworm injury (Field Study 1) .................................................... 87


shoots in tipworm injured flowering uprights (Field Study 2) ........................ 88


shoots in tipworm injured flowering uprights (Greenhouse Study) ................ 89

!Discussion ................................................................................................................... 90

!5. THE EFFECT OF INJURY TIME AND CULTIVAR ON THE

TOLERANCE OF SIMULATED APICAL MERISTEM HERBIVORY

IN CRANBERRY ................................................................................................. 96

!Introduction ................................................................................................................. 96


!Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 101

!Results ....................................................................................................................... 102

!Vegetative regrowth - side-shoots (2010) ........................................................... 102

Fruit set (2010) .................................................................................................... 103

Vegetative growth of uprights (2011) ................................................................. 104

Flowering (2011) ................................................................................................. 105

!Discussion ................................................................................................................. 107

!BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 110

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MA3

Proportion of uprights with flowers

0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36

Pro

port

ion o

f u

pri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.18

0.20

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

0.34

0.36

MA7


0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

Pro

port

ion o

f u

pri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

MA5


0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

Pro

port

ion o

f u

pri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55 MA6


0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44

Pro

port

ion o

f u

pri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

MA8


0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65

Pro

port

ion o

f upri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

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ME1


0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

Pro

port

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of

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rig

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wit

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0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

0.22

0.24

ME2


0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24

Pro

po

rtio

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f u

pri

gh

ts w

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fru

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0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

ME5


0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f u

pri

gh

ts w

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fru

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ME6


0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34

Pro

port

ion o

f u

pri

ghts

wit

h f

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0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

0.34

0.36

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)>%*!V+*O!)%!'9++&'%S!(')$>!*+!(;&!%*$>!%9'?)=&!)+-!B'*-9=&!@&'($=)>!%;**(%!=)>>&-!

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.)%$B&()>!B*%$($*+%!Z?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(h!G$DR!L_\R!F9>($@)'%!*?!=')+.&''/!)'&!&$(;&'!

%&>&=($*+%!?'*:!O$>-!+)($@&!%()+-%!Z&RDR!U&+!4&)'!)+-!H*O&%\S!*'!(;*%&!-&@&>*B&-!

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m9&.&=!Z"D'$=9>(9'&!)+-!"D'$[G**-!F)+)-)!JKK_\R!5$BO*':!$%!)!D)>>!:)V$+D!?>/!(;)(!

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$+!A)%%)=;9%&((%R!5$BO*':!?&:)>&%!>)/!*+&!*'!:*'&!&DD%!*+!(;&!)=($@&>/!D'*O$+D!

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($%%9&!ZF**V!&(!)>R!JKLLh!G$D%R!L^!)+-!L_\R!5;&!>$?&!=/=>&!?'*:!&DD%!(*!)-9>(%!()V&%!LK[

Ld!-!ZA);'!L__e\!)+-!(;&'&!=)+!.&!:9>($B>&!*@&'>)BB$+D!D&+&')($*+%!*?!($BO*':!$+!

)!%$+D>&!D'*O$+D!%&)%*+!Z<)D+&!L_^_\R!

"?(&'!($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/S!=')+.&''/!9B'$D;(%!:)/!'&%9:&!@&D&()($@&!

D'*O(;!./!(;&!)=($@)($*+!*?!>)(&')>!:&'$%(&:%!)+-!?*':!)!%$-&[%;**(!ZG$D%R!L^!)+-!

L_\R!H*O&@&'S!(;&!:)W*'$(/!*?!($BO*':[$+W9'&-!?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(%!-*!+*(!B'*-9=&!)!

%$-&[%;**(!.&?*'&!(;&!*+%&(!*?!-*':)+=/!)+-!D'*O(;!Z@&D&()($@&!)+-!'&B'*-9=($@&\!

$+!(;&!?*>>*O$+D!/&)'!:)/!.&!)-@&'%&>/!)??&=(&-!Z0!5&O)'$!9+B9.>$%;&-!-)()\R!3(!$%!

/&(!(*!.&!-&(&':$+&-!$?!>)=V!*?!)=($@&!:&'$%(&:%!Z7;$(;):!&(!)>R!L__L\!B'&@&+(%!

'&D'*O(;!)?(&'!($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/S!*'!O;&(;&'!B'&%&+=&!*?!-&@&>*B$+D!?'9$(%!

$+;$.$(%!(;&!B'*-9=($*+!*?!%$-&[%;**(%!(;'*9D;!%$+V[%$+V!=*:B&($($*+!ZH*!L_^^\!$+!

?>*O&'$+D!=')+.&''/!9B'$D;(%R!E9'!%(9-/!)--'&%%&%!(;&!?*>>*O$+D!C9&%($*+%P!L\!3%!

(;&'&!)!-$??&'&+=&!.&(O&&+!($BO*':[$+W9'&-!@&D&()($@&!)+-!?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(%!$+!

(;&!B'*-9=($*+!*?!%$-&[%;**(%~!)+-!J\!#*&%!(;&!B'&%&+=&!*?!-&@&>*B$+D!?'9$(%!

%9BB'&%%!'&D'*O(;!)?(&'!($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/~!

!

^J!

**

1GHEBI*<ZJ*;IHIANAGUI*FBN@OIBBP*EQBGHRA*MGAR*AGQMCBS*KIIDG@H*G@VEBP*N@D*N*

TGDI>TRCCA*QBCDEFID*KBCS*LNAIBNL*N\GLLNBP*OEDJ***

!

!

^M!

!!1GHEBI*<[J*1LCMIBG@H*FBN@OIBBP*EQBGHRA*MGAR*AGQMCBS*KIIDG@H*G@VEBP3*TGDI>

TRCCA*QBCDEFID*G@*BITQC@TI*AC*ARI*G@VEBP3*N@D*DIUILCQG@H*KBEGAT*G@*ONTGQIANL*

QCTGAGC@TJ**

*


General methods (Field studies 1 and 2). The field work was carried out at a

commercial cranberry farm with established beds of Howes and Stevens (41°56'59.31" N

70°47'15.98" W), planted in 1985 and 1995, respectively. For each cultivar, two 0.2 ha

plots were established and four 10 m equidistant transects were marked (in each plot).

The transects were laid down perpendicular to the direction in which the majority of

runners was oriented to eliminate measuring more than one upright on a single runner.

!

^g!

'CSQNBG@H*KLCMIBG@H*N@D*UIHIANAGUI*EQBGHRAT*KCB*ARI*QBCDEFAGC@*CK*TGDI>

TRCCAT*NKAIB*AGQMCBS*G@VEBP*41GILD*)AEDP*<8*

!E+&!B>*(!$+!&)=;!*?!(;&!=9>($@)'!.&-%!O)%!9%&-!ZH*O&%!)+-!0(&@&+%\R!G*'!&)=;!

(')+%&=(!$+!.*(;!(;&!=9>($@)'!B>*(%S!Ld!?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(%!)+-!)+!&C9)>!+9:.&'!*?!

@&D&()($@&!9B'$D;(%S!)>>!O$(;!@$%$.>&!($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/!%$D+%!Z=9BB$+D!*?!

(&':$+)>!>&)@&%!O$(;!-&)-!)B$=)>!:&'$%(&:\S!O&'&!$-&+($?$&-!)+-!()DD&-!$+!(;&!?$'%(!

O&&V!*?!T9+&!JKLL!9%$+D!B>)%($=!%>$B[*+!()D%!B'$+(&-!O$(;!9+$C9&!$-&+($?$=)($*+!

+9:.&'%!Z5&]B)V!3+=RS!G')+V>$+!0C9)'&S!2I\R!5;&!(O*!(/B&%!*?!()DD&-!($BO*':[

$+W9'&-!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!)BB'*]$:)(&>/!&@&+>/!%B)=&-!)>*+D!(;&!&+($'&!>&+D(;!*?!&)=;!

(')+%&=(R!"!(*()>!*?!eK!?>*O&'$+D!)+-!eK!@&D&()($@&!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!()DD&-!?*'!&)=;!

=9>($@)'!ZLd!B&'!(')+%&=(!r!g!(')+%&=(%\R!#)()!*+!(;&!B'&%&+=&!*'!).%&+=&!*?!%$-&[

%;**(%!O&'&!=*>>&=(&-!?'*:!)>>!(;&!()DD&-!9B'$D;(%!$+!0&B(&:.&'!JKLLR!!

5IAIBSG@G@H*GSQNFA*CK*KLCMIB*OED*BISCUNL*C@*ARI*QBCDEFAGC@*CK*TGDI>TRCCAT*G@*

AGQMCBS*G@VEBID*KLCMIBG@H*EQBGHRAT*41GILD*)AEDP*W8*

!E+&!B>*(!Z%&B)')(&!?'*:!?$&>-!%(9-/!L\!$+!&)=;!*?!(;&!=9>($@)'!.&-%!O)%!9%&-R!

G*'!&)=;!(')+%&=(!$+!.*(;!(;&!=9>($@)'!B>*(%S!gd!?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(%!O$(;!@$%$.>&!

($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/!%$D+%!Z=9BB$+D!*?!(&':$+)>!>&)@&%!O$(;!-&)-!)B$=)>!:&'$%(&:!

)+-!=;)')=(&'$%($=!%=)'!($%%9&\!O&'&!$-&+($?$&-!)+-!()DD&-!$+!(;&!?$'%(!O&&V!*?!T9+&!

JKLL!9%$+D!B>)%($=!%>$B[*+!()D%!B'$+(&-!O$(;!9+$C9&!$-&+($?$=)($*+!+9:.&'%!Z5&]B)V!

3+=RS!G')+V>$+!0C9)'&S!2I\R!5;&!()DD&-!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!)BB'*]$:)(&>/!&@&+>/!%B)=&-!

)>*+D!(;&!&+($'&!>&+D(;!*?!&)=;!(')+%&=(R!"!(*()>!*?!L^K!$+-$@$-9)>!?>*O&'$+D!9B'$D;(%!

O)%!()DD&-!?*'!&)=;!=9>($@)'!Zgd!B&'!(')+%&=(!r!g!(')+%&=(%\R!2*+&!*?!(;&!?>*O&'!.9-%!

!

^d!

O&'&!*B&+!)(!(;&!($:&!*?!()DD$+D!$+!)+/!*?!(;&!9B'$D;(%R!G*'!&)=;!(')+%&=(!$+!.*(;!*?!

(;&!=9>($@)'!B>*(%S!(;&!()DD&-!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!)%%$D+&-!')+-*:>/!(*!*+&!*?!(;&!

?*>>*O$+D!(;'&&!('&)(:&+(%!ZLd!B&'!('&)(:&+(\P!$\!)>>!(;&!?>*O&'!.9-%!'&:*@&-!?'*:!

(;&!9B'$D;(S!$$\!)>>!(;&!?>*O&'!.9-%!'&:*@&-!?'*:!(;&!9B'$D;(!&]=&B(!*+&!Z)(!(;&!.)%&!

*?!JKLL!%&)%*+!D'*O(;!`!(;&!?$'%(!?*':&-!?>*O&'!.9-!*?!)+!9B'$D;(\S!)+-!$$$\!)>>!(;&!

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'&:*@)>!('&)(:&+(%!O&'&!)BB>$&-!$+!(;&!?$'%(!O&&V!*?!T9+&!ZJKLL\R!#)()!*+!B'&%&+=&!

*'!).%&+=&!*?!%$-&[%;**(%!O&'&!=*>>&=(&-!?'*:!)>>!(;&!()DD&-!9B'$D;(%!$+!0&B(&:.&'!

JKLLR!


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!5;&!D'&&+;*9%&!%(9-$&%!O&'&!=)''$&-!*9(!O$(;!U&+!4&)'S!H*O&%S!)+-!0(&@&+%R!

1B'$D;(%!*?!U&+!4&)'!O$(;!@$%$.>&!%$D+%!*?!($BO*':!?&&-$+D!$+W9'/!O&'&!=*>>&=(&-!

?'*:!)+!&%().>$%;&-!@)'$&(/!B>*(!)(!(;&!1+$@&'%$(/!*?!A)%%)=;9%&((%!F')+.&''/!

0()($*+!Z6)%(!7)'&;):S!A"h!gLsgetKKRd^u!2!fKsgKtKfR_Ku!7\!$+!(;&!?$'%(!O&&V!*?!

T9+&!JKLLR!0$:$>)'>/S!($BO*':[$+W9'&-!9B'$D;(%!*?!H*O&%!)+-!0(&@&+%!O&'&!=*>>&=(&-!

?'*:!(;&!=*::&'=$)>!?)':!9%&-!$+!G$&>-!0(9-/!LR!3+!)--$($*+!(*!=9''&+(!%&)%*+!

D'*O(;S!&)=;!;)'@&%(&-!9B'$D;(!;)-!qM!=:!*?!B'&@$*9%!%&)%*+!D'*O(;R!G*'!&)=;!

=9>($@)'S!gK!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!B>)+(&-!$+-$@$-9)>>/!$+!LKRJ!=:!%C9)'&!D'*O$+D!B*(%!

Z<'$??$+!<'&&+;*9%&!)+-!29'%&'/!09BB>$&%S!5&OV%.9'/S!A"\!?$>>&-!O$(;!)!MPL!Z%)+-P!

B&)(\!:$](9'&R!E+!(;&!?*>>*O$+D!-)/S!JK!9B'$D;(%!O&'&!%&>&=(&-!')+-*:>/!)+-!)>>!(;&!

?>*O&'!.9-%!O&'&!&]=$%&-!9%$+D!)!')o*'!.>)-&R!5;&!'&:)$+$+D!JK!9B'$D;(%!O$(;!$+()=(!

!

^e!

?>*O&'!.9-%!%&'@&-!)%!=*+('*>%R!F')+.&''/!@$+&%!)'&!'*9($+&>/!B'*B)D)(&-!?'*:!?$&>-[

;)'@&%(&-!9B'$D;(%!)+-!?*':!'**(%!'&)-$>/!9B*+!B>)+($+DR!5;&!B>)+(%!O&'&!

:)$+()$+&-!9+-&'!D'&&+;*9%&!=*+-$($*+%!)+-!*+=&!%($D:)%!.&=):&!&]B*%&-S!)>>!

?>*O&'%!O&'&!;)+-[B*>>$+)(&-!Z0)'')=$+*!)+-!Y*'%)!L__L\!9%$+D!B*>>&+!=*>>&=(&-!

?'*:!(;&!%):&!B>*(%!)%!(;&!9B'$D;(%R!#)()!*+!(;&!B'&%&+=&!*'!).%&+=&!*?!%$-&[%;**(%!

O&'&!=*>>&=(&-!?'*:!)>>!(;&!B>)+(%!$+!0&B(&:.&'!JKLLR!!

5NAN*N@NLPTGT*

7&!9%&-!0"0!@R!_RM!?*'!)>>!(;&!)+)>/%&%!Z0"0!3+%($(9(&!JKLL\!)+-!%&B)')(&!

)+)>/%&%!O&'&!=)''$&-!*9(!?*'!(;&!-$??&'&+(!=9>($@)'%R!

T*/0"($%9)<2*N&($%9)"%6);&9&3"3$;&)'0($953#)<*()35&)0(*6'-3$*%)*<)#$6&:#5**3#)

"<3&()3$0N*(/)$%U'(,)DO$&26)?3'6,)FIR!G*'!&)=;!*?!(;&!?*9'!(')+%&=(%S!(;&!B'*B*'($*+%!

Z)+-!%()+-)'-!&''*'%\!*?!?>*O&'$+D!)+-!@&D&()($@&!9B'$D;(%!O$(;!%$-&[%;**(%!O&'&!

&%($:)(&-R!5;&%&!&%($:)(&%!O&'&!)@&')D&-!*@&'!(;&!?*9'!(')+%&=(%!(*!-&(&':$+&!(;&!

B'*B*'($*+!)+-!@)'$)+=&!*?!($BO*':[$+W9'&-!9B'$D;(%!O$(;!%$-&[%;**(%!Z?>*O&'$+D!

)+-!@&D&()($@&\R!5;&!)@&')D&-!&%($:)(&%!O&'&!9%&-!(*!=*:B)'&!B'*-9=($*+!*?!%$-&[

%;**(%!.&(O&&+!($BO*':[$+W9'&-!?>*O&'$+D!)+-!@&D&()($@&!9B'$D;(%!./!=*+%('9=($+D!

)+!*@&')>>!7)>-*vw!(&%(!*?!+*!-$??&'&+=&!Z,8EF!3A4\!(;)(!)==*9+(%!?*'!(;&!@)'$)+=&!

%('9=(9'&R!5;$%!(&%(!)>>*O&-!(')+%&=(%!(*!.&!)!')+-*:!?)=(*'!)+-!)>%*!?*'!(;&!

('&)(:&+(%!.&$+D!.>*=V&-!*+!(')+%&=(%R!

!&3&(/$%$%9)$/0"-3)*<)<2*N&()K'6)(&/*;"2)*%)35&)0(*6'-3$*%)*<)#$6&:#5**3#)$%)

3$0N*(/)$%U'(&6)<2*N&($%9)'0($953#)ZO$&26)?3'6,)G\R!G*'!&)=;!*?!(;&!?*9'!(')+%&=(%S!(;&!

B'*B*'($*+%!Z)+-!%()+-)'-!&''*'%\!*?!(;&!9B'$D;(%!O$(;!%$-&[%;**(%!$+!(;&!(;'&&!

!

^f!

('&)(:&+(%!O&'&!&%($:)(&-R!5;&%&!&%($:)(&%!O&'&!)@&')D&-!*@&'!(;&!?*9'!(')+%&=(%!

(*!-&(&':$+&!(;&!B'*B*'($*+!)+-!@)'$)+=&!?*'!&)=;!*?!(;&!(;'&&!('&)(:&+(%!)+-!

9($>$o&-!(*!=*+%('9=(!)+!*@&')>>!7)>-*vw!(&%(!*?!+*!-$??&'&+=&!):*+D!(;&!(;'&&!

('&)(:&+(%!Z,8EF!3A4\!(;)(!)==*9+(%!?*'!(;&!@)'$)+=&!%('9=(9'&R!5;$%!(&%(!)>>*O&-!

(')+%&=(%!(*!.&!)!')+-*:!?)=(*'!)+-!)>%*!?*'!(;&!('&)(:&+(%!.&$+D!.>*=V&-!*+!

(')+%&=(%R!,)$'O$%&!=*:B)'$%*+%!):*+D!(;&!(;'&&!('&)(:&+(%!O&'&!=)''$&-!*9(!9%$+D!

,8EF!3A4R!

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!Bast, M., and R. J Reader. 2003. Regrowth response of young black spruce (Picea

mariana) trees to meristem removal and resource addition. Can. J. Botany 81:

956-963.

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1+$@&'%$(/!*?!F)>$?*'+$)!,'&%%S!U&'V&>&/!)+-!4*%!"+D&>&%S!F"R!!!Crawley, M. J. 1997. Plant – herbivore dynamics, pp. 401-474. In M. J. Crawley (ed.),

Plant ecology. 2nd

ed. Black Science Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom.

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DeMoranville, C. J. 2011. A bumper crop, dodder challenges, and where is winter? Notes

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