Intelligent cities 1 - Concepts
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Transcript of Intelligent cities 1 - Concepts
INTELLIGENT CITIES Concept
Nicos KomninosURENIO Research, Aristotle University
www.urenio.org
PhD seminar “Intelligent cities: Systems and Environment of Innovation”
Lecture 1
Contents
Conceptualization
Intelligent cities driving forces
InfrastructureDistrict planning
MASTER PLAN
Transport
Environment
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
City: Fundamental layers throughout its history“Agglomeration” + “Regulation Institutions”
Infrastructure
District planning
MASTER PLAN
Transport
Environment
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
INDUSTRIAL CITY
Infrastructure
District planning
MASTER PLAN
Transport
Environment
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
VICTORIAN CITY
Infrastructure
District planning
MASTER PLAN
Transport
Environment
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
FORDIST CITY
Infrastructure
District planning
MASTER PLAN
Transport
Environment
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
INNOVATION-LED
Development
PLANNING
B. A new spatiality / layer (digital / intelligence) has been added on the urban agglomeration, activities, infrastructures, regulation and planning. It is composed of broadband networks, user interfaces, content applications, and e-services. All these artcrafts create un umbrella of communication and cooperation over the cities, locally and globally.
City: Beginning of 21st century - A new type of urban spaceTwo driving forces: Innovation-led economy + Digital spatiality
A. The contemporary urban economy and society has become knowledge-basedand innovation-led: Knowledge cities, innovation cities, innovating cities, creative cities. R&D, knowledge and innovation are main drivers of city’s development. City governance and planning also change by public-private partnerships and triple-helix alliances.
+
A. Innovation-led economy / Knowledge-based citiesLocal innovation systems, clusters, supply chains, alliances, institutions
Social and economic base of innovation-led / knowledge cities:Innovation systems explain innovation performance with respect to networks and interactions
among companies, universities, and government. The internal dynamic of an innovation system creates a ‘perpetual cycle borne out of the critical inputs of intellectual and financial capital, translated into new technologies and products that lead to new firm formation and job creation, generating revenues that may be re-invested into the system’ (John Adams Innovation Institute 2007).
Evolutionary theory and the role of external environment selecting innovationsGeographical clustering of innovation, tacit knowledge, trust relations and alliancesOpen innovation, co-design, end-user involvement in innovation / real city environments
R&DInnovatio
n
funding
Producti
on
re-
tooling
New
product
developm
ent
Strategic
company
planning
Market
researchProduc
tion
runs
RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTResearch institutesUniversity researchR&D in large companies
Innovative SMEs
INNOVATION FINANCEVenture capital fundsTechnology incentives
Regional incentives and aidsSpin-offs / start-ups NEW PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENTProvision of management,
product, market, and quality services
Specialised centresBusiness consultants
PROCESS INNOVATION
Clusters and networks
Technology co-operationSupply chains
AlliancesDistribution & Promotion
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Co-operation between
universities and companies
Technology brokerageLicensing
B. Digital spatiality / intelligence over the citiesComponents: Network–Data technologies–Applications-eServices
`
Εσρσζωνικό δίκτσο πόλης
Fiber Optics, 3G, WiMAX, WiFi Mess, Cable/DSL, WiFi
Ψηφιακή Δημοκρατία
§ Πληροθόρηζη για δραζηηριόηηηες§ Μεηάδοζη ζσνεδριάζεφν ηφν
οργάνφν μέζφ διαδικηύοσ§ On-line θόροσμ ζσζηηήζεφν§ On-line δημουηθίζμαηα
Ψηφιακή Διακυβέρμηση
§ Πληροθόρηζη για σπηρεζίες και διαδικαζίες
§ Οn-line απόκηηζη πιζηοποιηηικών
Ψηφιακή Επιχειρηματικότητα
§ On-line επιτειρημαηικά εργαλεία
§ Τοπικό e-marketplace
Προβολή και Πολιτισμός
§ Ψηθιακός τάρηης
§ Εικονική περιήγηζη
§ Πολιηιζηική Πληροθόρηζη
Πληροφόρηση
§ Πληροθόρηζη για καηοίκοσς και
επιτειρήζεις
§ Επιλεγμένοι ηομείς ενδιαθέρονηος
§ Δσναηόηηηα ειζαγφγής πληροθοριών
από καηοίκοσς και επιτειρήζεις
Information
• To the citizen• To producers• City events• Location of activities
Digital Entrepreneurship
• e-Marketplaces• e-Location• e-Business
Visualisation
• The city• Cultural heritage• Monuments• Place & environment
e-Innovation
• Collaborative spaces• New product development tools
Broadband city networkFiber oprics, 3G, WiMax, WiFi, xDSL
e-Government
• Online city services• Online administration• e-Democracy
e-Technologies
• Knowledge repository
• Exploitation eTools
• Online tech transfer
ΤεχνολογίεςData-Technologies
Network Applications
e-Services
Industry Housing Districts
University
Science Parks and Incubators
Clusters
CBD
Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
Layer III. Digital spatiality over the city
Intelligent city: A three layer systemA more advanced, complex and effective urban system
INNOVATION PLAN
Smart transport
Smart Infrastructure
Cluster planning
Environmental sustainability
Advanced knowledge functions
1. e-INFORMATION: Gathering, processing and delivery
2. e-LEARNING: Skill development, technology transfer, technology acquisition
3. e-INNOVATION: Creation of new products and services. Digital tools and environments for new product design and production. Local and global innovation supply chains.
4. e-DIFFUSION: Marketing, promotion, delivery of products and services
Intelligent cities: Impact from adding a digital layerAdvanced knowledge functions – Improved city functions
Improved city functions
Competitive cities based on global clusters, networks, and supply chains
Innovative cities: Innovation crowdsourcing + global innovation chains
Energy saving infrastructure
Improved city transportation
More secure urban space
Real time monitoring and management of the environment
Wider citizens participation to decision making
Intelligent cities: ImpactThe integration of digital space transforms city functions and districts
Innovation Economy• 1- Intelligent city clusters: manufacturing, business
services, health, tourism
• 2- Intelligent city districts: CBD, techno park, mall, university campus, port area, airport city
• 3- New companies creation / intelligent incubators
City Infrastructure – Quality of life• 4- Smart transport and parking
• 5- Broadband, wi-fi
• 6-Energy saving / smart grid
• 7- Environment monitoring, real time alert and safety
Governance• 8- Government services to citizens
• 9- Decision making / participation / direct democracy
• 10- Monitoring & measurement: The city a database
Conceptualization
A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart cities
Many different descriptions of what an intelligent city (IC) is can be found in the literature:
ICs have been initially identified with virtual reconstructions of cities, virtual cities. The term has been used interchangeably as an equivalent of ‘digital city’ covering a wide range of digital representations of the physical space of cities (Droege 1997). However, the additional communication capabilities offered by a virtual platform or a virtual reconstruction of a city is not adequate to characterize an urban system as 'intelligent'.
In a metaphorical use of the term, ICs have been seen as a commonplace for various electronic IT systems and digital applications involved in city operations and functions. MIMOS, the Malaysian Telecommunications Institute, pointed out that the metaphorical characterizations of the ‘Intelligent City’ cover many concepts such as the ‘invisible city', ‘information city’, 'wired city', 'telecity', ‘knowledge-based city', ‘virtual city’, ‘electronic communities’, 'electronic spaces', 'flexicity', ‘teletopia', 'cyberville', etc., where each term stresses a specific functional activity.
Another meaning was given by the World Foundation for Smart Communities, that links digital cities with smart growth, a development based on information and communication technologies. ‘A Smart Community is a community that has made a conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental, rather than incremental, ways’ (California Institute for Smart Communities, 2001).
ICs were seen as environments with embedded information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces that bring computation into the physical world user’ (Steventon and Wright 2006). From this perspective, intelligent cities (or intelligent spaces more generally) refer to physical environments in which information and communication technologies and sensor systems disappear as they become embedded into physical objects and the surroundings we live, travel, and work in.
Intelligent cities were also defined as territories that bring innovation and ICTs within the same locality. The Intelligent Community Forum has developed a list of five criteria for understanding how communities and regions can gain a competitive edge by combining broadband communications to businesses, government facilities and residences with effective education, training, and innovation in the public and private sectors (ICF 2006).
Along the same line, intelligent cities (communities, clusters, regions) were defined as territorial systems of innovation sustained by digital communication and interaction. ‘We use the term ‘intelligent city’ to characterize areas which have the ability to support learning, technological development, and innovation procedures on the one hand, with digital spaces, information processing, and knowledge transfer on the other hand’ (Komninos 2002, p. 198).
Innovation Financing
Banks, Business Angels,
Venture Capital, Regional
Incentives
Technology Transfer
Organisations
Tech Parks, Tech Networks,
Brokers, Consultants
Universities /
Research
Institutes
Public R&D
Laboratories
Private R&D
Departments
and Centres
Technology Information System
Patents, Standards, Technical
Publications, Emerging Markets,
Foresight
CLUSTERS
Group of companies in co-
operation
Vertical / Horizontal
Dev. Org.Univ. Labs
Res. Inst.
Tech Park
Cluster
Cluster
e-Intelligence
e-Innovation
e-Technologies
e-Markets
Digital
CyberIntelligent
Smart
A new family of concepts: Cyber - Digital - Intelligent – Smart citiesDifferences in substance and function of layer III
Layer III. Digital space over the city
Layer II. Institutions, Planning, Governance
Layer I. Agglomeration, clusters and networks
1. Smart CommunitiesWorld Foundation for Smart Communities
2. Smart CitiesMIT Smart Cities Lab
6
15
Layer III, relates to digital spatiality and artificial intelligence embedded into the physical environment of the city. This includes the communication infrastructure, digital spaces, and e-tools for problem-solving available to the city's population.
Layer II, relates to cooperation institutions and the collective intelligence of a city’s population. Includes institutions and mechanisms regulating knowledge flows and co-operation in learning and innovation: R&D institutions, venture capital funds, technology transfer and training centers, intellectual property, spin-off incubators, technology and marketing consultants.
Layer l, relates to people in the city: the intelligence, inventiveness and creativity of the individuals who live and work in the city, the activities and clusters of a city.
Innovation Financing
Banks, Business Angels,
Venture Capital, Regional
Incentives
Technology Transfer
Organisations
Tech Parks, Tech Networks,
Brokers, Consultants
Universities /
Research
Institutes
Public R&D
Laboratories
Private R&D
Departments
and Centres
Technology Information System
Patents, Standards, Technical
Publications, Emerging Markets,
Foresight
CLUSTERS
Group of companies in co-
operation
Vertical / Horizontal
Dev. Org.Univ. Labs
Res. Inst.
Tech Park
Cluster
Cluster
e-Intelligence
e-Innovation
e-Technologies
e-Markets
3. Intelligent CitiesURENIO: Integration of three intelligences
16
4. Intelligent EnvironmentsIntelligent spaces – Ubiquitous cities
“Types of Intelligent Environments range from private to public and from fixed to mobile; some are ephemeral while others are permanent; some change type during their life span. The realisation of Intelligent Environments requires the convergence of different prominent disciplines: Information and Computer Science, Architecture, Material Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Sociology and Design.
In addition, technical breakthroughs are required in key enabling technology fields, such as, microelectronics (e.g., miniaturisation, power consumption), communication and networking technologies (e.g., broadband and wireless networks), smart materials (e.g., bio-implants) and intelligent agents (e.g., context awareness and ontologies)” (IE 08).
‘Intangible or intellectual capital resources are now largely recognized as the most important competitive advantage’.
Corporate level: Intangible investments (R&D, innovation, knowledge creation, marketing, advertising) are the most important sources of performance’.
Community level: Ragusa (1301-1806): A city of intelligence - Social intelligence / political + institutional / organised
Measuring, accounting intellectual capitalCultivating / nourishing intellectual capital
5. Intellectual capital for cities and regionsKnowledge Cities Summits
18
6. Intelligent CommunitiesIntelligent Community Forum: Innovation & Broadband
Intel
Community
Strategy
Broadband
infrastructure policy
Digital inclusion
policy
Innovation
policy
Policy for
knowledge
workers
Promotion
and
marketing
policy
ICTs
InnovPlace
7. Ambient Intelligence CommunitiesEU Living Lab Network
20
Intelligent citiesA set of concepts linking cities, innovation, and digital services
A spectrum of combinations
Intellectual capital of cities Intelligent environments
Cities /
communities
Innovation
systemsICTs /
broadband
networks /
services
Intelligent cities: A new urban planning and development paradigm combining
Cities / communities
Innovation systems
ICTs, broadband networks and e-services
Cities /
communities
ICTs /
broadband
networks /
services
Cities /
communities
Innovation
systems
Intelligent innovation ecosystems
21
More:
Komninos, N. (2002) Intelligent Cities: Innovation, knowledge systems and digital spaces, London and New York: Taylor and Francis. (Chapter 13)
Komninos, N. (2008) Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Innovation Networks, London and New York: Routledge. (Chapters 5 and 10)