Integumentary System

Chapter 5

Skin Color

1. Cyanosis-blue-lack of oxygen

2. Pallor/blanching-pale-lack of blood flow, low blood pressure

3. Jaundice-yellow/liver disorder

4. Bruises-black, blue-blood has escaped + clotted in tissue spaces. (Called hematoma) Lack of Vit. C can also cause easy bruising b/c it strengthens walls of capillaries/blood vessels

5. Carotene-yellow/orange color

Skin Color contd.

• Freckles- melanin accumulation

• Age spots (liver spots)-accumulation of melanin with age

• Nevus (mole)- round, flat, or raised area that develops in childhood.

• Albinism-inability to produce melanin

Skin Appendages

1.Sebaceous glands-secretes oil/found around hair follicles

• Sebum- oil- keeps skin soft

• Acne-overactive sebaceous glands due to hormones

• Whitehead- sebaceous gland blocked by sebum WBC rush in

Skin Appendages contd.

• Blackhead – when the material from whitehead oxidizes, dries, and hardens

• Boil- where hair follicle becomes inflamed/infected + pus accumulates under skin. Bacteria has gotten into pore.

• Carbuncle- several boils together

• Seborrhea- (cradle cap) yellow, brown crust on head

Appendages Contd.

2. Sweat Glands

• Eccrine-produce sweat, which is made up of water, salt, vit. C, traces of ammonia, urea, and lactic acid

• Apocrine- larger than eccrine and empties into hair follicles. Contains fatty acids, proteins, + substances in eccrines. Usually yellow in color. Activate during puberty

3. Ceruminous glands- ear – secretes cerumen (ear wax)

4. Hair/Nails- hair everywhere on body except palms of hands, soles of feet, nipples, lips. You are born with all hair follicles. Has 3 main parts

• Medulla

• Cortex

• Cuticle-lots of keratin

Hair contd.

• Cuticle undergoes lots of abrasion = split ends

• Arrector pili muscle- contracts and causes hair to stand

• Alopecia = hair loss

• Gray hair = lack of melanin

Nails

• Nonliving material

• Modified epidermis

• Keratinized cells

• Lanula = white moon shape

• Normal color = pink, Cyanotic = low oxygen

Burns

• Tissue Damage + cell death due to intense heat, UV, electricity, or chemicals

1.Body loses fluids-dehydration

2. Infection can occur

3. Immune system becomes depressed

Degrees of burns

• 1st degree- red and swollen

• 2nd degree- red, painful, blisters

• 3rd degree-entire thickness burned, grafting

Skin Cancer

• Causes of cancer are unknown. Believed to be overexposure to UV light, skin infections, chemicals, or trauma. 3 types:

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma- least threatening, slow growing, shiny, dome-shaped, 78% of cases

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma-scaly, red on scalp, ears, hands, raised border, 20% of cases

3. Malignant Melanoma- most-threatening, spreading brown/black pattern, 2% of cases

“ABCD” rule for recognizing skin cancer

1. “A” Asymmetry- sides don’t match

2. “B” Border-irregularity, borders not smooth

3. “C” Color-different colors

4. “D” Diameter-larger than the size of a pencil eraser

Cosmetic Anti-aging treatments for skin

1. Microdermabrasion-tiny crystals under pressure

2. Chemical peel-glycolic acid

3. Laser resurfacing

4. Dermal fillers-collagen

5. Botox-botulism (diluted)

6. Facelift, brow lift, neck lift = skin removed

7. Topical ointments- retinol