Instrument testing Tests instrumentaux
Transcript of Instrument testing Tests instrumentaux
Instrument testingTests instrumentaux
Montpellier 23 juin - 4 juillet 2008
Gourlot J.-P.
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Fiber quality development
Primary wall
Secondary wall
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Age of the boll (days)
Len
gth
(mm
) and
di
amet
er (m
icro
n)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wal
l thi
ckne
ss (m
icro
ns)
Flower
Fiber quality development
Perimeter
Length
Maturity
Constituants Percentage
Cellulosis 95.0
Proteins 1.6
Waxes 0.9
Physiological sugars 0.3
Other 2.2
Fiber constitution
Fiber quality measurement
‘Micronaire’Mike, IM
Color + contaminantsTensile behavior
Spiral ...Reversals
Fiber quality measurement
Could be measured• Cellulose types• Wax content• Flexion / flexibility• ‘Curling’ / crimp
Fiber quality measurement
Example of ITC(This display does not constitute any type of recommendation for this equipment,
picture from an advertisement from Uster Technologies)
Strengthand more
Micronaire
ColorTrash content
Length
Length uniformity
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Optical sensor
Transmission
Diffraction- inside- outsideScattering- inside- outside
Absorption
Original drawing : Gourlot 12/97
Fibrogram curveConstruction du fibrogramme
Light sensor,measure of variation
Light emission
Displacement
Displacement
% of fibers
Fiber length
Fibrogram
Quantity of fibersfor tensile test
Fiber quality measurementLength Fibrogram
0102030405060708090
100
%
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44Lengh group (mm)
Fibrogram
Mean Length Upper Half ML
Uniformity Index % = ML . 100UHML
0102030405060708090
100
%
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44Lengh group (mm)
Fibrogram
Fiber quality measurementLength Fibrogram
UR% = SL 50 % . 100SL 2.5 %
SL 2.5 %SL 50 %
NOT FOR HVI
Fiber quality measurementLength parameters
SL 2.5 ~ UHML ~ Pulling22 – 40 mm
SL 50 % <> ML10 – 18 mm 18 – 30 mm
UR % <> UI %38 – 50 % 78 – 85 %
NOT FOR HVI
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Fiber quality measurement
Glass support
Cotton Sample
Pressure plate
Yellowness+ b
ReflectanceRd %
Imageanalysis …
Light bulbsor flash light
Fiber qualitymeasurement
Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter image
01234567
Grey level
123456789101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Binarisation and threshold applied …
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 72 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 63 7 7 6 7 5 4 7 64 7 7 4 5 4 3 6 65 7 6 3 2 0 2 5 56 7 6 3 1 0 4 5 57 7 7 4 2 6 6 7 7
Fiber quality measurementTrashmeter image
012345678
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 12
34
56
78
8 pixels consideredas trash particle
Trash count, Trash area, Leaf, Leaf grade
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Fiber quality measurement
Recorded results:IM : micronaire [2, 7]MR : Maturity Ratio [0, 1.2]PM% : Percent Mature fibers [0, 100]H : Linear Fineness (mtex) [120, 350]Hs : Standard Fineness (mtex) [120, 400]
Hs = H (tex = grams/1000 m)MR
Micronaire, maturity and fineness
Fine
Mature
Large
Immature
=> Some combinaisons of MR and H correspond to close IM for very
different fibres
Micronaire, maturity and fineness
MR = 1.04H = 150
Hs = 144
MR = 0.67 H = 220
Hs = 328
IM = 4.1
Fiber quality measurement
War
p, IM
= 6
.0
Weft
IM = 2.4
IM = 3.5
IM = 4.7
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220
240260300
MR² =(3.86 x IM² + 18.16 x IM + 13) / Hs PM = (MR - 0.2) x (1.565 - 0.471 x MR) x 100
Coarse(Variety dependent)
Fine
MR
IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220
240260300
Acceptable maturity range
Premium range
MR
IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220
240260300
Growing conditions problems induce
lower MR and lower IM
MR
IM
Characterization of fibersCaractérisation de la fibre
Main characteristics of fibres can be measured manually, or on classical or automatisedinstruments (HVI).Only automatised instruments•Allow instrumental measurement, automatised, fast and integrated of commercial criterias• and allow a bale to bale classification on all criteriastogether
Les principales caractéristiques de fibre peuvent être établies soit manuellement, soit sur appareils classiques ou soit sur chaînes CMI.Seules les chaînes CMI :• permettent des mesures instrumentales, automatisées, rapides et intégrées des critères commerciaux,• et autorisent un classement balle à balle sur l ’ensemble de ces critères
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Comb + fibers
Fixedclamp(front)
Mobileclamp (back)
Force sensor
Step motor
Light emission
Light sensor Calibratedwith
‘reference’masses
Hardware designConstruction mécanique
Hardware designConstruction mécanique
Opticalsensor
Force sensor
Hardware designConstruction mécanique
Forcesensor
Tractionjaws
Fibrogram curveConstruction du fibrogramme
Light sensor,measure of variation
Light emission
Displacement
Displacement
% of fibers
Fiber length
Fibrogram
Quantity of fibersfor tensile test
Fibrogram and strenthFibrogramme et ténacité
Force
Cla
mpi
ng z
one
Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weigth
Fibrogram
1/8° inch
jaws0
20
40
60
80
100 % of fibers
Fiber length
Fibrogram and strenth after breakFibrogramme et ténacité après casse
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cla
mpi
ng z
one
jaws
% of fibers
Fiber length
Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weight
f(nb de fibres et IM)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
Displacement (Step)
Forc
e (c
N)
Peak ForceModule
Elongation
Strength (cN/tex) = Force x k Estimated mass
= f (quantity of fibers, IM)
Force / elongation curveCourbe Force / Allongement
Strength = Tenacity (cN/tex) = Constraint= Force/Broken surface
+/-= Force/fineness
Fibrograms before/after breakFibrogrammes avant/après casse
0102030405060708090
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Length
% fi
bers
Fibrogram after breakFibrogram before break
Position of the breakPosition de la casse
a b<a
Tenacity or strengthTénacité
Tenacity ≅ F / S should be constant
SF
HVI
F
Single fibers
SF
Rheology
Constraint
DeformationPlasticity
Elasticityof
reorganization
Elasticity
Slippage
Plan of presentationPlan de présentation
• Fiber development and measurement
• Length measurement• Colour and trash• Maturity, fineness and
micronaire• Strength• A point about
calibration
• Développement et mesure de la fibre
• Mesure de longueur• Couleur et trash• Maturité, finesse et
micronaire• Ténacité• Un point sur
l’étalonnage
Existing reference cottons after 1998Cotons de référence existants après 1998
Existing reference cottons after 1998Cotons de référence après 1998
Modules calibration: MicronaireEtalonnage du module Micronaire
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Theorical values
Obs
erve
d va
lues
Theo.Obs.
Calibration = change slopeand offsetbetweenobserved vs theorical values
Sources of variability in the results
VarietyGrowing conditions(fertilizer, insects)
Plant to plantPicking technique
Farm size
Seed cotton preparationGinning technique (R/S)
Lint cleaning
RH conditions,HVI calibration
Nb tests / sample
Number of samples / baleNumber of bales / lotMethod of sampling
PrecisionAccuracy
RepeatabilityReproducibility
Confidence interval
IM (+/-) 0.1 unitLength (+/-) 0.02 inch
(+/-) 0.51 mmLength uniformity (+/-) 1.5 %Strength (+/-) 1.5 cN/texRd % (+/-) 1 %+b (+/-) 0.5Trash (+/-) 0.1 %
From Sasser, 1992.
Expected precisionPrécisions attendues
Confidence Intervals*Intervalles de confiance
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
UHMLUIStrengthUHMLUIStrength
Upland Sawginnedsamples
Barbadensecottons
Nb measures / sample
Units
*research samples in specific sampling conditions, échantillons de recherche pris dans des conditions spéciales
Mass of this deposit = 0.0175 g
Other possible bias in HVI measurementAutre biais possible sur mesure CMI
Thank you
for your attention