Ins$tu$onalChangeandParentalCompensa$onin

Intergenera$onala5ainmentHetaPöyliö,JaniErola&ElinaKilpi-Jakonen

+someresultsfromHetaPöyliö&johannaKallio:

Theimpactoffamilyandeduca2onpoliciesonintergenera2onaltransmissionofsocioeconomic

statusinEurope

OED&Parentalcompensa$on

Weakeningorigin-educa$on(OE)associa$on

Decreasingreturns-educa$onalinfla$on(ED)

Parentalcompensa$on:

Theincreaseofdirectinfluenceofparents(OD)(netofE)

E

DO

– +/–

+

Ins$tu$onalchangesineduca$on

§  MMI&EMI–Parentsreacttoins$tu$onalchanges(e.g.educa$onalexpansion)

§  WeakeningOElinkedwithchangesinins$tu$ons->expectthesetoinfluenceOD

O E

D

Ins$tu$ons

-

-+

Data&methods

ESS2002-2010

Cohorts1941-1980

25Countries

Linearcountryfixedeffectmodels

Decomposi$on

Individuallevelvariables

ISEIChild-cnt

Parent-highest

Educa$on(cnt12yrs)

Age&gender

-.03

-.02

-.01

0ye

ars

in e

duca

tion

(cnt

)

1946- 1951- 1956- 1961- 1966- 1971- 1976- Cohort*Origin

Note: Birth cohort 1941-45 as reference

Origin-Education association across cohorts

WeakeningOE

StrentheningED

-.10

.1.2

.3IS

EI (c

nt)

1946- 1951- 1956- 1961- 1966- 1971- 1976-Cohort*Education

Note: Birth cohort 1941-45 as reference

Education-Destination association across cohorts

H1:Theorigin-des2na2onassocia2onnetofeduca2onhasstrengthened

•  Parentalcompensa$on

-.1-.0

50

.05

ISE

I (cn

t)

1946- 1951- 1956- 1961- 1966- 1971- 1976- Cohort*origin

gross OD net ODNote: Birth cohort 1941-45 as reference

Origin-Destination association across cohorts

Variablesforins$tu$onalchange

Matchedwithequivalent5-yearbirthcohortswithincountries

Schoolleavingage

Feesinter$aryeduca$on

Thepropor$oncompletedter$aryeduca$on

Removalofeduca$onaldead-ends

Methods

Linearcountryfixedeffectmodels

Decomposi$on

OE&Ins$tu$ons Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5

Birth cohort 0.378*** (0.018)

0.308*** (0.018)

0.378*** (0.018)

0.323*** (0.019)

0.305*** (0.018)

Parental ISEI (cnt.) 0.086*** (0.001)

0.084*** (0.001)

0.086*** (0.001)

0.086*** (0.001)

0.086*** (0.001)

Birth cohort # Parental ISEI (cnt.)

-0.004*** (0.000)

-0.004*** (0.000)

-0.004*** (0.000)

-0.004*** (0.000)

-0.004*** (0.000)

Female -0.034 (0.022)

-0.038 (0.022)

-0.035 (0.022)

-0.036 (0.022)

-0.037 (0.022)

Age (cnt.) 0.017*** (0.004)

0.018*** (0.004)

0.017*** (0.004)

0.016*** (0.004)

0.017*** (0.004)

School leaving age

0.263*** (0.015)

Fees apply

-0.067 (0.054)

Completed tertiary education (%)

0.029*** (0.004)

1 reform on educational dead-ends

0.551*** (0.041)

2 reforms

0.979*** (0.066)

Observations 105016 105016 105016 105016 105016 R2 0.255 0.257 0.255 0.255 0.257

OE+ins2tu2ons

Institution Decomposition 95% conf.

interval (proportion of change in OE)

School leaving age 0.122*** 0.096 0.148 Fees in tertiary education 0.001 -0.001 0.002 Completed tertiary education (%) -0.002 -0.007 0.003

Removal of educational dead-ends 0.024** 0.008 0.040

OD+ins$tu$ons Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Birth cohort 0.054

(0.085) -0.796*** (0.074)

-0.668*** (0.076)

-0.795*** (0.074)

-0.853*** (0.079)

-0.693*** (0.076)

Parental ISEI (cnt.) 0.341** (0.006)

0.148*** (0.006)

0.151*** (0.006)

0.148*** (0.006)

0.149*** (0.006)

0.148*** (0.006)

Birth cohort # Parental ISEI (cnt.)

-0.002 (0.002)

0.007*** (0.001)

0.006*** (0.001)

0.007*** (0.001)

0.007*** (0.001)

0.007*** (0.001)

Female -0.296** (0.103)

-0.219* (0.091)

-0.212* (0.091)

-0.212* (0.091)

-0.220* (0.091)

-0.215* (0.091)

Education in years (cnt.)

2.249*** (0.017)

2.256*** (0.017)

2.250*** (0.017)

2.249*** (0.017)

2.254*** (0.017)

School leaving age

-0.486*** (0.059)

Fees apply

0.964*** (0.225)

Completed tertiary education (%)

0.030 (0.016)

1 reform on educational dead-ends

-0.714*** (0.164)

2 reforms

-1.514*** (0.259)

OD+ins2tu2ons

Institution Decomposition 95% conf. interval

(proportion of change in OD)

School leaving age 0.126*** 0.069 0.182 Fees in tertiary education 0.005 -0.002 0.012 Completed tertiary education (%) 0.002 -0.002 0.005 Removal of educational dead-ends 0.005 -0.022 0.033

Familyins$tu$ons?

•  PöyliöandKallioextendedthetesttocontrasted.ins$tu$onswithfamilyins$tu$ons–  theschoolleavingage– pre-primaryeduca5on– propor5oncompletedter5aryeduca5on– maternityleave–  familyallowances

•  birthcohorts1956-1980

Sumofresults

Parentalcompensa$ontakingplaceinEuropeSchoolleavingageanddead-endreformsexplaindirectlysomeoftheweakeningofOESchoolleavingagehasastrongdirectinfluenceontheonparentalcompensa$on(netOD)

InfluenceofSchoolleavingage

Olderage–lessdependentonparentsineduca$onaldecisions

(weakerOE)

BUT

Longer$meathome–moreinfluenceofparentsonoccupa$on(values,preferences,socialcapital)

Youngercohorts(Pöyliö&Kallio)

Alsothelengthofmaternityleavema5ered

ImprovedthechancesoflowSESfamilykidstoreachhigherstatus