PowerPoint Presentation

Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchAnimal Science Unit, Melle (Belgium)www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be
Impact of nutrition and managementon the occurrence and severity of foot pad dermatitis
Huvepharma Seminar, Bruges 20-21/11/2013
Luc MaertensEvelyne Delezie

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) ... wet litter
*
Different names: Foot pad dermatitis (FDP) Contact dermatitis Pododermatitis Foot burn or - lesions Ammonia burn: > 50% of manure N NH3)
(uric acid +H20+02: NH3 and C02)
What: erosion (necrotic lesions) of the foot skin
Cause: wet and sticky litter (FPD and wet litter: r = 0.9)
Intro

Development of broiler weight
?
Weight (g) at 42 days (males)
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Reasons: Selection 80-90% Feed 10-20%
With increasing performance increasing FPD
Consequences: - Very high increase in daily feed and water intake - From d25 onwards: >150 g feed or > 0.25 l water litter quality - Fragile intestinal balance, quicker gut passage
Intro

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1700

2000

2400

2750

3100

Oost

Sheet1

198019902000201020152020

Oost170020002400275031003250

Foot pad dermatitis ... assessment
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Excellent unacceptable
Intro
Scale 0 ...
....2 (3)

Intro: prevalence on farms
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FPD farm score=100 x (0 x class 0 + 0.5 x class 1 + 2 x class 2)/ n (= number of feet)
Broiler farms (cumulative %)
Situation in The Netherlands between April 2010 and April 2011 (Source WUR)
Intro
(Productschap Pluimvee en Eieren)

Adverse effects of foot pad dermatitis
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Animal welfare (pain, move less, eat and drink less)Links with prevalence of breast blisters & rejections at slaughterhouseDirty broilers, catching ...A gateway for bacteria (secondary infections)Reduced use of antibiotics (link with gut health, litter quality)Economical value of feet (Asia)Reduced performances (DWG & FCR) because of reduced mobility

(Audenaert, 2012)
Intro

Litter moistureDWGFCRProb. (P) with litter moisture, % 0.0360.001Corr. (R) with litter moisture, % -0.3730.544

FPD a multifactorial problem
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Water: balance: intake, -losses, -system, -pressure Litter material: type, thickness, Litter: wet, sticky, capped, caked ...Ventilation and floor: temperature, concrete,, ...Light: distribution, colour, program, ... Density (33 -39 - 42 kg/m); partial unloadingAnimal: age, weight, breed, sex, Gut health: dysbacteriosis coccidiosis - ...NutritionRaw materials (vegetarian vs animal origin, cereals ) Nutrients (minerals, protein content, fat )Physical feed form (mash, pellet, whole wheat )Enzymes (NSP, proteases, ....)Additives (acids, clay minerals, )Biotin, Zn

Management at farm level !
Overview

Wet litter . disturbed water balance
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WATER BALANCE broiler:

SUPPLY LOSSES Feed ( 88% DM) Urinary (50%)+ drinking water (75% of supply)Faeces (water content 75-80%)+ Oxidation of nutrientsEvaporation (skin + exhaled gasses)(0.6 g H2O/g glucose; 1.7g H2O/g fat; 0.1g H2O/g protein)

Note: selection for extreme DWG (feed intake): loading of litter E.g. Quickly growing (Ross 308) vs slower growing broiler (Sasso T451)
Water

Litter of broilers: water balance
Ratio water/feed: 1.7 - 2.0; Feed cons. 0-40d/br: 4.25 kg
7.25 l
8.50 l
2.0 l
2.0 l
5.25 l
6.5 l
25-30% fixed in the body
50-75% by evaporation
3.60 l
1.65 l
3.5 l
3.25 l
For a house with 40 000 br or 2 500 m)
25 l/m or 65 000 l
50 l/m or 130 000 l
Or 3 000 to 6 000 l/day after the age of 25 days ! Ventilation! Release of water!
Note: wood shavings: max. water retention 3.4 l/kg ; 2 kg/m or 7l/m or 17 500 l/house
Optimal situation
Bad situation
Water
15 br/m

Wet litter dirty broilers FPD

Drinker height and water pressure
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Drinking line height: appropriate to bird height (when standing birds have to reach for the nipple): avoids water spillage or playingMobile drinking lines: less FPD (more homogeneous litter)Water pressure: age dependent (low for young birds, higher with increasing age); FPD score: better with low pressure BUT performances ...

FPD score
Weight, d 38
(Petersen, 2006)
Water pressure
Water

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2351

2380

2369

Kolom1

Blad1

Kolom1

Low2351

Medium2380

High2369

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8

42

60

Kolom1

Blad1

Kolom1

Low8

Medium42

High60

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FPD and drinker types
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Water spillage: drinking cups > nipples > nipples with drip cups

(Van Harn et al., 2009)
Water

ParameterDrinking nippleDrip cupBody weight, d 35 (g)FCRWater/feed ratio2047 b1.603 b1.81 b2093 a1.595 a1.78 aDry matter litter (%)FPD Score 0 Score 1 Score 248.7 a

04 a9552.8 b

418 b78

Acidifying of drinking water
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(Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)
FPD scores
Water

Control+ AcidifierControlled to the same water intake as with acidifierWeight, d 35FCR2106 a1.5841961 b1.5971974 b1.592Water/feed ratioDM litter (%)1.82 b60.7 a1.74 a65.6 b1.71a65.2 b

Grafiek1

38.547.514

3550.514.5

5.52866.5

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2

Controlled water38.547.514

With acidifyer3550.514.5

Control5.52866.5

Water binding capacity of litter material
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* DM of 85-90%
(De Baere & Zoons, 2004)
(Youssef et al., 2010)
Litter

Litter *Specific gravity (kg/m3)WBC (g H2O/g litter)Wood shavings1203.4Wood (sawdust)1601.0-1.5Wheat straw602.6Barley straw601.9

FPD and litter material
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Most used: wood shavings, chopped straw, peat, coconut fibers .... Flax straw, chopped corn plant, rice hulls, sand, recycled paper, ...Peat > wood shavings (fine coconut)> chopped straw but if straw if chopped in small pieces: improved litter and less FPDPhysical form: soft (lignocellulose: water release!) and no sharp edges (barley straw !)short (chopped straw: 2-4 cm): WBC and stimulate scratchingDM of litter at start has to be high (85-90%) and ventilate enough to maintain a good litter quality (DM>55%, no crust on the top)

Litter

FDP and litter material
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Average of 6 flocks, De Baere & Zoons, 2004
Litter

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56.73211.20.1

39.245.315.30.1

(1,5 kg/m)

(1,5 kg/m)

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Score 4

Blad1

Score 1Score 2Score 3Score 4

Wood shavings56.73211.20.1

Straw39.245.315.30.1

Als u de afmetingen van het gegevensbereik van de grafiek wilt wijzigen, versleept u de rechterbenedenhoek van het bereik.

*
FDP and litter material
FDP and litter material
Litter

Litter material and FPD in turkeys
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Litter

Litter material and FPD in turkeys
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Van Harn & De Jong, 2012
(Youssef et al., 2010)
Wet litter challenge: 8h/d at a continuously 27% DM , by adding water
Litter

Wood shavingsLigno celluloseChopped strawDried mais silageDWG (d 15-42)FCR68.8 1.5167.1 1.6372.41.6172.01.60DM litter, %76.7 a83.2 b68.8 c75.0 a

FPD and bedding amount litter depth
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Contrasting results: more bedding material does not necessary result in improved FDP (1.0 vs 1.5 kg/m wood shavings or 1.25 vs 2.5 kg/m straw)Interactions with floor isolation, heating (e.g. under ground), ventilation?If floor is well isolated: with a thin layer of litter (0.5 1 kg/m) 1 cmIncreased scratching and turning of the litter by the chicks Increased aeration, drier and friable litterBut floor temperature! Pre-warmingSpreading of litter material after pre-warming to avoid condensation If a cold floor: a ticker layer of litter is required (>2-3 cm)

Litter

Effect of lava or clay minerals
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Lava: 2 times/week: 70 g/m)
Clay minerals: 2 times/week: 70 g/m)
(De Baere, 2012)
Litter additions

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2266120

1562230

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2Score 3

extra lava2266120

Wood shavings1562230

Grafiek1

1766170

1462240

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2Score 3

Clay minerals1766170

Wood shavings1462240

FPD and lighting
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EC regulation: min. 6h dark/24h with a 4h uninterrupted dark period and at least 20 lux during lighting periodsImportant: uniform distribution (also of feed, water, ventilation) promotes a homogeneous distribution of birds and avoids bad zones Light bulbs > fluorescent lighting (TL): less friable litter, decreased FPDLED light: energy saving, homogeneous and interestingColour : limited effect on FPD , but ... on behaviour (yellow: promotes walking; blue: promote sitting and standing; green: promotes intake, ... ) Intermittent > day - night: drier litter, less FPDAfter a long dark period: peak in water intake!
Light

Effect of lighting regime on FPD
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(De Baere & Zoons, 2004)
But if TL lamps are placed higher, a more homogeneous light distribution, better spreading of broilers and litter ... less FPD
Light

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51.636.811.60

56.136.86.80.4

5237.710.10.3

41.941.715.70.6

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2Score 3

Bulbs 5 lux51.636.811.60

Bulbs 10 lux56.136.86.80.4

Bulbs 20 lux5237.710.10.3

Fluorescent (TL)41.941.715.70.6

Effect of lighting regime on FPD
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(Van Harn, 2009)
FPD scores
Light

18L:6DIntermittent: 4L:4D: 3L:1D:3L:1D:3L:1D:3L:1DWeight, d 35FCR2029 a1.5722061 b1.566Water/feed ratioDM litter (%)1.68 b58.6 a1.65 a61.2 b

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61.435.82.8

50.742.37

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2

Intermittent61.435.82.8

Day/night50.742.37

Effect of stocking density on FPD
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EC regulation: 33 or 39 or 42 kg/mNot always clear in trials ... but faecal load on the litter increases with increasing densities After an early and partial depopulation ( at d 30): increased litter quality
FPD scores
(De Baere & Zoons, 2004)
Stocking density

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39.737.220.12.9

54.329.714.21.8

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2Score 3

20/m39.737.220.12.9

16/m54.329.714.21.8

Comparison of 2 temperature schedules and FPD
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(Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)
Temperature

Age (days)Rapid declineSlower decline-5-4-3-2-10171421283542---2830333328252221201925253030333333302825222019

Effect of temperature scheme on FPD
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(Van Harn & De Jong, 2012)
Temperature

Control (rapid) temperature declineSlow temperature declineWeight, d 35FCR21081.566 a21081.536 bWater/feed ratioDM litter (%)1.75 a65.5 b1.79 b67.0 a

Grafiek1

86.211.22.6

69.123.57.4

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Blad1

Score 0Score 1Score 2

Slow decline86.211.22.6

Rapid decline69.123.57.4

Effect of age, breed, gender on FPD
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Age (weight): clear increase of severity and prevalence with age (of litter quality??Between standard commercial breeds: no clear differences, sometimes Ross 308 less sensitive compared to Cobb FFHowever: slower growing breeds (more active ?): less FPDMales > females: weight effect?

Animal

FPD and feeding
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All dietary factors that increase water consumption: risk factorsOversupply of nutrients (excretion with water via the kidneys)High dietary protein contentMinerals (Na, K)Fat (source content), highly condensed feedsRaw materials with high NSP content, whole wheatFeed form: mash pellet; particle size: coarse - fineAdditions (Zn, Biotin, clay minerals, lignocellulose...) ...

N- retention in broilers
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Inefficient: only 40% converted to muscle tissue in broilers Undigested N: draws water for excretion through liver, kidneys (uric acid) and faeces Stimulates water intake and urine volume If excess: disturbs microbial gut balance, absorption 2% CP = 12,5% N = 18% N excretion (Collett, 2012) Because of the high growth and high breast meat %: high N (AA) requirements Duality : maximize growth or gut health Vegetable protein sources: high content of non-digestible CH (SBM 12%)) Avoids an excess of indigestible protein by:Using well digestible sourcesSynthetic AA

Oversupply

Effect of protein level and source
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Effect on severe lesions at d 54
H
L
VEG + ANI
VEG
P