Insecticides
description
Transcript of Insecticides
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InsecticidesInsecticides
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PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
AgeBest used when mixed, don’t store
after mixing
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PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
ThatchExcessive thatch (>1/2”) binds
insecticide
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PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
UV degradationBreaks chemical bondsBiologicals most susceptible
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PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
pH impactNeutral pH is best
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PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICSPESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
Microbial degradationBacteria and fungi feed on organic
portion of pesticideCan break down within hours
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Stomach poisons Enter insect through the gut when
eaten
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Systemic poisons Translocated within plants Insects exposed when feeding Most effective on piercing-sucking
insects Receive greater dose
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Contact poisons Enter body when insect walks over
treated surface
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Interferes with normal growth Prevents molting (juvenile
hormones) Very safe, delayed effect
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Biorational (Biological) Beneficial fungi, nematodes or
bacteria
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisons: most conventional insecticides
a) Narcotics Physical action in
nervous system
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisonsb) Synaptic Interrupt synaptic transmission of
nervous system Synapse (gap) is the junction
between a neuron and another cell (muscle, gland, etc)
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisonsb) Synaptic In central nervous system,
acetylcholine transmits an impulse across synapse to next cell
Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and cause malfunction
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Muscle poisons Disrupting muscle membrane
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicants Horticultural Oil
Clog the spiracles that breathe
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicants Insecticidal soap
Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect
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MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicantsDiatomaceous earthCrushed fossilsCut insects walking over itDehydrate
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SOURCE CLASSIFICATIONSOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Inorganic: lack carbonOrganic: possess carbon
Natural are produced from natural substances: botanicals and oils
Synthetics are manmade
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
Pesticide rotationRotate chemical classes
Change mode of action (MOA)http://www.irac-online.org/
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)Unstable in lightWas most widely used insecticides
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)Malathion, Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
Cancelled
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CARBAMATESLow persistence in environmentNoted toxicity to pollinators
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CARBAMATESCarbarylGreatest use is fruit
productionControls insects
and fruit-thinning agent
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CARBAMATESCarbofuran (cancelled) Ineffective when used continuouslyMicroorganisms quickly degrade
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSMost persistent insecticide class
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
DDT Cancelled in US in 1973
Extremely stableExtremely stable Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light
Fat solubility Fat solubility Other classes broken down in animals by
enzymes
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSDDT: 2 characteristics for cancellation1. Stability allows more to be taken up by
animals2. Accumulates in body fat
Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONSDDTBiomagnificationAs predators consume organisms,
DDT accumulates in fat of predatorThin egg shells, reproductive failure…
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BOTANICALSDerived directly from plantsOrganic gardeningConsidered safer, some exceptionsMost are expensive and impractical
on commercial scale
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BOTANICALSPyrethrum Extracted from Chrysanthemum Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown Breaks down rapidly in sunlight
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BOTANICALSRotenoneSecond most used botanicalExtremely toxic to fish
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BOTANICALSRotenoneNew research released in the United States on
Monday shows a link between the use of two pesticides, rotenone and paraquat, and Parkinson's disease. People who used either pesticide developed Parkinson's disease approximately 2.5 times more often than non-users.
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS NeemOil from neem treePrimarily repellentAlso medicinal and toothpastehttp://www.azasol.com/
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)Replacing many older insecticides:
effective and safeSynthetic pyrethrum
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)Permethrin High toxicity at low rates Quick knockdown More stable Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
PHENYL PYRAZOLESLow mammalian toxicityVery effectiveFipronil, season long control of ants
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
CHLORONICOTINYLSTranslocates within plantMerit is absorbed through
rootsSuspected in CCD (bees)Banned in Canada
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Colony Collapse Disorder Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)(CCD)
• Adult bees fly off to die• Causes include parasites, viruses,
bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides• No proof of cell tower
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)Not substitute for conventional
insecticidesMore scouting and repeat applications
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Protein produced by Bt that damages
gutDeath in couple days
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Varieties have specific hostVar. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel)
Genetically modified corn contains protein
Monarch butterflies?
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes
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MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTSINGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)SpinosadDerived from bacteriumEffective flea control