InheritanceCS 2302 SPRING 2015

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Inheritance In this part we introduce a new relationship between classes: inheritance. This is the fundamental feature of object-oriented programming.

The basic concepts of inheritance are discussed, and the first example from the book is recreated.

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Motivation When modeling objects, we group similar objects into *classes*

We may notice that some classes of objects have common features

Or, we may decide that it would be useful to subdivide and existing class into smaller groups with more specific characteristics

In either case we have the idea of *subclasses*: classes that are contained in larger classes

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Taxonomy "the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms; systematics." (Google)

Most of us have studied taxonomy in biology: phyla, genera, species and other groups of living things

The various levels of biological taxonomy show the subclass relationship

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Classification of Humans Here are the various levels of biological classes/taxa to which we human beings are assigned. Animalia (Kingdom)

◦ Chordata (Phylum)◦ Mammalia (Class)◦ Primates (Order)◦ Hominidae (Family)◦ Hominini (Tribe)◦ Homo (Genus)◦ Sapiens (Species)

The parenthesized names are the names for that level of classification in biological taxonomy.

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Subclass Relationships All mammals (those in class mammalia) are also chordates (members of the phylum chordata)

◦ Chordates have, among other features, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, at least at some stage of development

◦ Mammals all have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, early in embryonic development◦ Mammals have other characteristics that are not shared by all chordates, such as three middle ear

bones and mammary glands◦ There are chordates that are not mammals. For example, bony fish

All primates (those in order primate) are also mammals (those in class mammalia)◦ Primates share all the characteristics that mammals have◦ Primates have other characteristics, not shared by non-primate mammals, such as nails instead of claws

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Remarks on Human Taxonomy

We belong to various groups based on common anatomical characteristics

We humans are mammals, along with bears, dogs, elephants and whales. ◦ Hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands

We are primates, along with lemurs and monkeys ◦ Forward facing eyes, keratin nails, domed cranium

We are hominidae, along with chimpanzees and gorillas ◦ Genetic similarities are the most recent basis for classification

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GeometricObject Example One important and flexible way to create pictures is as a composition of simple figures

◦ One scheme, SVG, is used to create sophisticated images from simple components.◦ The clock is a nice example:http://tavmjong.free.fr/INKSCAPE/DRAWINGS/clock2.svg

The GeometricObject example in this chapter shows how inheritance can be used to organize a 'family' of related classes.

This example will be elaborated upon in later chapters and, eventually, used to create actual pictures.

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Implementation Setup We will change the book example in a couple of ways

◦ The example will use packages◦ Because the packages take care of 'name collision', the names of the classes will be simplified

Create package cs2302sp15.chap11

Create the basic class files

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Analyzing Geometry Circles and rectangles make an easy first step

Common characteristics of these two are ◦ Color to use ◦ Whether to fill in the figure or just an outline ◦ The date on which the object was created

Characteristics unique to the figures are ◦ Circle

◦ radius

◦ Rectangle ◦ height◦ width

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Design Three classes will be created in Java

◦ GeometricObject◦ Rectangle◦ Circle

GeometricObject represents the common features of Rectangle and Circle

The Rectangle and Circle classes represent the features specific to those shapes

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UML Diagram

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UML Diagram Explained Each class is a rectangle

◦ Name at the top◦ Instance variables in the middle◦ Instance methods at the bottom

+ indicates public, - indicates private

The arrows with open triangular heads represent the inheritance relationships ◦ All circles are geometric objects: the circle class is a subclass of the geometric object class ◦ All rectangles are geometric objects: the rectangle class is a subclass of the geometric object class

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Other Terminology The circle class extends the geometric object class

The geometric object class is a superclass of the circle class

The geometric object class generalizes the circle class

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Representing Inheritance in Java

The extends keyword indicates that the class being defined is a subclass of another class

The name of the other class follows the keyword

A class may extend only one other class

If no explicit superclass is designated, then Object is the implicit superclass

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public class Circle extends GeometricObject

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Filling in the Classes Attributes

◦ GeometricObject: color, filled, dateCreated◦ Circle: radius◦ Rectangle: width, height

Methods◦ Getters and setters (note isFilled rather than getFilled)◦ Get area and perimeter in Circle and Rectangle◦ printcircle◦ toString in GeometricObject◦ Various constructors

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A Program We see that we can use the methods defined in GeometricObject in classes Circle and Rectangle

Create a Circle, print some attributes

Create a Rectangle, print some attributes

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