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D-A~l 89 THERMAL CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE INFRARED IMAGES AND- 1/1

7 D-A1l 788 CORRELATION WITH SE-SURFCE NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION(U)

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JAI 22

THESIS A

THERMAL CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE

SEA-SURFACE NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION

by

Vitor Martinho F. Pereira e Silva

June 1982

Thesis Advisor: E. Traganza 1

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

83U.8.3

UNCLASS IFIEDS9CUMTV CLASSIFICATIO OF THIS PAGE (Ne Do*.me gas~______________

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PACE MEAD 0119hUC?!flNS1. 09*POUT HNGMER GO QVT ACCaSSIO No. 3. IVECIFIFINTS CATALOG NMUER

4. TITL.E (801 IlS110801) 11 yeorP1100TaPp COVENto

Thermal Calibration of Satellite Master's thesis;Infrared Images and Correlation with June.. 1982Sea-Surface Nutrient Distribution II. PERFORMINGONGm. REPORT sUmecR

7.- AUTH@R18) 8. CONVRACT Go GRANT HUNSME(.

Vitor Martinho F. Pereira e Silva

6. PRFORING0111"NIATIO NAE AN ADRESSto.PROGRAM ELEMNT.NPROJE4CT. TASK* 0.PERoNMNG RGAIZATON AMEAMALOOESSAREA & WORK UNIT OCMURs

Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

I I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AMA ADOI9S 12. REPORT OATE

Naval Postgraduate School June 1982Monterey, California 93940 64UUEOPAE

14. 06006TORING A49NCY NAME & AORESS3(if 9*fftnme IS CinOeeIIMO Offids) IS. SKCURITY CLASS, (*1 thie ifte

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14. OIS RIOUTION STATEMENT (.4 l0to Revert)


17. OIST1RiOUTION STATEMENT (of the 4141100011 mt*ME 0u D1*a 20- 11 different #0.0 Ah0110)

1S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

It. Key MOROS (Continue o rowe aide lifteeseetm m idemtify Wp Uw* umbe)

satellite infrared imagery; radiative transfer theory;sea surface temperature; nutrients; nitrate; phosphate;upwelling; mapping

20. AIISSACT (Contiue on FOWW" dds It *0,eeend 141000"Yi by bleak ee

_*%Satellite infrared imagery off the California coast, nearPt. Sur, show thermal patterns associated with an upwellingcenter; the patterns frequently curl cyclonically when inter-acting with the warmer California Current. This pattern showssharp thermal fronts, easily identified in satellite IR images,that are strongly correlated with nutrient fronts during theearly stages of upwelling. With sea truth data av ailabl e, it\

~~~U/0 01AN14 71q440TO O NV1 I SLTEUNCLASSIFIED

8ECURITY CLASSFICATION 09 THIS VAGE (nown -Does rwei)

UNCLASS IFIED

#20 - ABSTRACT - (CONTINUED)

Nwas feasible to calibrate satellite derived sea surfacetemperature, by applying radiative transfer theory, and toinfer nutrient concentrations from their linear inversecorrelations with temperature. Thus, it was possible tocalibrate satellite thermal fields to produce maps ofnutrient distributions. When the inferred relationshipswere applied over representativ regions of the upwel,4ngcenter, standard deviations of(0.5 C) 1.7 "IM, and 0.1 piM,were computed for temperature, nirate and Fphosphate, j

respectively,

A /

DD Forr. 1473 UNCLASSIFIEDS/.4

3 .2S1.4 U12-n14- 601 S6CIhV itI @ to sel PaIIetmo4 onto m*


Thermal Calibration of SatelliteInfrared Images and Correlation withSea-Surface Nutrient Distribution

by

Vitor Martinho F. Pereira e SilvaLieutenant, Portuguese Navy

B.A., Portuguese Naval Academy, 1976

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

June 1982

Author:

Approved by: ,

/Thesis Advisor

Second Reader'4"" . , -.. j

-Chairman, Depart f Oceanography

Dean of Science and Engineering

3

ABSTRACT

Satellite infrared imagery off the California coast,

near Pt. Sur, show thermal patterns associated with an up-

welling center; the patterns frequently curl cyclonically

when interacting with the warmer California Current. This

pattern shows sharp thermal fronts, easily identified in

satellite IR images, that are strongly correlated with nutri-

ent fronts during the early stages of upwelling. With sea

truth data available, it was feasible to calibrate satellite

derived sea surface temperature, by applying radiative trans-

fer theory, and to infer nutrient concentrations from their

linear inverse correlat- ns with temperature. Thus, it was

possible to calibrate satellite thermal fields to produce

maps of nutrient distributions. When the inferred relation-

ships were applied over representative regions of the upwelling

center, standard deviations of 0.50C, 1.7 pM and 0.1 pM were

computed for temperature, nitrate and phosphate, respectively.

44

,-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------

II. METHODS ----------------------------------------- 13

A. CRUISES ------------------------------------- 13

B. SATELLITE IMAGERY --------------------------- 13

C. INFRARED RADIOMETRY -5-------------------------1

1. Temperature Degradation ----------------- 15

2. Planck Function ------------------------- 17

3. Radiative Transfer Theory --------------- 18

D. LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATIONCOMPUTATIONS -------------------------------- 20

III. RESULTS ----------------------------------------- 22

A. 9 JUNE 1980 SATELLITE IMAGERY --------------- 22

B. 11 JUNE 1980 SATELLITE IMAGERY -------------- 26

C. 29 OCTOBER 1980 SATELLITE IMAGERY ----------- 42

IV. DISCUSSION -------------------------------------- 57

LIST OF REFERENCES ----------- ------------------------ 60

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST -------------------- 62

t 5

__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

LIST OF TABLES

I. Calibration table of the satellite imagefor 9 June 1980 --------------------------------- 27

II. Calibration table of the satellite imagefor 11 June 1980 -------------------------------- 38

III. Calibration table of the satellite image for29 October 1980 ---------------------------------- 50

IV. Summary table of nutrients vs. temperature 59linear regression analysis----------------------

6

.

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES

Plate 1. NOAA-6 Satellite IR image for 9 June 1980 23

Plate 2. NOAA-6 Satellite IR image for 11 June 1980 -- 34

Plate 3. NOAA-6 Satellite IR image for 29 October

1980------------------------------------------- 46

7

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Sample of the picprint of the satelliteimage for 9 June 1980 ----------------------------- 24

2. In-situ temperature and satellite temperatureversus elapsed distance along a portion of thecruise track of the 9-10 June 1980 cruise --------- 25

3. Nitrate versus temperature with the

regression line for 10 June 1980 ------------------ 28

4. Phosphate versus temperature with theregression line for 10 June 1980 ------------------ 29

5. Nitrate versus phosphate with the regressionline for 10 June 1980 ----------------------------- 30

6. Sea surface temperature map in *C for 9 June1980 inferred from satellite IR imagery. Con-tour interval is one radiometric unit ofmeasurement (1 count z 0.50C) --------------------- 31

7. Sea surface nitrate map for 9 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery ------ 32

8. Sea surface phosphate map for 9 June 1980generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery ------ 33

9. Sample of the picprint of thesatellite image for 11 June 1980 ------------------ 36

10. In-situ temperature and satellite temperatureversus elapsed distance along a portion of thecruise track of the 10-11 June 1980 cruise -------- 37

11. Nitrate versus temperature with the regressionline for 11 June 1980 ----------------------------- 39

12. Phosphate versus temperature with the regressionline for 11 June 1980 ----------------------------- 40

13. Nitrate versus phosphate with the regressionline for 11 June 1980 ------------------------------ 41

14. Sea surface temperature map in 0C for 11 June1980 inferred from satellite IR imagery. Contourinterval is one radiometric unit of measurement(1 count z 0.50C) --------------------------------- 43

m"S

F 15. Sea surface nitrate map for 11 June 1980, generatedby correlation with sea surface temperaturedistribution given by IR imagery -------------------- 44

16. Sea surface phosphate map for 11 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery -------- 45

17. Sample of the picprint of the satellite

image for 29 October 1980 --------------------------- 47

18. In-situ temperature and satellite temperatureversus elapsed distance along a portion of thecruise track of the 29 October 1980 cruise ---------- 48

19. Nitrate versus temperature with the regressionline for 29 October 1980 ---------------------------- 51

20. Phosphate versus temperature with the, regression line for 29 October 1980 ----------------- 52

21. Nitrate versus phosphate with the regressionline for 29 October 1980 ---------------------------- 53

22. Sea surface temperature map in °C for 29 October1980 inferred from satellite IR imagery. Contourinterval is one radiometric unit of measurement(1 count z 0.5°C) ----------------------------------- 54

23. Sea surface nitrate map for 29 October 1980generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery -------- 55

24. Sea surface phosphate map for 29 October 1980generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery -------- 56

4 9

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Dr. Eugene D. Traganza, thesis

advisor and principal investigator, whose assistance made

this task possible. Sincere appreciation is extended to

Dr. James L. Mueller for his assistance and recommendations

during this research, Mr. Laurence C. Breaker of the National

Environmental Satellite Service at Redwood City, California

for his help in obtaining the satellite data, and Mr. Robert

Wrigley, of the NASA-Ames Research Center at Moffett Field,

California for his assistance in the work with the IDIMS

system. Lastly, I would like to thank Isabel, my future

wife, for her forbearance and support, although physically

away.

10

I. INTRODUCTION

This thesis is a study of the possibility of calibrating

infra-red satellite images from limited in-situ temperature

data, and the possibility ofwhether chemical (specifically

nitrate and phosphate concentrations) mesoscale variability

may be inferred from corresponding satellite detected thermal

patterns in an upwelling zone [Traganza, 19801.

Very high resolution infrared radiometry, with a spatial

and amplitude resolution -1.0 km and -0.5 0C, respectively,

have been successfully used in locating and sensing sea

surface temperature contrasts in upwelling zones [Traganza

et al., 1980; Bowman et al., 1977]. Due to the development

in radiative transfer theory and satellite imagery it is

possible to calibrate this satellite derived temperature

when sea truth data are available, and the atmospheric mois-

ture distribution is uniform.

Surface temperature and nutrient maps can be generated

using these corrected satellite derived temperatures, and

nutrient to temperature correlations, because active upwelling

systems in an early stage of development are expected o have

strong inverse linear correlations between nutrients and

temperature. The recurrent formation of "a cyclonic upwelling

system" off Pt. Sur, California [Traganza, Conrad and Breaker,

19801 offers a unique opportunity to simultaneously investi-

6 gate the accuracy of satellite generated surface maps for

111

temperature and nutrients, and the influence that coastal

upwelling has on surface nutrient concentrations when it

brings nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic zone. This

appears to be a major factor regulating the standing stock

and production of phytoplankton in coastal waters [Eppley et

al., 1979]. And, because phytoplankton are the primary pro-

ducers in the pelagic ecosystem, supporting the foodweb, it

will be of interest to obtain a wider and instantaneous pic-

ture of the nutrient concentrations, which only a satellite

can give, although indirectly.

Thermal gradients detected by IR imagery identify potential

site of high biomass which may be confirmed by Coastal Zone

Color Scanner (CZCS) data (Traganza, 19811. This data can

reveal subtle variations in the concentration of phytoplank-

ton pigments and has a potential application for the study

of large-scale patchiness in phytoplankton distributions

[Hovis et al., 1980].

12

II. METHODS

A. CRUISES

Sea truth data were obtained from the cruises conducted

aboard the Naval Postgraduate School's research vessel R/V

ACANIA on 10 and 11 June 1980 and 29 October 1980.

To ensure coverage of the cyclonic moving feature updated

satellite information regarding its approximate location, size,

center and orientation, was sent prior to each cruise and

sometimes during the cruise by Mr. Breaker, the staff ocean-

ographer at the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS)

Station, in Redwood City, California. R/V ACANIA positions

within this "cyclonic upwelling system," centered a few

kilometers southwest of Point Sur, were determined by LORAN-C

which has good coverage in this region. Temperature and nutri-

ents were measured in situ every two minutes at a depth of

2.5 m. Seawater temperature was sensed by a thermistor, and

- recorded continuously on a strip chart. For calibration and

monitoring of the equipment sea surface temperature was also

measured by bucket thermometer. Surface nutrient concentra-

tions were recorded and analyzed every two minutes according

to the Technicon Industrial Method [Hanson, 1980].

B. SATELLITE IMAGERY

Three satellite images of the region offshore CentralCalifornia were analyzed and calibrated. They were chosen

13

4 .

because they were cloud-free over the upwelling feature and

taken during or very close to the cruise time.

The infrared (10.5 to 12.5 uM) data recorded in the

satellite orbits were analyzed at the NASA-Ames Research

Center, in a computer equipped with the Interactive Digital

Image Manipulation System (IDIMS), which is a comprehensive

software package developed by Electromagnetic Systems Labora-

tories, Inc. With this software package, the author could

"zoom" magnify and pseudo-color the displayed image under

"joystick"control. Some 8-by-10 inch color Polaroid prints

were taken, as shown in Plates 1, 2 and 3. A computer print-

out (picprint), with the recorded count values (radiometric

units of measurement) was also obtained (Figs. 1, 8, 15). To

navigate on it, and because there were no geographical coor-

dinates on the picprint, the author used a computer program

developed by Lundell (1980). The purpose of this program

is to determine the line and pixel number of a geographical

location given the locations latitude and longitude, of a

landmark location (line, pixel, latitude and longitude) and

the period and inclination of the satellite orbit.

With the image navigational problem solved, it was possi-

ble to draw portions of the R/V ACANIA cruise tracks on the

picprint in order to compare the digitized satellite tempera-

tures with the in-situ values.

4.

* 14

C. INFRARED RADIOMETRY

1. Temperature Degradation

The usefulness of satellite observations depends on

the ability of the radiometer to view the sea with little

error introduced by the atmosphere. This error, which can

be substantial even in a relatively clear air, is mainly in-

duced by atmospheric attenuation of the infrared radiance

due to absorption by water vapor. According to Maul and

* Sidran (1973), this effect varies from small values for arc-

tic atmospheres to fairly high values, ca. 100C for tropical

atmospheres. In mid-latitudes, this attenuation may introduce

errors on the order of 2 to 60C.

Water, both as vapor and as clouds, is the primary

source of error. Even in cloud-free atmospheres, where scatter-

ing of infrared radiance is negligible, the magnitude of ab-

sorption and the variability of the moisture field presents

a severe problem. Theoretically, the influence of water vapor

can be calculated if the absorption coefficient of water vapor

as well as the vertical temperature and humidity profiles are

4 known. However, this requires radiosonde data for a study

area, which is rather the exception. Even using an isolated

sounding the temperature accuracy is limited to 10C [Maul and

Sidran, 19731.

Failure to detect the increase in humidity, due to

clouds, leads to 2 to 5C errors in the calculations. Even

in clear atmospheres, the water vapor can reduce the apparent

sea surface temperature by 4 to 80C. Furthermore, the

6 15

presence of moisture markedly attenuates surface temperature

gradients across an oceanic front (Maul et al., 1978].

Because the influence of clouds is the most difficult

variable to estimate and to correct for, the cloud-free satel-

lite observations, present during this study, minimized the

atmospheric errors and simplified the radiative transfer

equation because scattering of infrared radiance could be

neglected.

Adding to these atmospheric errors and increasing the

total deviation between satellite derived temperatues and

in-situ temperatures, are errors originating at the sea sur-

face, due to the very strong absorption (a) of infrared

photons on it. This produces a very thin optical depth

(z1/9.= 1/a), on the order of ca. 0.006 mm for the ca. 10.5

iM to 12.5 4M IR spectral window. As a consequence, the IR

radiation measured by the radiometer originates in the upper

0.006 mm of the sea surface, and may not represent slightly

deeper temperatures, as those obtained by the thermistor at

2.5 m on the R/V ACANIA cruises. The very thin "skin" at

the top of the ocean is in a quasi-laminar viscous sub-layer,

dominated by molecular fluxes, which are the reason for the

discrepancy between the sea surface temperatures sensed remotely

by infrared and by in-situ methods. The difference is usually

on the order of ca. 0.5 to 1*C, with the in-situ values

warmer [Stewart, 19791.

All these errors originating in the atmosphere and at

the ocean surface will be corrected indirectly in this study

416

by correlation between temperature derived radiances from

satellite and in-situ data. The author will assume negli-

gible both water vapor gradient and temperature discrepancy

(between satellite derived and in-situ temperatures) gradi-

ent within the area.

2. Planck Function

The sea surface emits thermal infrared spectral radi-

ance (L) as a function of the wavelength (X), the sea surface

temperature (T) and zenith incidence angle (e) according to

the equation

L(X,8,T) = ( ( ,e). (X,T)

where a(X,T) is the Planck Function,

r2hc 2.- l 3

s(X,T) = 2 Wattssteradian -lm-3A. [exp(hc/kTx)-l]

where

h = Planck's constant = 6.626196 x joule.sec

x = wavelength of emitted radiation, meters

8 -1c = speed of light = 2.997925 xl0 m-sec

k = Boltzmann's constant = 1.380622 xi023 jouleK1

T temperature, K

The Planck Function gives the spectral radiance emitted

by an ideal blackbody. However, the sea surface is not an

17

L.-1

ideal blackbody and emits less radiation. The factor e(x,a)

accounts for this fact, and is called Emissivity, E(X,e)

$(sea surface, K)e (blackbody, K)

Because its averaged value over the IR spectral window (10.5

pm to 12.5 pm) remains near ca. 0.98 for a ca. 0* to 40*,

this value was used in the computations of radiances.

3. Radiative Transfer Theory

Absolute measurements of sea-surface temperature could,

in theory, be produced from solutions of the radiative

transfer equation,

L(T) = L0 (Ts)--r(p 0 ) + L,

where

L(T ) = radiance measured by the satellite radiometerA in watts-steradian-.m -3

T temperature obtained by inverting the Planck'sfunction for the measured value of radiancein K

L0 (Ts) = total radiance emitted from the surfaceat temperature T in watts.steradian-l.m- - s

-C(p0 ) = atmospheric transmittance between the4pressure levels ca. 0 (top of the atmos-"._ phere) and p0 (sia level)

L = path radiance due to the isotropic thermalemission of photons by the atmosphere alongthe propagation path from the sea surfaceto the radiometer in watts.steradian-l'm

-3

18

using detailed atmospheric observations and multi-channel

satellite radiometers. In this study, such data were not

available, and therefore, a simpler scheme was used of

necessity. To derive the parameters T, the atmospheric trans-

mittance, and L,, the path radiance, both sets of satellite

and in situ temperature observations in the observed frontal

zones, where thermal differences are large enough to reduce

the relative errors due to satellite measured thermal noise

(e.g., caused by variable moisture over the area) and due to

a coarse AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)

temperature resolution of 0.5 OC*. More precisely, linear

regression analysis was done on both sets of temperature

derived radiances versus elapsed distance along the cruise

track, in frontal regions (Figs. 2, 9, and 16). Assuming that

the sea surface temperature gradient is much larger than the

moisture gradient, then 17L0 1 >> IVL,I, then by the radiative

transfer equation

t = VL/7L 0 ; 1

within a very few percent. The ratio of the slopes of the

regression lines will give then, the transmittance, T. The

other atmospheric correction factor in the radiative transfer

Although the inherent quantization of the AVHRR is -0.2 Kat 285 K, the NESS station in Redwood City can only record

41 eight bits of the 10 bits transmitted by the satellite, thusdegrading the resolution to 0.5 K in the data available forthis study.

19

equation, the path radiance, L,, can be estimated using the

intercepts with the Y-axis of the satellite and in-situ radi-

ances regression lines, respectively L' and L6, knowing that

L = mx +L'

and

L0 = 2x + L;

where mI and m2 are the slopes of the satellite and in-situ

radiance regression lines. Taking in account the relationship

between the slopes of both lines, T = ml/m2, and substituting

in the radiative transfer equation, the equation for the path

radiance is obtained:

L = L' - L0

Finally, knowing both transmittance, T, and path

radiance, L,, any apparent (measured by the AVHRR) sea surface

temperature was corrected for using the radiative transfer

equation, with reasonable accuracy (residual std. dev. 0.50C).

D. LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION COMPUTATIONS

Least squares linear regressions, designed to minimize

the sum of the squares of the deviations of the data points

from the straight line of best fit, were performed in nitrate

versus phosphate, nitrate versus temperature and phosphate

versus temperature. Regression lines were also generated for

20

i2

radiances, computed from in situ and satellite temperatures,

versus elapsed distance along the portions of the cruise track

with strong temperature gradients and nearest in time to the

satellite overpass. The slopes and y-intercepts from the

regression lines were computed from the equation

Ex iy- NZxiY i(Exi im=(tXi) 2 - N X2

1 mib = y -mx

The population correlation coefficient was also computed

for the nutrient regression lines, using the equation

mr -y

y

where ax and a are the standard deviations of the x and y

values, respectively.

21

III. RESULTS

A. 9 JUNE 1980 SATELLITE IMAGERY

Several satellite images off Central California prior to

and including 9 June, showed a "tongue" of upwelling water

within an early stage of development, near Pt. Sur.

The best cloud-free image was taken by the satellite NOAA-

6, in its orbit number 4954, at 0250 GMT 9 June 1980. The

infrared (10.5 pm to 12.5 4m) data recorded in this orbit was

analyzed, at the NASA-Ames Research Center, in a computer

equipped with the IDIMS. Plate 1 shows the black and white

copy of the pseudo-color image processed. A computer print-

out (picprint) with the recorded count values was also obtained.

With the identification of several geographical locations

(Pt. Sur, Pfeiffer Pt. and Lopez Pt.) and using the computer

program developed by Lundell (1980), the portion of the R/V

ACANIA cruise track nearest in time to the satellite overpass

was drawn on it (Fig. 1). Temperatures were digitized along

the cruise track and compared with the in-situ values (Fig. 2).

Regression lines were computed for both in-situ and satellite

temperature derived radiances, in the regions with strong

gradients, viz., between elapsed distance ca. 4 km to 16 km,

30 km to 60 km and 64 km to 83 km. From the comparison between

these lines, averaged values for the transmittance ca. 0.693

and the path radiance ca. 2,150,000 Watts-steradian-lm - 3 were

computed. Using these values in the radiative transfer

422

Plate 1. NOAA-6 satellite image of the California coastfor 9 June 1980. Letters associated with colorgrades represent averaged temperatures, over apixel, measured by the radiometer (see Table Ifor radiometric count, temperature, nitrate andphos-)hate values) .

23

.. .... _" ....... L ., .,. .. . • -. ° " . ...... .. " " i " : 'i • .. ... 1

- -------------- -

. . . . . . . .. ~ ~~~~ 001f -o"00 ~ ' O 0 0 00 N N r 000Ino o o 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ZOOO~~~~~~jO~ 00- -00 0( 0 -0 0 - - 0 0 - 000 -0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0

,trt~~~~~nrrrnj~~~ -0 - -00 -0, 00 00 - O q OO ~ .-0 -O. O.-0o-'o-0o-0ooooo 0, W00 000 00 00'0IN0 000000000

i ~~~i 1foio o = N 1'~. J:200.a*- '0 .0 .0 -,

7-= -". 0 0m :

-:.::!! . Z*. --- - 0-.O O--: -- ---

0- - - - -- - - U

-~~ - - - - N

N t.

. . . . . . . . . r-4o0

-.~ - -. 1

, . .OO,3. 7 1OO- 4

- -0 ., - -------

0

4~~~~- --t~ i'~ 0 -..4

,j4

,lr -- -O. -. -z4

4.j

-24 ---

14.j

I%"

o . 10

8 .I I i'iI I i

0. 20. 40. 13U. 80. l00.

ELRPSED DISTRNCE, KM

Figure 2. In-situ temperature (straight line) andatellite temperature (line with circles)

versus elapsed distance along a portion ofthe cruise track of the 9-10 June 1980cruise.

25

equation it was possible to correct the satellite temperatures

associated with the count values (Table I).

The sea surface nutrient distribution was obtained from

its correlation with the in-situ thermal distribution. Linear

regression analysis between nitrate and temperature, phos-

phate and temperature, and nitrate to phosphate yielded slopes

of -3.55, -0.27 and 12.79 respectively, and y-axis intercepts

of 49.27 pM, 4.72 uM and -12.25 pM respectively (Figs. 3, 4

and 5). The correlation coefficients were r = -0.96, r = -0.96

and r = 0.98 respectively. From this analysis a nutrient

concentration was computed for each calibrated satellite

temperature (Table I).

Sea surface temperature nitrate and phosphate maps were

generated by "zoom transfering" the thermal pattern in the

IR satellite image to a navigational chart. Each isopleth

is the average of the temperature or nutrient concentration

on each side (Figs. 6, 7 and 8).

B. 11 JUNE 1980 AND SATELLITE IMAGERY

A strong "cyclonic upwelling feature" [Traganza, E.D.,

et al., (1980); Traganza, E.D., Austin, D., (1981)] is shown

in the image taken by the satellite NOAA-6, in its orbit num-

ber 4983, at 0350 GMT 11 June 1980. Plate 2 shows the black

and white copy of the pseudo-color image processed with IDIMS.

4 This was done using zoom transfer scope, an opticaldevice used to superimpose one magnified and linearlystretched image on another, so that spatial features may betransferred by tracing with a pen.

26

Table I

Calibration Table of the satellite image for 9 June 1980

(the * represents values below limit of detection)

Color Satellite Crrected Nitrate PhosphateGrade Count Temperature (OC) Temperature (OC) NO3 (4M) PO3- (pM)

3 4

K 103 12.90 14.92 * 0.69

J 104 12.47 14.31 * 0.85

I 105 12.03 13.68 0.73 1.02

13.37 1.83 1.11

H 106 11.59 13.06 2.93 1.19

12.75 4.05 1.28

G 107 11.15 12.43 5.16 1.36

12.11 6.30 1.45

F 108 10.70 11.79 7.44 1.54

11.48 8.56 1.63

E 109 10.26 11.16 9.67 1.71

10.84 10.82 1.80

D 110 9.81 10.51 11.96 1.88

10.19 13.11 1.97

C ill 9.36 9.87 14.25 2.05

9.55 15.40 2.14

B 112 8.91 9.22 16.55 2.23

8.90 17.70 2.32

A 113 8.46 8.57 18.85 2.40

F..I..

- 27

30.

20.

10.

8.10. 12. 1'4. 16. 18.

TEMPEARTUAE, OC

line for 10 June 1980.

28

VCC

~3

2. 1

8.in fo 1 Jun 198 .1

29

hi c

30.

20.

10.

0.

0.0 0.5 1.01.202530

Figure 5. Nitrate versus phosphate with the regressionline for 10 June 1980.

30

A

MONTEREY

PT. LOBOS

10 kmi

PT. SUIR

1

LOPEPT.

,13.

Figure 6. Sea surface temperature maps in 0C for 9 June1980 inferred from satellite IR imagery.Contour interval is one radiometric unit ofmeasurement (I count z 0.50 C).

4I 31

MONTEREY

PT. LOBOS

|10 km

PT. SUR

3PT

10.

1.8 8 PT

Figure 7. Sea surface nitrate map for 9 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery.Contour interval is one radiometric unit ofmeasurement (1 count z 0.50 C). Nitrate con-centrations are given in 4M.

32

?6

MONTEREY

T. OBO

1

PT. PTR

P~.0

1.6 ID

Figure 8. Sea surface phosphate map for 9 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery.Contour interval is one radiometric unit ofmeasurement (1 count - 0.5*C). Phosphateconcentrations are given in .M.

.L 33

. • . . ... - ... -- . . - k 4 _ . _ -7 . - .- '

14

I

Plate 2. NOAA-6 satellite image of the California coastfor 11 June 1980. Letters associated with colorgrades represent averaged temperatures, over apixel, measured by the radiometer (see Table IIfor radiometric count, temperature, nitrate andphosphate values).

34

-,- - - ° " " ' - ' ' - - - -. - - . -. - *-**--:---;-- ,---- • .. . .. . ..v-- -I

The computer printout (picprint) was also navigated, using

the computer program developed by Lundell (1980), in order

to draw on it the portion of the R/V ACANIA cruise track

nearest in time to the satellite overpass (Fig. 9). Tempera-

tures were digitized along the cruise track and compared with

the in-situ values (Fig.10). Regression lines were computed

for both in-situ and satellite temperature derived radiances,

in the regions with strong gradients, viz., between elapsed

distance ca. 219 km to 223 km, 223 km to 230 km and 240 km

to 262 km from the comparison between these lines, averaged

values for the transmittance ca. 0.525 and the path radiance

ca. 3,320,000 watts.steradian-1 .m 3 were computed. Using

these values in the radiative transfer equation, a calibration

table for the satellite temperatures associated with the count

values was constructed (Table II).



*regression analysis between nitrate and temperature, phosphate

and temperature, and nitrate to phosphate yielded slopes of

-4.26, -0.29 and 14.46 respectively, and y-axis intercepts of

57.67 ;M, 4.85 pM and -13.54 M respectively (Figs. i, 12




temperature (Table II).

35

M .......

-------- - ------ - - - - -- %1-a--a -rsa -e . --aa .a1c. ..............

. ..-.. .- .- a o a aj-.-- -- -- --

... .. ..- '' I -;... ; . ... 7 L : - ' --.a a ... - ................. a..) a ao a-

.............. .t% :.1- ,, -- : . - : -4,'al -,,; ... .... a...... .......... zO. .........0

........ rJ ~ O 00 =- -a .. . - .... aa. . . . .-- -

........ aaa - - - ---a. . . . . . .. . . a-. -- a -c

a.. .. . . . . . :.a 4' . . .I , ---. -.- c . . . . J a.-. a. . . - --a", a

. . . . . . . . .~J I -- - -.. . . . ---.. . . . . --- -- . . . ) _

- - - - - - - - - - - - ........ . . . . . . 0 - . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .- .... . . a_- _ .. . . . .. ... . .. . 4c e a4

......... ~~~ ~ .,-."._-_.." "- -........ .. . . .

. . . . . . . .. t -a'). , .. . . . ,'- - - -0 0- -'-) '--~ai , -h . aa-- - - - -- _- - -- -

.''.. .a . . . . . - . " .. . ... . ... ... .;". ' " : ":'- - ad I'

- °: -

2t

-'a

-a

:- -, *" -.- - a-,- - ,a-- - - r' - -- I

-- , . r..- .

. . .:.a:.--.-.aa:- ., .:t-,,_.a.,.a_.,7. .:.r .. -- a.o: -oa-

... .. .):,aA ,a.a.Aa-4 0 0

- -- -- -- . . .- - - - -.. . . .. -" ... - -- - - -. -- -

...... - I -

----------------- - - - - aeaaoea:ea a-- 0' 0.1)0' :; : .a'- .. .. aaa 0;0o o

- - - ----- a-.. . .. .---. ......- -- --A )

_ : ' ' . . .. Ir, LI ., ... , ... ,.,.,7%.... ... ae • . . .. ... 00.

.44

---- - - --

- - -- -- - - - -- --- - - - - -- 44 (U Q)

---- --aO. * a ' ' a . . . ..a'.a'. .. ..' a'. .. . . .,a .... . .-47 ra--- - --- - --- -- ~:V:l:4J I-

- -- --, -. -. 4J. .

IITI

-- -- -- 4Ja' 0 0 " ' 00 -

.. . .... .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..A: 2 !1 z 4.):. .'

..-.2

it--.:U. -- --

- - - - - - - - - -7 1 7 1 '-4 - - - - - -

0.. - - - - - --

,- --

N

- - -- --- - r- - ,- - - '- - - - - - - - - -- - -'

y:'m . -. '-a..... a...... .. r -17-

-------- a .: . .......................

I .- - --. - - -- - 4 o_--4.J

36

14.

LL 12.

LUJ

LiU

200. 220. 2140. . 280.

ELPPQEO 0 TISTPNCE KM~

K Figure 10. In-situ temperature (straight line) andsateTite temperature (line wit.h circles)versus elapsed distance along : portion ofthe cruise track of the 11 June 1980.

37

Table II

Calibration Table of the satellite image for 11 June 1980

(The '*' represents values below limit of detection)

Color Satellite Corrected Nitrate PhsphateGrade Count Temperature (OC) Temperature (OC) NO3 (M) P0 4 (IM)

L 105 12.03 15.17 * 0.48

K 106 11.59 14.48 * 0.68

J 107 11.15 13.80 * 0.87

I 108 10.70 13.10 1.82 1.07

12.76 3.27 1.17

H 109 10.26 12.41 4.76 1.27

12.06 6.26 1.37

G 110 9.81 11.70 7.79 1.48

11.35 9.28 1.58

F ll 9.36 11.00 10.78 1.68

10.65 12.27 1.78

E 112 8.91 10.29 13.80 1.88

9.94 15.29 1.98

D 113 8.46 9.58 16.83 2.09

9.22 18.36 2.19

C 114 8.00 8.85 19.94 2.30

8.49 21.48 2.40

B 115 7.54 8.12 23.05 2.51

7.76 24.59 2.61

A 116 7.08 7.39 26.17 72

38

30.

U

10.

8.10. 12. 14. 16. 18.

TEMPEflRTURE, 0C

Figure 11. Nitrate versus temperature with the regressionline for 11 June 1980.

-. 39

AN

CC0

040

30.

20.

L[ LJ

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

PHaSPHRTE, M

Figure 13. Nitrate versus phosphate with the regressionline for 11 June 1980.

44

Sea surface temperature, nitrate and phosphate maps were

generated by "zoom transferring" the thermal pattern in the


is the average of the temperature or nutrient concentration

on each side (Figs. 14, 15 and 16).

C. 29 OCTOBER 1980 SATELLITE IMAGERY

The image taken by the satellite NOAA-6, in its orbit

number 6967, at 1640 GMT 29 October 1980, shows a different

cold feature, compared with the one from the June 1980 cruise.

In this case, there is an elongated "tongue" of cold water.

Plate 3 shows the black and white copy of the pseudo-

color image processed with IDIMS, in the NASA-Ames Research

Center. The computer printout was again navigated using the

computer program developed by Lundell (1980), in order to

* -- -draw on it the portion of the R/V ACANIA cruise track nearest

*in time to the satellite overpass (Fig. 17). Temperatures

were digitized along the cruise track and compared with the

in-situ values (Fig. 18). Regression lines were computed for

the in-situ and satellite temperature derived radiances, in

the regions with strong gradients, viz., between elapsed dis-

tance ca. 21 km to 51 km, 51 km to 70 km and 170 km to 191 km.

From the comparison between these lines, averaged values for

the transmittance ca. 0.685 and the path radiance ca. 2,059,000

watts-steradian-1 m-3 were computed. Using these values in

the radiative transfer equation, a calibration table for

See previous footnote.

4f 42

MONTEREY

11.4 PT. LOBOS

( ~~~1 k/n.- 0 .

12.1 PT. SUR

12. 1 O7 , 85.

Figure 14. Sea surface temperature map in 0C for 11June 1980 inferred from satellite IR imagery.

: Contour interval is one radiometric unit• .: of measurement (1 count -0.5 0 C).

~43

114

MONTEREY

9.3 PT. LOBOS

3 3

- 6.3PT. SUR

9.

15. 1.4 0 24.6

LOPEZ

[oPT.

Figure 15. Sea surface nitrate map for 11 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery.Contour interval is one radiometric unit of

[4 measurement (1 count '. 0.50C). Nitrateconcentratins given are in -uM.

44

[..-.-- .- - - - - - - -

MONTEREY

16 PT, LOBOS 1 1i

1. PT. SUR41.4

1. 2 .. 8 2.4

Figure 16. Sea surface phosphate map for 11 June 1980,generated by correlation with sea surfacetemperature distribution given by IR imagery.Contour interval is one radiometric unit ofmeasurement (1 count z 0.50C). Phosphateconcentrations are given in -M.

45

[ .

-.. .-... . . I .. . ... . . . . .

Psml

.Z"

!C

for 29 October 1980. Letters associated withcolor grades represent averaged temperatures,over a pixel, measured by the radiometer(see Table III for radiometric count, tempera-ture, nitrate and phosphate values).

46

- - - - - - - - --- -- - - i

......... ..........................

.... .. .. . ... .e.. .. .. . : ---.. ....................... .. . . .4C * e- N............. ... .. ,9, -S -*.--0-.-'L W---i-... ...............i, .. .. .. .. .. ........... . S .... . . . . .. .. ... .. ... .. .

.. . ...... .. ... . .. . .. . . . . .. ..ne. . . . ..........4, , .g. .: 0

...........4'- * fg 09o.... 00.t4. 0S De." 9.e-' "4 9,0,0 9 05 4 04 , .... -0-M -'5fl ....... .............

.04 .. * ... . 94 .09 o .. .. •4 . . ....... . .........-N-4.4.--", N -09. _ -~ _.* •.... -. ::,..__.., : .*4---------T3 -- -- -- -- - -----

"'i : " .. .. . .. ' '"" '' ' : ' :"' ' "4 C... '.. . C ' " '= 'C* (C U

- LL 1

"'" '. " . .. ... .. .-:-. . .. . ." :- -' - L : . ': .-= L :_ _'-- - -- - ---'-- = -'-' - "- --- -

-

Ce.. . ...~O... ......... erO' .4,.1Q

4. 4e.• O' C . *... .. 4.e c e e . . . ... C. .. , o. ..... .. .... .- .. . , C", . . ...s,

----- ..... --- ? .. .. .0.... . -. . . .......... . . ..- 0

z=f - - -- ' . . - -=-- -. . .- -- --- -- ------ -,.

. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . : - - . . . . . ...'0 0 S Z 4 4 : 4 4 : . . . . . ....

.. . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . ........ _ ..... z,-o- . .c......., _ .4 dJ$

.. ... \- z;.. .. C ..4.) .

. . . .. .. :1 : . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . , .... . ... .. . . .. . . -

- -2-- -- -

. . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . i . _ - " ::

--- -- ------- . . .

---- - 4 -- ---

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - .9 4 4 4

z z; ... '.4,* . E f z...........................................4 4 .)

4.Y444~~~~. .. .. .. 4..4".,.e.r...44.',.N .,1 . 000

- - - - - - - - - -. - -4 0.-. q4, -. 0

24.4 . . 7. T4.4...'r.0 N4 7. 4

* ~ ~~~~ .. .4S * .... .444~~ ..4~.. ...9.. .4.~ . . 4 . .-

. . .5 . . ..-- - - - - --- -- - -.- - - - ---- 0

44

47- - -- - - -T4 I 4

20.0

S17.5

15.

LU

LU 12.5

,- 10.0

75 I I I I I I I I I I I I

.2-.5

0. 50. 1A. 150. 200.

ELRIPSED DISTPNCE, KYM

Figure 18. In-situ temperature (straight line) andsatillit temperature (line with circles)versus elapsed distance along a portionof the cruise track of the 29 October 1980cruise.

44

• 48

the satellite temperatures associated with the count values

was constructed (Table III).



regression analysis between nitrate and temperature, phosphateIand temperature, and nitrate and phosphate yielded slopes of-1.27, -.09 and 13.60 respectively, and y-axis intercepts

of 25.26 pM, 2.26 pM and -6.94 pM respectively (Figs. 19, 20




temperature (Table III).

Sea surface temperature, nitrate and phosphate maps were

generated by "zoom transferring" the thermal pattern in the


is the average of the nutrient or nutrient concentration on

each side (Figs. 22, 23 and 24).

49

Table III

Calibration table of the satellite image for 29 October 1980

Color Satellite Corrected Nitrate Ph sWhateGrade Count Tperature (-C) Temperature (-C) NO3 (,M) P0 4 (jM)

K 100 14.20 18.49 1.83 0.67

J 101 13.77 17.89 2.59 0.73

I 102 13.34 17.28 3.36 0.78

H 103 12.90 16.66 4.15 0.83

G 104 12.47 16.06 4.91 0.88

F 105 12.03 15.44 5.70 0.94

15.13 6.10 0.96

E 106 11.59 14.81 6.49 0.99

14.50 6.89 1.02

D 107 11.15 14.19 7.28 1.04

13.87 7.69 1.07

C 108 10.70 13.55 8.09 1.10

13.24 8.49 1.13

B 109 10.26 12.93 8.88 1.15

12.61 9.29 1.18

A 110 9.81 12.28 9.70 1.21

L.5

b5

4is

20.

* .10. 12.14. 16. 18.

TEMPERRTURE, 0C

Figure 19. Nitrate versus temperature with theregression line for 29 October 1980.

8. 12 14 ,. . .. . 18.

I7

-. 3.

2.

-.

'b'*.

8.10 2.14.1. 8

U.PERTPE

". ,,4

Fiue2.Popaevrsstmeauewt hrersinln or2.coe 90

L5r - - - - - - .

U 30.

20.

UhI-

I'a.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

.. HOSPHfAT, ,uM

Figure 21. Nitrate versus phosphate with theregression line for 29 October 1980.

53

R41C-1

0

ON0 4 r.

0a) '44I

0a) :3

(0 4

E00

U41

0 -4 c:41)

oa) 4

a

2-0(D 4J

(U 44

2U4J

) 0)

U44

54a

(D4-) Q).44 )ow O4w

i- 4 4 J

0 Q)0 0-co w r

160~4) cm 1 LA

-i4-) -4J

oJ a ) Ln

4-4 :3 4

w00 0-r_

0 0 - : r0 ()0r

04 u1O

Q9 r:0 -44

-4 4-4 >i 4J

~414krQ

U (d4

03 40r4l 0 0. Q

I-4 0

41

C1

55

V 1 -4 41 l

to 41 00(1

cz0, 0 r.

~4-1 r

-.,. 4.1

0 0 r.~

.4 41 "-4

o0 Q)~

00 0

(40 -44U 4J

41 :3

w0 0.

41( >i4 4

0d"4 0 0 >I

0 0

W-4 r.,

> CUk 0

~44>i 1. 4

Z4.

. - . - -- . - - r v ' - -

IV. DISCUSSION

Inferring sea surface nutrient concentrations from satellite

derived thermal patterns appears feasible in regions of strong

upwelling, where the nutrients to temperature correlations

are very high. However, some errors are to be expected. The

computer program developed by Lundell (1980) to navigate on

the picprint can introduce an error in the position of the

cruise track on the order of two lines and two pixels apart

(distance - 2 km) [Lundell, 1980]. With the identification

of three landmarks (Pt. Sur, Pfeiffer Pt. and Pt. Lopez) on

the picprint, the author could compute a r.m.s. error of ca.

0.9 lines and 1.3 pixels for the 9 June 1980 cruise track, ca.

1.0 lines and 2.1 pixels for the 11 June 1980 cruise track,

ca. 0.8 lines and 1.8 pixels for the 29 October 1980 cruise

track. These errors are smaller than expected due to the

proximity of the landmarks, and they will not significantly

influence the accuracy of the thermal calibration. However,

the process of averaging the transmittance and path radiance

values obtained for each sharp temperature gradient along the

portion of the cruise track will add a significant error.

Taking this into account, the author computed a std. dev.

±0.250C, ±0.13 OC and ±0.56 0C for the calibrated temperature

values on 9 June 1980, ii June 1980 and 29 October 1980,

respectively. From these values we can conclude that the

temperature accuracy increases if we apply the radiative

57

transfer equation in regions with sharp temperature gradients,

as in upwelling fronts. With these errors for the thermal

maps, it would be expected to find errors of 9% and 4% for

the nitrate and phosphate values in the maps respectively,

on 9 June 1980, 3% and 2% for the nitrate and phosphate values

in the maps respectively, on 11 June 1980, and 8% and 10% for

the nitrate and phosphate values in the maps respectively,

on 29 October 1980. Also, there are small additional errors

due to imperfect temperature vs. nutrients correlations, that

are negligible when applied in regions of strong upwelling.

The quality and the accuracy of the results depends upon the

uniformity of the age of the upwelled surface waters (com-

pare correlation values in June and October, in Table IV).

It therefore seems reasonable to assume that in an upwelling

zone, the major patterns of nutrient concentrations can be

inferred using satellite IR imagery and limited in-situ thermal

and nutrient data, and even be used in the construction of a

biochemical model, or further, of a predictive model in frontal

zones.

58

TABLE IV

Summary Table of Nutrients vs.Temperature Linear Regression

Analysis

DAY Linear Regression Equations Correlation

N - nitrate (pM) P - phosphate (pM)T - Temperature (OC)

9 June N = -3.5;T + 49.27 -0.96

P = -0.27T + 4.72 -0.96

11 June N - -4.26T + 57.67 -0.97

P = -0.29T + 4.85 -0.96

29 October N = -1.27T - 25.26 -0.71

P = -0.09T + 2.26 -0.70

59

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Traganza, E.D., "Satellite and Synoptic Studies ofChemical Mesoscale Processes in the Upper Layer."Proposal for Research submitted to the Office of NavalResearch (ONR) Code 482, NSTL, Bay St. Louis, MO 39529.

2. Traganza, E.D., Nestor, D.A., and McDonald, A.K.,"Satellite Observations of a Nutrient Upwelling offthe Coast of California," Journal of Geophysical Research,V. 85 (C7), p. 4101-4106, 1980.

3. Bowman, M.J., et al., "Oceanic Fronts in CoastalProcesses," Proceedings of a Workshop held at theMarine Sciences Research Center. May 25-27, p. 2-5, 1977.

4. Traganza, E.D., Conrad, J.W., and Breaker, L.C., "Satel-lite Observations of a 'Cyclonic Upwelling System' and'Giant Plume' in the California Current," Coastal Up-welling, American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave.,N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009, 1981.

5. Eppley, R.W., Renger, E.H., Harrison, W.3., "Nitrateand phytoplankton production in southern Californiacoastal waters," Limnology and Oceanography, V. 24,p. 483-494, 1979.

6. Traganza, E.D., Austin, D., "Nutrient mapping and thebiological structure of upwelling systems from satelliteinfrared and ocean images," Science (1981) (in process).

7. Hovis, W.A., et al., Science 210, 6 (1980).

8. Hanson, W.E., "Nutrient Study of Mesoscale ThermalFeatures off Point Sur, California," M.S. Thesis, NavalPostgraduate School, Monterey, California, 1975.

9. Lundell, G., "Rapid Oceanographic Data Gathering: Someproblems in using remote sensing to determine thehorizontal and vertical thermal distributions in thenortheast Pacific Ocean," M.S. Thesis, Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, California, 1981.

10. Maul, G.A., and Sidrin, M., "Atmospheric Effects on OceanSurface Temperature Sensing from the NOAA SatelliteScanning Radiometer," Journal of Geophysical Research,V. 18 (12), p. 1909, 1973.

60

11. Maul, G.A., et al., "Geostationary satellite observationsof Gulf Stream meanders: infrared measurements and timeseries analysis," Journal of Geophysical Research,83 (C13), p. 6123-6135, 1978.

12. Stewart, R., "Notes on Satellite Oceanography," Scripps-.- Institution of Oceanography, 1979.

61

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Technical Information Center 2Cameron StationAlexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library, Code 0142 2Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

3. Chairman, Code 68Mr 1Department of OceanographyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

4. Chairman, Code 63RdDepartment of MeteorologyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

5. Dr. E.D. Traganza, Code 68Tg 7Department of OceanographyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

6. LT. C.D. Jori 1NORDANSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

7. DirectorNaval Oceanography DivisionNaval Observatory34th a Massachusetts Avenue NWWashington, D.C. 20390

8. CommanderNaval Oceanography CommandNSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

9. Commanding OfficerNaval Oceanographic OfficeNSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

62

10. Commanding OfficerFleet Numerical Oceanography CenterMonterey, California 93940

11. Commanding OfficerNaval Ocean Research & DevelopmentActivity

NSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

12. Office of Naval Research (Code 482)Naval Ocean Research & DevelopmentActivity

NSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

13. Scientific Liaison OfficeOffice of Naval ResearchScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92037

14. LibraryScripps Institution of OceanographyP.O. Box 2367La Jolla, California 92037

15. LibraryDepartment of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington 98105

16. LibraryCICESEP.O. Box 4803San Ysidro, California 92073

17. Office of Naval Research (Code 480)Naval Ocean Research and Development

ActivityNSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

18. Chief of Naval Research800 N. Quincy StreetArlington, Virginia 22217

19. Commanding OfficerNaval Environmental Prediction

Research FacilityMonterey, California 93940

63

20. Chairman, Oceanography DepartmentU.S. Naval AcademyAnnapolis, Maryland 21402

21. Mr. Ben CagleOffice of Naval Research Branch Office1030 East Green StreetPasadena, California 91106

22. Dr. Robert E. StevensonScientific Liaison Office, ONR

* Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92037

23. Ms. Bonita Hunter, Code 68Department of OceanographyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, California 93940

24. LCDR Craig S. NelsonPacific Environmental Groupc/o FNOCMonterey, California 93940

25. Dr. Edward GreenOffice of Naval 102 Research (Code 482)Ocean Sciences & Technology DivisionChemical Oceanography ProgramNSTL StationBay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529

26. Lt. Vitor Silva 3Instituto HidrograficoRua das Trinas, 39Lisbon, PORTUGAL

27. Dr. J. L. Mueller, Code 68My 1Department of OceanographyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CA 93940

64

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