Inflectional and Derivational
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Transcript of Inflectional and Derivational
Unit 2: Morphology
PART 2Inflection and derivation
Two types of morphology With morphology we study the
relationships that words have to one another, and to the morphemes that are assembled into complex structures
We can distinguish two different types of processes (or different types of morphology): Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology
Inflection Inflection: Creates new forms of the
same word with the addition of grammatical properties; the basic meaning (and the category) of the word is the same
Example:Play and Played describe the same
action, but situate it differently in time.
Some properties of inflection Inflection does not change syntactic
categories. E.g. kick-s is still a verb, even with its inflectional suffix
Inflection expresses grammatically required features or relations (e.g. agreement, tense, etc.)
Inflectional morphemes occur outside of derivational morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
English inflectional morphology
Nominal suffixes Plural Possessive
Adjectival suffixes comparative superlative
Verbal suffixes Present (3rd person) Past tense Participle Progressive
Question for discussion We have talked about the allomorphs of
the plural morpheme (an inflectional suffix)
Do the other inflectional morphemes also have different allomorphs? Find as many allomorphs of the other
inflectional morphemes as you can
Derivation Derivation: Creates a new word with a
different meaning that may belong to a different or to the same grammatical category
Example:RE + WRITE = rewrite “write
again”, verbWRITE + ER = writer “one who
writes”, noun
Some properties of derivation Derivation may not change the syntactic
category of the root e.g. judge (V) judgement (N)
Derivation changes the lexical meaning of the root
Derivational morphemes occur inside of inflectional morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
Derivation: ExamplesMorpheme Function-ion verb noun
transmit, transmiss-ion-al noun adjective
institution, institution-al-ize noun verb
color, color-ize-hood noun noun
child, child-hood
Derivation may cause a change of syntactic category Noun to Adjective
boy (N) +- ish boyish (A) Elizabeth (N) + -an Elizabethan (A) affection (N) + -ate affectionate (A) friend (N) + -ly friendly (A)
Noun to Verb moral (N) + -ize moralize (V)
Verb to Noun sing (V) + -er singer (N) predict (V) + -ion prediction (N)
More examples of change of category Verb to Adjective
predict (V) + -able predictable (A)
Adjective to Adverb exact (A) + -ly exactly (Adv)
Adjective to Noun specific (A) + -ity specificity (N)
happy (A) + -ness happiness (N)
But sometimes there is no change of category
friend (N) + -ship friendship (N) pink (A) + -ish pinkish (A) re- + print (V) reprint (V)
Another look at unpredictability In many cases, the same kind of derivational
pattern shows differences in form; take e.g. verb noun:1) -al refuse refus-al
arrive arriv-al2) -ion confuse confus-ion
extend extens-ion3) -ation derive derivation
confirm confirm-ation4) -ment confine confine-ment
treat treat-ment
Inflection vs. Derivation Inflectional morphemes
signal grammatical information
In English, they are only found in suffixes
There is no change of meaning
They never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached.
In English, inflectional morphemes follow derivational morphemes
Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems
In English, they are either prefixes or suffixes
There is always a change of meaning
There may be a change of the syntactic category of the base to which they attach
In English, derivational morphemes precede inflectional morphemes
Two types of morphology
With morphology we study the relationships that words have to one another, and to the morphemes that are assembled into complex structures
We can distinguish two different types of processes (or different types of morphology): Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology
Inflection
Inflection: Creates new forms of the same word with the addition of grammatical properties; the basic meaning (and the category) of the word is the same
Example:Play and Played describe the same
action, but situate it differently in time.
Some properties of inflection
Inflection does not change syntactic categories. E.g. kick-s is still a verb, even with its inflectional suffix
Inflection expresses grammatically required features or relations (e.g. agreement, tense, etc.)
Inflectional morphemes occur outside of derivational morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
English inflectional morphology
Nominal suffixes Plural Possessive
Adjectival suffixes comparative superlative
Verbal suffixes Present (3rd
person) Past tense Participle Progressive
Question for discussion
We have talked about the allomorphs of the plural morpheme (an inflectional suffix)
Do the other inflectional morphemes also have different allomorphs? Find as many allomorphs of the other
inflectional morphemes as you can
Derivation
Derivation: Creates a new word with a different meaning that may belong to a different or to the same grammatical category
Example:RE + WRITE = rewrite “write again”, verbWRITE + ER = writer “one who writes”,
noun
Some properties of derivation
Derivation may not change the syntactic category of the root e.g. judge (V) judgement (N)
Derivation changes the lexical meaning of the root
Derivational morphemes occur inside of inflectional morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
Derivation: Examples
Morpheme Function-ion verb noun
transmit, transmiss-ion
-al noun adjectiveinstitution,
institution-al-ize noun verb
color, color-ize-hood noun noun
child, child-hood
Derivation may cause a change of syntactic
category Noun to Adjective
boy (N) +- ish boyish (A) Elizabeth (N) + -an Elizabethan (A) affection (N) + -ate affectionate (A) friend (N) + -ly friendly (A)
Noun to Verb moral (N) + -ize moralize (V)
Verb to Noun sing (V) + -er singer (N) predict (V) + -ion prediction (N)
More examples of change of category
Verb to Adjective
predict (V) + -able predictable (A)
Adjective to Adverb exact (A) + -ly exactly (Adv)
Adjective to Noun specific (A) + -ity specificity (N)
happy (A) + -ness happiness (N)
But sometimes there is no change of category
friend (N) + -ship friendship (N) pink (A) + -ish pinkish (A) re- + print (V) reprint (V)
Another look at unpredictability
In many cases, the same kind of derivational pattern shows differences in form; take e.g. verb noun:1) -al refuse refus-al
arrive arriv-al2) -ion confuse confus-ion
extend extens-ion3) -ation derive derivation
confirm confirm-ation4) -ment confine confine-ment
treat treat-ment
Inflection vs. Derivation
Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information In English, they are only found in suffixes There is no change of meaning They never change the syntactic category of the words or
morpheme to they which they are attached. In English, inflectional morphemes follow derivational
morphemes
Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems
In English, they are either prefixes or suffixes There is always a change of meaning There may be a change of the syntactic category of the
base to which they attach In English, derivational morphemes precede inflectional
morphemes
Two types of morphology With morphology we study the
relationships that words have to one another, and to the morphemes that are assembled into complex structures
We can distinguish two different types of processes (or different types of morphology): Inflectional morphology Derivational morphology
Inflection Inflection: Creates new forms of the
same word with the addition of grammatical properties; the basic meaning (and the category) of the word is the same
Example:Play and Played describe the same
action, but situate it differently in time.
Some properties of inflection Inflection does not change syntactic
categories. E.g. kick-s is still a verb, even with its inflectional suffix
Inflection expresses grammatically required features or relations (e.g. agreement, tense, etc.)
Inflectional morphemes occur outside of derivational morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
English inflectional morphology
Nominal suffixes Plural Possessive
Adjectival suffixes comparative superlative
Verbal suffixes Present (3rd person) Past tense Participle Progressive
Question for discussion We have talked about the allomorphs of
the plural morpheme (an inflectional suffix)
Do the other inflectional morphemes also have different allomorphs? Find as many allomorphs of the other
inflectional morphemes as you can
Derivation Derivation: Creates a new word with a
different meaning that may belong to a different or to the same grammatical category
Example:RE + WRITE = rewrite “write
again”, verbWRITE + ER = writer “one who
writes”, noun
Some properties of derivation Derivation may not change the syntactic
category of the root e.g. judge (V) judgement (N)
Derivation changes the lexical meaning of the root
Derivational morphemes occur inside of inflectional morphemes: ration-al-iz-ation-s
Derivation: ExamplesMorpheme Function-ion verb noun
transmit, transmiss-ion-al noun adjective
institution, institution-al-ize noun verb
color, color-ize-hood noun noun
child, child-hood
Derivation may cause a change of syntactic category Noun to Adjective
boy (N) +- ish boyish (A) Elizabeth (N) + -an Elizabethan (A) affection (N) + -ate affectionate (A) friend (N) + -ly friendly (A)
Noun to Verb moral (N) + -ize moralize (V)
Verb to Noun sing (V) + -er singer (N) predict (V) + -ion prediction (N)
More examples of change of category Verb to Adjective
predict (V) + -able predictable (A)
Adjective to Adverb exact (A) + -ly exactly (Adv)
Adjective to Noun specific (A) + -ity specificity (N)
happy (A) + -ness happiness (N)
But sometimes there is no change of category
friend (N) + -ship friendship (N) pink (A) + -ish pinkish (A) re- + print (V) reprint (V)
Another look at unpredictability In many cases, the same kind of derivational
pattern shows differences in form; take e.g. verb noun:1) -al refuse refus-al
arrive arriv-al2) -ion confuse confus-ion
extend extens-ion3) -ation derive derivation
confirm confirm-ation4) -ment confine confine-ment
treat treat-ment
Inflection vs. Derivation Inflectional morphemes
signal grammatical information
In English, they are only found in suffixes
There is no change of meaning
They never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached.
In English, inflectional morphemes follow derivational morphemes
Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems
In English, they are either prefixes or suffixes
There is always a change of meaning
There may be a change of the syntactic category of the base to which they attach
In English, derivational morphemes precede inflectional morphemes
Task: Surf the internet and look for prefixes and
suffixes. Select 20 prefixes and suffixes Attach these prefixes and suffixes to any
free morphemes. Decide whether the new words formed
are either inflectional or derivational morphology.
Examples: {s) – cat cat{s} = inflectional
morphology (does not change meaning just the grammatical function)
{er} – play play{er} player – derivational morphology ( from verb to noun)