Infection Unit 12 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/19/11.
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Transcript of Infection Unit 12 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/19/11.
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Infection Unit 12
Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N.12/19/11
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Objectives
Spell & Define key terms Identify most common microbes &
characteristics List links in chain of infection List the ways infectious disease are spread Name & describe 5 serious diseases
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Objectives Cont.
Identify cause of important infectious disease Define spores & explain how they differ from
other pathogens Describe common treatments for infectious
disease. List natural body defenses against infection Explain why patients are at risk for infection.
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Introduction
Organisms-living beings Microorganisms or microbes-tiny organisms Nonpathogens-microbes that do not cause
disease Pathogens- disease causing microbes
-Grow best at body temp, limited light, moisture,food supply, & oxygen.
Infection- pathogens invade the body & cause disease.
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Microbes
4 types
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protozoa
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Bacteria
Simple one-celled organisms Named according to shapes & arrangement Shapes:
-Coccus- round or spherical
-Bacillus-straight rod
-Spirillum-spiral, corkscrew,slightly curved
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Bacteria Cont.
Arrangements:
-single
-pairs:diplo-
-chains:strepto-
-clusters:staphylo- Colonies-groups of growing bacteria
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Fungi
2 kinds:
-yeast:single cell budding forms of a fungus. Can affect mouth, skin, & feet
-molds:can cause infections in the lung Parasite: an organism that lives in or on
another organism without benefiting the host. Immuno-suppressed patients at risk
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Virus
The smallest microbe Come in a variety of shapes Classified by:
-type of DNA or RNA
-clinical properties Common viruses include:
Hepatitis,Herpes,HIV/AIDS,chickenpox, influenza, common cold,p.156
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Protozoa
Once-celled organisms that live on living matter
Classified by how the move...i.e. Whiplike tails, hairlike projections.
i.e. Malaria S&S:Diarrhea, Dysentery(lower bowel
infection), encephalitis
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The Chain of Infection
Certain conditions exist for infection to occur COI Includes:
-Causative agent:pathogen that causes disease
-Reservoir or source: where the pathogen can live & reproduce
-Portal of exit: manner in which the pathogen leaves the body
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COI Cont.
Method or mode of transmission:manner in which the pathogen is carried to another person
Portal of Entry: manner in which the pathogen enters the body
Susceptible host: a person who will become ill from the entry of pathogens into the body
Object of Infection control is to DISRUPT the chain of infection!!
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Causative agent
Microorganism that can produce the disease in humans
Most common causes:
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Fungi
-Protozoa
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Reservoir or source
Where pathogens can survive May or may-not multiply in reservoir Four common reservoirs:
-Humans
-Insects & animals
-Environment
-Fomites:objects that can be contaminated with infectious material that contains the microbe.
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Human Reservoirs
2 types;
-Cases:people with acute illness with S&S
-Carriers: persons who can give a disease to others. May not have S&S or know of infections.
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Portals of Entry
Organisms enter through:
-breaks in skin or mucous membranes
-respiratory tract
-genitourinary tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-circulatory system
-transplacental
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Portals of Exit
Leave the reservoir of host through body secretions
POE Include:
-excretions or resp. tract or genital tract
-draining wounds
-urine
-feces
-blood & body fluids
-Saliva & Tears
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Transmission of Disease
Spread of infectious organisms may happen in 3 ways:
-Airborne Transmission
-Droplet Transmission
-Contact Transmission
-Vector Transmission
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Host
The person who harbors infectious organisms. Person does not have enough resistance to
agent Infection develops when organism penetrates
the body, begins to multiply, & causes damage Risk factors are conditions that indicate a
problem may develop.
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Types of Infections
Local: confined to one area..i.e. Boil or abscess
Generalized: i.e. pneumonia in the lungs Systemic: widespread through bloodstream
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Body Flora
Microbes that live in and on our body surfaces Healthy individuals lives in harmony with flora Balance may be disturbed by:
-pathogens
-normal flora that become pathogenic
-flora from on body area to another
-drugs that upset balance and allow one to flourish
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How Pathogens Affect the Body
Microbes act in different ways to produce disease:
-Attack & destroy cells they invade
-produce toxins that harm the body
-cause sensitivity responses called allergies
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Body Defenses
Intact skin Mucous membranes-sticky & trap foreign
materials Cilia-propel mucus out of body Coughing & sneezing Hydrochloric acid Tears
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Internal Defenses
Fever Phagocytes Inflammation Temperature Immune response
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Immunity The ability to fight of disease caused by
microbes Antigen- pathogenic microbe that enters the
body Antibodies- provide immunity to disease
caused by that antigen Immunization: Vaccines protect against
specific pathogens Immunosupression: the body's immune
system is inadequate...more likely to develop infections.
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Bacterial Infections
Diagnositic: Culture & Sensitivity Antibiotic-antibacterial drug. Common bacterial infections include:
-MRSA & VRE
-Tuberculosis
-Streptococcus A
-Escherichia coli
-Pseudomembranous Colitis(C. Diff)
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Spores
Microscopic reproductive bodies that are responsible for the spread of some diseases.
Can survive in a dormant form until conditions are ideal for reproduction
Difficult to eliminate Examples:
-Norovirus
-C. Difficile
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Viral Infections
Examples:
-Shingles
-Influenza
-AIDS
-Hantavirus
-Sever Acute Resp. Syndrome
-Smallpox
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Parasites
Survive by feeding off another human or animal
Examples:
-Head Lice:spread by direct contact.--Nits(eggs)
-Scabies:caused my microscopic mite.Spread by in/direct contact
-Bedbugs:bites cause painful rash
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Self-Care
Healthy diet Get enough sleep Keep your body clean Live in a clean environment Avoid smoking & substance abuse Learn how to cope with stress
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