• Industrial Innovations: (464-465)– Second Industrial

Revolution: From 1865 to 1905 the United States experienced a surge of industrial growth

– This new era of industrial transformation began with numerous discoveries and inventions that significantly altered manufacturing, transportation, and the everyday lives of Americans

• Industrial Innovations: (464-465)– Coal and steam made possible the

original Industrial Revolution in the United States.

– Coal-fed steam engines powered factories. These factories in turn produced the goods that generated economic growth.

– In the late 1800s an abundance of steel helped spur a second period of industrialization.

– Steel was used in the construction of heavy machinery and mass-produced goods

• Industrial Innovations: (464-465)– Steel: In the 1850s Henry Bessemer in

Great Britain and William Kelly in the United States, both developed a method of steelmaking that burned off the impurities in molten iron with a blast of hot air

– CALLED THE BESSEMER PROCESSS: it produced more steel in one day than the older techniques could turn out in one week

– The increased availability of steel in the late 1800s resulted in its widespread industrial use.

– The Railroad Industry began replacing iron rails with stronger, longer-lasting steel ones

– Steel was used for: railroads, bridges, and buildings

– Using steel to create a skeletal frame in buildings allowed architects to design larger, multistory buildings.

– Steel is resistant to rust

• Industrial Innovations: (464-465– Oil: (465)

• The process to refine oil affected industrial practices

• Edwin L. Drake: used a steam engine to drill for oil

• People thought he was nuts, so they called him “Drake’s Folly.”

• Oil boom: prospectors referred to oil as “black gold”

• Elijah McCoy: invented a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a machine while it was running – your car

• McCoy received a patent – guarantee to protect an investors rights to make, use, or sell the invention.

• Industrial Innovations: (464-465– Transportation: 466-468

• Innovations in the steel and oil industries led to a surge of advances in the transportation industry

– Brought Americans into closer contact with each other

• Industrial Innovations: (464-465– Railroads: 466-467

• The country’s first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.

– Project was finished when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads were joined to form a single rail line from Omaha, Nebraska, to the Pacific Ocean

– By 1900, almost ½ a dozen trunk lines – or major railroads, crossed the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. This huge railroad grid joined every state and linked remote towns to urban centers

– George Westinghouse – developed a compressed air brake. It increased railroad safety.

– Railroads: increased western settlement; stimulated urban growth and provided many of the Country’s jobs

• Network of railroad lines allowed companies to sell their products nationally

• Transportation: (466-468)– The Horseless Carriage: (467)

• It was a self-propelled vehicle and forerunner to the automobile in 1700

– Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot mounted the steam engine to a 3 wheeled carriage

– Nikolaus A. Otto: invented the first internal combustion engine powered by gasoline in 1876

– Only the wealthy could afford these forms of transportation

• Transportation: (466-468)

• Airplanes: 467-468– Orville and Wilbur Wright

(The Wright Brothers) of Dayton, Ohio, developed one of the first working airplanes

– December 17, 1903, in North Carolina, Orville Wright made the first piloted flight – 12seconds and 120 feet – in a powered plane

• Communications: (468-470)– Telegraph: (468)

• Samuel F. B. Morse developed the telegraph as a means of communication over wires with electricity – the Morse Code

• Communications (468-470)– Telephone: 469

• Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 patented the “talking telegraph.”

• Communications (468-470)– Typewriter (470)

• Christopher Sholes developed the typewriter in 1867.

• The typewriter gave more jobs to women who did clerical work and the main task was to type