Industrial England: The First to Industrialize

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Pre-Industrial England: The Largest Empire of Europe• British exploration began in1583 under Elizabeth I

• There were several unsuccessful attempts to colonize until 1624 in St. Kitts, Barbados in 1627, and Nevis in 1628

• Colonization resulted in world-wide acquisition of power and access to numerous raw goods (sugar, silk,

• During Industrialization, the British Empire had grown to includes parts of the Americas, parts of present day India, Southeast Asia and Canada and an expanded slave-trade market along the coast of West Africa

• Consequently, because of colonization, the British had access to many newly desirable resources and an abundance of new labor. World trade markets also emerged that would provide resources for the future Industrial Revolution

Pre- Industrial England: The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment in Europe

• The Scientific Revolution began in Europe following the Renaissance period in the 16th Century through the end of the 18th Century

• Many historians argue the exact date in which the Scientific Revolution began but many say it is when Galileo disproved Aristotle with his new Theory of Gravity

• During this time, many new ideas and discoveries emerged that would change the way of thinking on a societal level and the evolution of science emerged

• It is with the influence of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment that many new inventions would emerge as a result of the Industrial Revolution

Pre-Industrial England: The Agricultural Revolution

• The Agricultural Revolution came to be because of• Selective breeding of livestock• Removal of common property rights• New systems of cropping – crop rotation• New technologies of farming that emerged out of the

Scientific Revolution- farming equipment and better draining

• Because of the increase in land and labor, the Agricultural Revolution led to an increase in agricultural production

• Eventually, food production outnumbered the population which in turn led to a population boom

Question #1: What 3 main events occurred prior to but also influential to the Industrial Revolution?

Industrial Revolution: Railroad Production

• The development of the railway stimulated the economy and Revolution in several ways: • First, the new production of cheap goods and

efficient transportation lowered the travel cost of goods. This meant that goods became cheaper to buy in stores and this led to an increase in demand. The increase in demand led to the expansion of factories which required more energy

Question #2: What kind of market do you think will emerge as a result of Industrialization?• Because more factories needed to be built to

produce more cheap goods, more railroads needed to be built

• Even more, the increase in railway production called for the production of:• Iron- to build railways• Coal- to produce iron

Industrial Revolution: The Steam Engine in Britain

• Changed labor dynamics by being able to replace manual labor of men and horses and take on stronger tasks in factories that produced goods much more quickly

• Steam engines powered factories, locomotives (1804) and eventually ships (US 1807)

• As the Industrial Revolution gained momentum, the need for coal increased even more because it was the source of power for factory engines, steam powered ships and steam locomotives

• The term “Horsepower” came from James Watt’s marketing of the steam engine by being able to describe the steam engine’s power ability as compared to a quantity of horses.

• Invented by Thomas Savery (1698), improved by Thomas Newcomen (mid 18th century) and refined and marketed by James Watts

Industrial Revolution: Iron in Britain

• Replaced wood in machine and tool making

• Led to expansion of factories because of high demand through railway demand and its own production in factories

• Led to development of Steam Engine which revolutionized the railways

• Iron was needed for railway tracks, steam trains and the large Watt steam engines that pumped the mines and provided energy to run factory machinery

• Iron became needed to construct the steamships.

Industrial Era: Coal in England

• England was rich in deposits• Mining Towns to the North- Brought

migration to the north• Fueled Steam Engines and Furnaces • Powered Iron Production• Created lots of pollution• As Industrialization increased and its

byproducts, the demand for coal went up (again, steam engines, iron, and factories)

• As the demand for coal went up, the demand for labor went up. Children as young as age five were working the mines. Mining was becoming more dangerous as mines were becoming deeper and deeper.

Industrial Revolution: Factories

• Richard Arkwright is credited for being the reason factories initially grew. After he patented his spinning frame in 1769, he created the first true factory at Cromford in England.

• Factories could employ workers into the hundreds

• Well paid weavers in the 1790s, who weaved by hand, became low paid factory workers within 30 years

• As factories provided for mass production of goods, they became profit driven

• Safe guards to keep employees safe cost money, therefore they were not purchased which created an unsafe environment

• Laws were not developed during Industrial Revolution to protect workers. Factory inspectors were brought in to oversee safety but were often bribed to turn a blind eye as they were low paid.

Factories need coal to power machines. Machines are made out of Iron. Iron was used to make

railways which transported coal to factories and goods from factories…

Coal

Steam Engine

Iron

Railway

Question #3: Based on previous slides, can you determine other ways these items are

connected?

Industrial Revolution: Textile Industry and Inventions

• Cotton became a high-demand product as it was lightweight and easy to manipulate

• It was cheap for everyone and had to be imported from the US

• Flying Shuttle (John Kay 1733), Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves 1764), Water Frame (Richard Arkwright 1769), Power Loom (Richard Cartwright 1785), Spinning Mule (Richard Roberts 1825) were all weaving machines that changed the way of the textile industry by transitioning it from hand-weaved items to factory produced goods