IndonesiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRepublic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

FlagNational emblem

Motto:"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"(Old Javanese)"Unity in Diversity"National ideology:Pancasila[1][2]

Anthem:Indonesia RayaGreat Indonesia

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Location ofIndonesia(green)inASEAN(dark grey) [Legend]

Capitaland largest cityJakarta610.5S10649.7E

Official languagesIndonesian

ReligionIslamProtestantismCatholicismHinduismBuddhismConfucianism

DemonymIndonesian

GovernmentUnitarypresidentialconstitutional republic

-PresidentJoko Widodo

-Vice-PresidentJusuf Kalla

LegislaturePeople's Consultative Assembly

-Upper houseRegional Representative Council

-Lower housePeople's Representative Council

Independence

-Declared17 August 1945 (de jure)

-Acknowledged27 December 1949 (fromNetherlands)

Area

-Land1,904,569km2(15th)735,358sqmi

-Water (%)4.85

Population

-2014estimate252,164,800[3]

-2011census237,424,363[4](4th)

-Density124.66/km2(84th)322.87/sqmi

GDP(PPP)2014estimate

-Total$2.554 trillion[4](9th)

-Per capita$10,157[4](102nd)

GDP(nominal)2014estimate

-Total$856.066 billion[4](17th)

-Per capita$3,587[4](120th)

Gini(2010)35.6[5]medium

HDI(2013)0.684[6]medium108th

CurrencyIndonesian rupiah(Rp) (IDR)

Time zonevarious(UTC+7 to +9)

Drives on theleft

Calling code+62

ISO 3166 codeID

Internet TLD.id

Indonesia(i/ndni/in-d-nee-zhor/ndonizi/in-doh-nee-zee-), officially theRepublic of Indonesia(Indonesian:Republik IndonesiaIndonesian pronunciation:[rpublik ndonesia]), is asovereign stateinSoutheast Asia.Indonesia is anarchipelagocomprisingthousands of islands.[7]With an estimated total population of over 252 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most-populouscountry. Indonesia's republican form of government comprises an elected legislature and president. It encompasses34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status. The nation's capital city isJakarta. The country shares land borders withPapua New Guinea,East Timor, andMalaysia. Other neighbouring countries includeSingapore, thePhilippines,Australia,Palau, and the Indian territory of theAndaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member ofASEANand a member of theG-20 major economies. TheIndonesian economyis the world's17thlargest by nominal GDP.The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, whenSrivijayaand then laterMajapahittraded withChinaandIndia. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the earlycenturiesCE, andHinduandBuddhistkingdoms flourished.Indonesian historyhas been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.Muslimtraders brought the now-dominantIslam, while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands ofMalukuduring theAge of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries ofDutch colonialism, Indonesiasecured its independenceafterWorld War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters,mass slaughter,corruption, separatism,a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic change.Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct nativeethnicandlinguistic groups. The largest and politically dominant ethnic group are theJavanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto,"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"("Unity in Diversity"literally,"many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level ofbiodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread.[8][9]Contents[hide] 1Etymology 2History 3Government and politics 4Foreign relations and military 5Administrative divisions 6Geography 7Biota and environment 8Economy 9Demographics 9.1Ethnicity 9.2Religion 9.3Education 9.4Cities and towns 10Language 11Sports 12Culture 13See also 14Notes 15References 16External linksEtymologyFurther information:Names of IndonesiaThe nameIndonesiaderives from the Greek wordsIndsandnsos, which means "island".[10]The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.[11]In 1850,George Windsor Earl, an Englishethnologist, proposed the termsIndunesians and, his preference,Malayunesians for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".[12]In the same publication, a student of Earl's,James Richardson Logan, usedIndonesiaas a synonym forIndian Archipelago.[13][14]However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to useIndonesia. Instead, they used the termsMalay Archipelago(Maleische Archipel); theNetherlands East Indies(Nederlandsch Oost Indi), popularlyIndi;the East(de Oost); andInsulinde.[15]After 1900, the nameIndonesiabecame more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[15]Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularised the name through his bookIndonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 18841894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name wasSuwardi Suryaningrat(Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the nameIndonesisch Pers-bureauin 1913.[11]HistoryMain article:History of Indonesia

ABorobudur shipcarved onBorobudur, c. 800CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.[16]Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited byHomo erectus, popularly known as "Java Man", between 1.5 million years ago and as recently as 35,000 years ago.[17][18][19]Homo sapiensreached the region by around 45,000 years ago.[20]In 2011 evidence was uncovered in neighbouringEast Timorshowing that 42,000 years ago these early settlers were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna,[21]and that they had the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands.Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, pushed the indigenousMelanesian peoplesto the far eastern regions.[22]Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering ofwet-field rice cultivationas early as the 8th century BCE,[23]allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and China, which were established several centuries BCE.[24]Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.[25][26]

Thenutmegplant is native to Indonesia'sBanda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism arrived in Indonesia in the 4th and 5th century, as trade with India intensified under the south IndianPallava dynasty.[27]From the 7th century, the powerfulSrivijayanaval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences ofHinduismandBuddhismthat were imported with it.[28][29]Between the 8th and 10th centuries, the agricultural BuddhistSailendraand HinduMataramdynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra'sBorobudurand Mataram'sPrambanan. The HinduMajapahitkingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and underGajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia.[30]Although Muslim traders first travelled through Southeast Asia early in the Islamic era, theearliest evidence of Islamised populationsin Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northernSumatra.[31]Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.[32]The first regular contact between Europeans and the peoples of Indonesiabegan in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led byFrancisco Serro, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg,cloves, andcubeb pepperin Maluku.[33]Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established theDutch East India Company(VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established theDutch East Indiesas a nationalised colony.[34]

Sukarno, Indonesia's founding President.For most ofthe colonial period, Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's present boundaries.[35]Japanese occupationduring theSecond World Warended Dutch rule[36][37]and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.[38]A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.[39]Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945,Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointedPresident.[40][41][42]The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and the resultingconflictended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence[41][43]with the exception ofthe Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962New York Agreement, and the UN-mandatedAct of Free Choiceof 1969[44]which was questionable and has resulted in a longtime independence movement.[45]Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of themilitaryand theCommunist Party of Indonesia(PKI).[46]An attempted coupon 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who leda violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.[47][48][49]Around 500,000 people are estimated to have been killed.[50][51]The head of the military,General Suharto, outmaneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno and was formally appointed president in March 1968. HisNew Order administration[52]was supported by the US government,[53][54][55]and encouragedforeign direct investmentin Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused ofcorruptionand suppression of political opposition.[36][56][57]Indonesia was the country hardest hit by thelate 1990s Asian financial crisis.[58]This led to popular protest against the New Order which led toSuharto's resignationin May 1998.[59]In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, aftera twenty-five-year military occupationthat was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.[60]Since Suharto's resignation,a strengthening of democratic processeshas included a regional autonomy program, and the firstdirect presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest,corruption, andterrorismslowed progress; however, in the last five years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence have persisted.[61]A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict inAcehwas achieved in 2005.[62]Government and politicsMain articles:Politics of IndonesiaandElections in Indonesia

A session of the People's Representative Council in JakartaIndonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following theresignation of President Suhartoin 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the1945 Constitution of Indonesia[63]have revamped theexecutive,judicial, andlegislativebranches.[64]Thepresident of Indonesiais thehead of stateandhead of government,commander-in-chiefof theIndonesian National Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice-president.[65]The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[66]The highest representative body at national level is thePeople's Consultative Assembly(MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalising broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.[67]The MPR comprises two houses; thePeople's Representative Council(DPR), with 560 members, and theRegional Representative Council(DPD), with 132 members.[68]The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms byproportional representation.[64]Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.[69]The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[70]Most civil disputes appear before a State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). TheSupreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)is the country's highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Negara) to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) to deal with codified Sharia Law cases.[71]Foreign relations and military

FormerPresident of IndonesiaSusilo Bambang YudhoyonowithBarack Obama, thePresident of United States, in ceremony at theIstana Merdekain Jakarta, 9 November 2010. Obama has become popular in Indonesia due to the years he spent in Jakarta as a child.[72]Main articles:Foreign relations of IndonesiaandIndonesian National Armed ForcesIn contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialisticantipathyto western powers andtensions with Malaysia,Indonesia's foreign relationssince the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political co-operation with Western nations.[73]Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbours in Asia, and is a founding member ofASEANand theEast Asia Summit.[68]The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.[71]Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,[74]and was a founder of theNon-Aligned Movement(NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation).[68]Indonesia is signatory to theASEAN Free Trade Areaagreement, theCairns Group, and theWTO, and has historically been a member ofOPEC, although it withdrew in 2008 as it was no longer a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.[68]The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militantIslamismandAl-Qaeda.[75]The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in theBaliresort town ofKutain 2002.[76]The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia'stourism industryand foreign investment prospects.[77]Indonesia's armed forces (TNI) include theArmy(TNIAD),Navy(TNIAL, which includes marines), andAir Force(TNIAU).[78]The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.[79]One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its political influence remains extensive.[80]Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[81][82]Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between theFree Aceh Movement (GAM)and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.[83]In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence andhuman rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[84]

Administrative divisionsMain articles:Provinces of IndonesiaandSubdivisions of IndonesiaAdministratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided intodistricts(kecamatanordistrikin Papua and West Papua), and again intoadministrative villages(eitherdesa,kelurahan,kampung,nagariin West Sumatra, orgampongin Aceh). Village is the lowest level of government administration in Indonesia. Furthermore, a village is divided into several community groups (Rukun-Warga (RW)) which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (Rukun-Tetangga (RT)). In Java thedesa(village) is divided further into smaller units calleddusunordukuh(hamlets), these units are the same as Rukun-Warga. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an electedlurahorkepala desa(village chief).The provinces ofAceh,Jakarta,Yogyakarta,Papua, andWest Papuahave greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form ofSharia Law(Islamic law).[85]Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a republic.[86]Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001 and was split intoPapuaandWest Papuain February 2003.[87][88]Jakarta is the country's special capital region.

AcehNorthSumatraWestSumatraRiauRiauIslandsBangkaBelitungJambiSouthSumatraBengkuluLampungBantenJakartaWestJavaCentralJavaYogyakartaEastJavaBaliWest NusaTenggaraEast NusaTenggaraWestKalimantanCentralKalimantanNorthKalimantanEastKalimantanSouthKalimantanNorthSulawesiNorthMalukuCentralSulawesiGorontaloWestSulawesiSouthSulawesiSoutheastSulawesiMalukuWestPapuaPapuaIndonesian provinces and their capitals, listed by regionIndonesian name is in parentheses if different from English.* indicates provinces with Special StatusSumatra Aceh(Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam)*Banda Aceh North Sumatra(Sumatera Utara)Medan West Sumatra(Sumatera Barat)Padang RiauPekanbaru Riau Islands(Kepulauan Riau)Tanjung Pinang JambiJambi (city) South Sumatra(Sumatera Selatan)Palembang Bangka-Belitung(Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung)Pangkal Pinang BengkuluBengkulu (city) LampungBandar LampungJava Special Capital Region of Jakarta*(Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta) Jakarta BantenSerang West Java(Jawa Barat)Bandung Central Java(Jawa Tengah)Semarang Yogyakarta Special Region*(Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta)Yogyakarta (city) East Java(Jawa Timur)SurabayaLesser Sunda Islands BaliDenpasar West Nusa Tenggara(Nusa Tenggara Barat)Mataram East Nusa Tenggara(Nusa Tenggara Timur)KupangKalimantan West Kalimantan(Kalimantan Barat)Pontianak Central Kalimantan(Kalimantan Tengah)Palangkaraya South Kalimantan(Kalimantan Selatan)Banjarmasin East Kalimantan(Kalimantan Timur)Samarinda North Kalimantan(Kalimantan Utara)Tanjung SelorSulawesi North Sulawesi(Sulawesi Utara)Manado GorontaloGorontalo (city) Central Sulawesi(Sulawesi Tengah)Palu West Sulawesi(Sulawesi Barat)Mamuju South Sulawesi(Sulawesi Selatan)Makassar South East Sulawesi(Sulawesi Tenggara)KendariMaluku Islands MalukuAmbon North Maluku(Maluku Utara)SofifiWestern New Guinea West Papua*(Papua Barat)Manokwari Papua*Jayapura

GeographyMain article:Geography of Indonesia

Mount SemeruandMount Bromoin East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.Indonesia lies between latitudes11Sand6N, and longitudes95Eand141E. It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.[89]These are scattered over both sides of theequator. The largest are Java, Sumatra,Borneo(shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island ofTimor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Palau to the north, and with Australia to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.[90]At 1,919,440square kilometres (741,050sqmi), Indonesia is the world's15th-largest countryin terms of land area and world's7th-largest countryin terms of combined sea and land area.[91]Its average population density is 134people per square kilometre (347per sqmi), 79th in the world,[92]although Java, the world's most populous island,[93]has a population density of 940people per square kilometre (2,435per sqmi). At 4,884 metres (16,024ft),Puncak Jayain Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, andLake Tobain Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145square kilometres (442sqmi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include theMahakamandBarito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.[94]Indonesia's location on the edges of thePacific,Eurasian, andAustraliantectonic platesmakes it the site of numerousvolcanoesand frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,[95]includingKrakatoaandTambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Tobasupervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and aglobal catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the2004 tsunamithat killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,[96]and theYogyakarta earthquakein 2006. However,volcanic ashis a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.[97]Lying along the equator,Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinctmonsoonalwetanddryseasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,7803,175 millimetres (70.1125.0 inches), and up to 6,100 millimetres (240 inches) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 2630C (7986F).[98]Biota and environment

Thecritically endangeredSumatran Orangutan, a great apeendemicto Indonesia.Main articles:Fauna of Indonesia,Flora of IndonesiaandEnvironment of IndonesiaIndonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil),[99]and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian andAustralasianspecies.[100]The islands of theSunda Shelf(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as thetiger,rhinoceros,orangutan,elephant, andleopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.[101]In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku having been long separated from the continental landmasseshave developed their own unique flora and fauna.[102]Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to aunique fauna and floraclosely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.[103]Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.[104]Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastalecosystems, includingbeaches,sand dunes,estuaries,mangroves,coral reefs,sea grassbeds,coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.[10]Indonesia is one ofCoral Trianglecountries with the world's greatest diversity ofcoral reef fishwith more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.[105]The British naturalist,Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[106]Known as theWallace Line, it runs roughly northsouth along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deepLombok Strait, betweenLombokand Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book,The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.[107]The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termedWallacea.[106]Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialisation present seriousenvironmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[108]Issues includelarge-scale deforestation(much of itillegal) and related wildfires causingheavy smogover parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanisation andeconomic development, including air pollution,traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water andwaste waterservices.[108]Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.[109]Habitat destructionthreatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species ofmammalsidentified by theWorld Conservation Union(IUCN) asthreatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, includingBali Starling,[110]Sumatran Orangutan,[111]andJavan Rhinoceros.[110]Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the palm oil Industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion can generate wealth for local communities, if done right. If done wrong, it can degrade ecosystems and cause social conflicts.[112]EconomyMain article:Economy of Indonesia

Usingwater buffaloto plough rice fields in Java. Agriculture had been the country's largest employer for centuries.Indonesia has amixed economyin which both the private sector and government play significant roles.[113]The country is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of theG-20 major economies.[114]Indonesia's estimatedgross domestic product (nominal), as of 2012 was US$928.274 billion with estimated nominalper capita GDPwas US$3,797, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,943 (international dollars).[115]The gross domestic product (GDP) is about $1 trillion[4]and the debt ratio to the GDP is 26%.[116]According toWorld Bankaffiliated report based on 2011 data, the Indonesian economy was the world's10thlargest by nominal GDP (PPP based), with the country contributing 2.3 percent of global economic output.[117][118]Theindustry sectoris the economy's largest and accounts for 46.4% of GDP (2012), this is followed by services (38.6%) and agriculture (14.4%). However, since 2012, theservice sectorhas employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 48.9% of the total labour force, this has been followed by agriculture (38.6%) and industry (22.2%).[119]Agriculture, however, had been the country's largest employer for centuries.[120][121]According toWorld Trade Organizationdata, Indonesia was the 27th biggest exporting country in the world in 2010, moving up three places from a year before.[122]Indonesia's main export markets (2009) are Japan (17.28%),Singapore(11.29%), theUnited States(10.81%), and China (7.62%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Singapore (24.96%), China (12.52%), and Japan (8.92%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs, and the country's major export commodities include oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, rubber, and textiles.[89]

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial center.Thetourism sectorcontributes to around US$9 billion of foreign exchange in 2012, and ranked as the 4th largest among goods and services export sectors.[123]Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, China and Japan are the top five source of visitors to Indonesia.In the 1960s the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger. By the time of Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy was in chaos with 1,000% annual inflation, shrinking export revenues, crumbling infrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, and negligibleinvestment. Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration broughta degree of disciplineto economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilised the currency, rescheduledforeign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment. (SeeBerkeley Mafia). Indonesia was until recently Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates, averaging over 7% from 1968 to 1981.[124]Following further reforms in the late 1980s,[125]foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-orientedmanufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.[126][127]Indonesia was the country hardest hit by theAsian financial crisisof 199798. During the crisis there were sudden and large capital outflows leading the rupiah to go into free fall. Against the US dollar therupiahdropped from about Rp 2,600 in late 1997 to a low point of around Rp 17,000 some months later and the economy shrank by a remarkable 13.7%. These developments led to widespread economic distress across the economy and contributed to the political crisis of 1998 which saw Suharto resign as president.[128]The rupiah later stabilised in the Rp. 8,000 range[129]and economic growth returned to 4% per year by 2000.[130]However, the currency still fluctuates, dropping below Rp 11,000 per dollar in September 2013. In addition, corruption has been a persistent problem. Transparency International, for example, has since ranked Indonesia below 100 in itsCorruption Perceptions Index.[131][132]Since 2007, however, with the improvement in banking sector and domestic consumption, national economic growth has accelerated to over 6% annually[133][134][135]and this helped the country weather the 20082009global recession.[136]The Indonesian economy performed strongly during theGlobal Financial Crisisand in 2012 its GDP grew by over 6%.[137]The country regained its investment grade rating in late 2011 after losing it in the 1997.[138]However, as of 2012, an estimated 11.7% of the population lived below the poverty line and the official open unemployment rate was 6.1%.[89]DemographicsMain articles:Demographics of IndonesiaandList of endangered languages in Indonesia

Balinesechildren. There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia.According to the 2010 national census, thepopulation of Indonesiais 237.6 million,[139]with high population growth at 1.9%.[140]58% of the population lives inJava,[139]the world's most populous island.[93]In 1961 the first post-colonial census gave a total population of 97 million.[141]Population is expected to grow to around 269 million by 2020 and 321 million by 2050.[142]EthnicityMain articles:Ethnic groups in IndonesiaandLanguages of IndonesiaThere are around 300 distinct native ethnic groups in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.[143][144]Most Indonesians are descended fromAustronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto-Austronesian (PAn), which possibly originated inTaiwan. Another major grouping areMelanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.[22][90][145]The largest ethnic group is theJavanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.[146]TheSundanese, ethnicMalays, andMadureseare the largest non-Javanese groups.[147]A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[148]Social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.[149][150][151]Chinese Indonesiansare an influential ethnic minority comprising 34% of the population.[152]Much of the country's privately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled.[153][154]Chinese businesses in Indonesia are part of the largerbamboo network, a network ofoverseas Chinesebusinesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[155]This has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.[156][157][158]Religion

Minaret of theMenara Kudus Mosque, influenced by bothIslamicand mainlyJavaneseart and architecture.Main article:Religion in IndonesiaWhile religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,[159]the government officially recognises onlysix religions:Islam,Protestantism,Roman Catholicism,Hinduism,Buddhism, andConfucianism.[160]Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, at 87.2% in 2010, with the majority beingSunni(99%).[161][162]TheShiasandAhmadisrespectively constitute 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim population.[163]On 21 May 2011 the IndonesianSunni-ShiaCouncil (MUHSIN) was established. The council aims to hold gatherings, dialogues and social activities. It was an answer to violence committed in the name of religion.[164]Seven percent of the population was Protestant Christian, 2.9% Catholic Christian, 1.7% Hindu, and 0.9% Buddhist or other. Most IndonesianHindusareBalinese,[165]and mostBuddhistsin modern-day Indonesia are ethnicChinese.[166]Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences inIndonesian culture.Islamwas first adopted by Indonesians in northernSumatrain the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country'sdominant religionby the 16th century.[167]Roman Catholicismwas brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,[168][169]and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of DutchCalvinistandLutheranmissionary efforts during the country's colonial period.[170][171][172]A large proportion of Indonesianssuch as the Javaneseabangan, BalineseHindus, and Dayak Christianspractice a lessorthodox,syncreticform of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.[173]

EducationEducation in Indonesiais compulsory for twelve years.[174][175]Parents can choose between state-run, non sectarian public schools supervised by the Department of National Education (Depdiknas) or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools supervised and financed by the Department of Religious Affairs.[176]The enrolment rate is 94% for primary education (2011), 75% for secondary education, and 27% for tertiary education. The literacy rate is 93% (2011).[177]Cities and towns v t eLargest cities or towns in IndonesiaStatistics Indonesia(2010)[178]

RankNameProvincePop.RankNameProvincePop.

Jakarta

Surabaya1JakartaJakarta9,588,19811South TangerangBanten1,290,322Bandung

Bekasi

2SurabayaEast Java2,765,48712BogorWest Java950,334

3BandungWest Java2,394,87313BatamRiau Islands944,285

4BekasiWest Java2,334,87114PekanbaruRiau897,767

5MedanNorth Sumatra2,097,61015Bandar LampungLampung881,801

6TangerangBanten1,798,60116PadangWest Sumatra833,562

7DepokWest Java1,738,57017MalangEast Java820,243

8SemarangCentral Java1,555,98418DenpasarBali788,589

9PalembangSouth Sumatra1,455,28419SamarindaEast Kalimantan727,500

10MakassarSouth Sulawesi1,338,66320TasikmalayaWest Java635,464

LanguageMore than 700 livinglanguagesare spoken in Indonesia.[179]Most belong to theAustronesian language family, with a fewPapuan languagesalso spoken. The official language isIndonesian(locally known asBahasa Indonesia), a variant ofMalay,[180]which was used in the archipelago, borrowing heavily from local languages of Indonesia such as Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, etc. The Indonesian language is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, but most Indonesiansspeak other languages, such asJavanese, as their first language.[179]Indonesian language is based on theprestige dialectof Malay, that of theJohor-Riau Sultanate, which for centuries had been thelingua francaof the archipelago, standards of which are the official languages in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. Indonesian is universally taught in schools, consequently it is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was promoted by Indonesian nationalists in the 1920s, and declared theofficial languageunder the nameBahasa Indonesiaon the proclamation of independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of theseveral hundred local languages and dialects, often as theirfirst language. Of these,Javaneseis the most widely spoken as the language of the largest ethnic group.[89]On the other hand, Papua has over 270 indigenousPapuanandAustronesian languages,[181]in a region of about 2.7 million people.Sports

SEA Games2011 opening ceremony in Palembang.Main article:Sport in Indonesia