Individual and society

Individual and SocietyIndividual and Society

Unit II Unit II

Sociology of NursingSociology of Nursing

Individual & SocietyIndividual & Society

Society and CommunitySociety and Community

Nature of SocietyNature of Society

Difference between society and CommunityDifference between society and Community

Process of Socialization and IndividualizationProcess of Socialization and Individualization

Personal disorganization Personal disorganization

Individual and SocietyIndividual and Society Man is a social animal.Man is a social animal.

He lives in group, in community, in society etc.,He lives in group, in community, in society etc.,

Man cannot live as a man with out society.Man cannot live as a man with out society.

Without society man’s emotional, intellectual, Without society man’s emotional, intellectual, maturity, material goods and his liberty not develop maturity, material goods and his liberty not develop and these are unthinkable. and these are unthinkable.

The relations between individual and society is not The relations between individual and society is not merely a physical, or a functional unity, or organic merely a physical, or a functional unity, or organic unity, or systematic unity but its something more.unity, or systematic unity but its something more.

Society not only control our movements but also Society not only control our movements but also shape our identity, our thought and our emotions.shape our identity, our thought and our emotions.

Society Society

Society derived by Latin word Society derived by Latin word “Socious” it means companionship or “Socious” it means companionship or friendship.friendship.

In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers In Sociology, the term ‘Society’ refers not a group of people not a group of people but to the but to the complex pattern of the complex pattern of the norms of norms of interaction that ariseinteraction that arise among them. among them.

MacIverMacIver has said that society is a web has said that society is a web of social relationship.of social relationship.

Definition of SocietyDefinition of Society

WrightWright – Society is not a group of people, it – Society is not a group of people, it is the system of relationship that exists is the system of relationship that exists between the individual of the group.between the individual of the group.

G.D.M. Cole G.D.M. Cole – Society is a complex of – Society is a complex of organized association and communication organized association and communication with a community.with a community.

GiddingsGiddings – Society is a union itself the – Society is a union itself the organization the sum of formal relations in organization the sum of formal relations in which associating individuals are bound which associating individuals are bound together. together.


Society means likeness.Society means likeness.

Society also implies difference.Society also implies difference.

Inter-dependence.Inter-dependence.

Co-operation. Co-operation.


Society means likeness:Society means likeness:Is an essential pre-requisite of society.Is an essential pre-requisite of society.

The sense of likeness was focused in The sense of likeness was focused in early society on kinships that is real or early society on kinships that is real or supposed blood relationships. supposed blood relationships.

In modern societies the conditions of In modern societies the conditions of social likeness have broadened out in social likeness have broadened out in the principle of nationality or one world. the principle of nationality or one world.


Society also implies difference: Society also implies difference: But the sense of likeness does not But the sense of likeness does not

eliminate diversity or variation.eliminate diversity or variation.Society also implies difference and it Society also implies difference and it

depends on the latter as much as on depends on the latter as much as on likeness of all people were exactly alike, likeness of all people were exactly alike, their social relationships would become their social relationships would become very much limited.very much limited.

They would contribute very little to one They would contribute very little to one another. another.

Nature of SocietyNature of Society Inter-dependence:Inter-dependence:

Family, the first society with which we all Family, the first society with which we all are closely associated, is based on the are closely associated, is based on the biological inter-dependence of the sexes.biological inter-dependence of the sexes.

None of the two sexes is complete by None of the two sexes is complete by itself and, therefore, each seeks itself and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other. fulfillment by the aid of the other.

This fact of inter-dependence is very This fact of inter-dependence is very much visible in the present world. much visible in the present world.


Co-operation:Co-operation:Without co-operation no society can exist.Without co-operation no society can exist.

Unless people cooperate with each other, Unless people cooperate with each other, they cannot live a happy life.they cannot live a happy life.

Family rests on co-operation.Family rests on co-operation.

The members of the family cooperate The members of the family cooperate with one another to live happy and with one another to live happy and joyfully.joyfully.

CommunityCommunity

An area of social living.An area of social living.

Whenever the members of any Whenever the members of any group, small or large, live together in group, small or large, live together in such a way that they share, not this such a way that they share, not this or that particular interest, but the or that particular interest, but the basic conditions of a common life, we basic conditions of a common life, we call that group a community. call that group a community.

Definition of CommunityDefinition of Community BogardusBogardus – Community is a social group – Community is a social group

with some degree of “we-feeling” and with some degree of “we-feeling” and living in given area.living in given area.

Ogburn and Nimkoff Ogburn and Nimkoff – Community is the – Community is the total organization of social life with an total organization of social life with an limited area.limited area.

LundbergLundberg – Community is a human – Community is a human population living within a limited population living within a limited geographic area and carrying on a geographic area and carrying on a common inter-dependence life. common inter-dependence life.

Element of CommunityElement of Community

Group of peopleGroup of peopleLocality Locality Community SentimentCommunity SentimentPermanency Permanency Naturality Naturality LikenessLikenessWider ends Wider ends Particular name Particular name

Elements of CommunityElements of Community

Group of people:Group of people:Whenever the individuals live together in Whenever the individuals live together in

such a way that they share the basic such a way that they share the basic conditions of conditions of a common lifea common life, we call them , we call them forming a community.forming a community.

Locality: Locality: The group of people forms a community The group of people forms a community

when it begins to reside in when it begins to reside in a definite localitya definite locality. . Community always occupies a territorial Community always occupies a territorial

area.area.

Elements of CommunityElements of Community

Community sentiment:Community sentiment:Means a feeling of belonging together.Means a feeling of belonging together. It is “we-feeling” among the members.It is “we-feeling” among the members.

Permanency:Permanency: Its not transitory like a crowd.Its not transitory like a crowd. It essentially includes a permanent life in a It essentially includes a permanent life in a

definite place.definite place. Naturality:Naturality:

Its not made or created by an act of will but Its not made or created by an act of will but are natural. are natural.

Elements of CommunityElements of CommunityLikeness:Likeness:

There is a likeness in language, customs, There is a likeness in language, customs, mores etc.mores etc.

Wider ends:Wider ends:The ends of community are wider.The ends of community are wider.

A particular name:A particular name:Every community has some particular Every community has some particular

name.name.

Ex; Panjab are called Panjabis Ex; Panjab are called Panjabis

Difference between Difference between Society and CommunitySociety and Community

SocietySociety Society is a Society is a web of web of social social relationship.relationship.

A definite A definite geographic geographic area is not an essential area is not an essential aspects of society.aspects of society.

Society is a Society is a abstract.abstract.

communitycommunity

Community consisting of Community consisting of a group of a individual a group of a individual living in a living in a particular area particular area with some degree of we with some degree of we feeling.feeling.

Community always Community always denotes a definite locality denotes a definite locality or geographic area.or geographic area.

Community is a Community is a concrete.concrete.

SocietySociety Community sentiments Community sentiments or a sense of or a sense of we-feeling we-feeling may be present or may may be present or may not be presentnot be present in in society.society.

Society is a widerSociety is a wider. . There can be more There can be more than one community in than one community in a society.a society.

The objectives and The objectives and interest interest of society are of society are more extensive and more extensive and varied.varied.

Society involved Society involved both both likeness and differencelikeness and difference..

communitycommunity

Community Community sentiment sentiment is an essential element is an essential element of community.of community.

Community is smaller Community is smaller than society.than society.

The objectives and The objectives and interest of a community interest of a community are comparatively are comparatively less less extensive and varied.extensive and varied.

Likeness is more Likeness is more important important than than difference in difference in community. community.

Process of Socialization and Process of Socialization and IndividualizationIndividualization

SocializationSocialization Man is not only social but also cultural being.Man is not only social but also cultural being.

The culture provides opportunities for man to develop The culture provides opportunities for man to develop his personality.his personality.

The development process is not an automatic process.The development process is not an automatic process.

It is It is social training social training to the individual that kind of training to the individual that kind of training is called Socialization. is called Socialization.

Socialization is a process of Socialization is a process of moulding a human infant to moulding a human infant to a member of societya member of society to which he belongs. to which he belongs.

This Socialization is differ from society to society. This Socialization is differ from society to society. Because of this process involves by culture. Because of this process involves by culture.

SocializationSocialization

The human infant comes into the world as The human infant comes into the world as biological organism with animal needs.biological organism with animal needs.

He is gradually moulded into a social being He is gradually moulded into a social being and and he learns social ways of acting and he learns social ways of acting and feelingfeeling..

The process of The process of moulding and shaping the moulding and shaping the personality personality of the human infant is called of the human infant is called Socialization. Socialization.

Definition of SocializationDefinition of Socialization

W.H. Ogburn W.H. Ogburn says “Socialization is a says “Socialization is a process by which the individual learns to process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”.conform to the norms of the group”.

BogardusBogardus define “Socialization as the define “Socialization as the process of working together, of process of working together, of developing group responsibility, of being developing group responsibility, of being guided by welfare needs of others”.guided by welfare needs of others”.

GreenGreen says “Socialization is the process says “Socialization is the process which the child acquires a cultural content, which the child acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood and personality”. along with selfhood and personality”.

Process of SocializationProcess of Socialization Socialization is the Socialization is the process of learningprocess of learning group group

norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.norms, ideals, habits, behaviours and customs.

The process of Socialization starts long before The process of Socialization starts long before the child is born.the child is born.

The parents courtship, marital selection, the The parents courtship, marital selection, the customs concerning pregnancy and birth. customs concerning pregnancy and birth.

Whole system of cultural practices surrounding Whole system of cultural practices surrounding the family are important for the child’s growththe family are important for the child’s growth. .

But But direct socialization begins only after birthdirect socialization begins only after birth. .

Factors of the Process of Factors of the Process of socializationsocialization

Four factors are determine it Four factors are determine it

1.1. ImitationImitation

2.2. SuggestionSuggestion

3.3. Identification Identification

4.4. LanguageLanguage


Imitation: Imitation: Imitation is copying by an individual of Imitation is copying by an individual of

the actions of another.the actions of another.Thus, when the child attempts to walk Thus, when the child attempts to walk

impressively like his father swinging a impressively like his father swinging a stick and wearing spectacles, he is stick and wearing spectacles, he is imitating.imitating.

Imitation may be conscious or Imitation may be conscious or unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate. unconscious, spontaneous or deliberate.


Suggestion:Suggestion:Suggestion is the Suggestion is the process of process of

communicating information communicating information which has which has no logical or self-evident basis.no logical or self-evident basis.

It may It may conveyed through language, conveyed through language, pictures or some similar mediumpictures or some similar medium. .

Propaganda and advertising are based Propaganda and advertising are based on the fundamental psychological on the fundamental psychological principles of Suggestion.principles of Suggestion.


Identification:Identification:

The child cannot make any distinction The child cannot make any distinction between his organism and environment.between his organism and environment.

Most of his actions are random.Most of his actions are random.

As he grows in age, he comes to know of As he grows in age, he comes to know of the nature of things which satisfy his needs. the nature of things which satisfy his needs.

He gradually indentified what he need for He gradually indentified what he need for happy in his life.happy in his life.


Language: Language: Language is the Language is the medium of social medium of social

intercourse.intercourse.

It is the means of cultural transmission.It is the means of cultural transmission.

At first the child utters some random syllables At first the child utters some random syllables which have no meaning, but gradually he which have no meaning, but gradually he come to learn his mother-tongue.come to learn his mother-tongue.

Language moulds the personality of the Language moulds the personality of the individual form infancy. individual form infancy.

Agencies of Socialization Agencies of Socialization

The familyThe family

The schoolThe school

The playmates or friendsThe playmates or friends

The church (religious institutions)The church (religious institutions)

The stateThe state

IndividualizationIndividualization

It is the process of in which man It is the process of in which man comes to comes to know himself and acquire the sense of know himself and acquire the sense of inner responsibility.inner responsibility.

It is simply the It is simply the process of attaining to process of attaining to one’s own self.one’s own self.

When a men does not think simply When a men does not think simply because of others do the same things, because of others do the same things, because his own self approves it.because his own self approves it.

IndividualizationIndividualization

He is carried by his own individuality He is carried by his own individuality which is a quality to him. which is a quality to him.

Socialization brings man into relation Socialization brings man into relation with others but individualization makes with others but individualization makes him autonomous or self-determininghim autonomous or self-determining..

The process of individualization is The process of individualization is carried not only by the individual carried not only by the individual himself but also by the society.himself but also by the society.

Aspects of Aspects of IndividualizationIndividualization

Karl MannheimKarl Mannheim has distinguished four has distinguished four main aspects of individualization.main aspects of individualization.Individualization as a process Individualization as a process of learning of learning

different from other peopledifferent from other people..Individualization on the level of Individualization on the level of new new

forms of selfforms of self regarding attitudes. regarding attitudes.Individualization Individualization through objectsthrough objects..Individualization as a kind of Individualization as a kind of depending depending

into ourselvesinto ourselves..

Aspects of IndividualizationAspects of Individualization

Individualization as a process of Individualization as a process of learning different from other people:learning different from other people:

Compare with other persons, he have Compare with other persons, he have any such a kind of any such a kind of different from others. different from others.

The people isolated from other people, The people isolated from other people, develop different types of personality.develop different types of personality.

Ex: high mature, over intelligence, shyness Ex: high mature, over intelligence, shyness etc.,etc.,


Individualization on the level of new Individualization on the level of new forms of self, regarding attitudes:forms of self, regarding attitudes:

Such a Such a new thinking develop new thinking develop within within himself. himself.

It consists in becoming aware of one’s It consists in becoming aware of one’s specific character and in the rise of a specific character and in the rise of a new kind of self evaluation. new kind of self evaluation.

He begins to regard his life and He begins to regard his life and character as unique.character as unique.


Individualization through objects:Individualization through objects:

The individualization process develop The individualization process develop through objects. through objects.

Some Some people come to have a fixed feeling people come to have a fixed feeling towards certain people and objectstowards certain people and objects..

The peasant and the landed aristocrat are The peasant and the landed aristocrat are more settled in their wishes than the rich more settled in their wishes than the rich mobile type of city.mobile type of city.

The family condition also shape the The family condition also shape the individualindividual..


Individualization as a kind of Individualization as a kind of depending into ourselves:depending into ourselves:

The feeling of separation becoming lonely The feeling of separation becoming lonely may lead an individual to introspection may lead an individual to introspection (examine one’s one feelings).(examine one’s one feelings).

Under such conditions this Under such conditions this develop in the develop in the in the individual a feeling of privacy, in the individual a feeling of privacy, partial isolation.partial isolation.

Personal DisorganizationPersonal Disorganization

Personal Disorganization represent the Personal Disorganization represent the behaviour of individual which deviates from behaviour of individual which deviates from the social normsthe social norms..

Any various Any various behaviour which disturbs the behaviour which disturbs the integration of the attitude system within the integration of the attitude system within the personalitypersonality represents called personal represents called personal disorganization.disorganization.

It means that It means that the individual is out of the individual is out of adjustment with society, who has failed to adjustment with society, who has failed to organize the chief goals of his life. organize the chief goals of his life.

Personal DisorganizationPersonal Disorganization It may be mild or violent.It may be mild or violent. When the parts of social structure do not When the parts of social structure do not

perform their functions efficiently and effectively perform their functions efficiently and effectively or perform them badly, there occurs an or perform them badly, there occurs an imbalance in society. imbalance in society.

The social equilibrium is disturbed and society The social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets out of gear because of this personal gets out of gear because of this personal disorganization.disorganization.

For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes For example: alcoholics, criminals, prostitutes and drug addicts etc., who are mentally normal and drug addicts etc., who are mentally normal but socially abnormal. but socially abnormal.

Thank youThank you

Individual and society

Education

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